Continental climate description. The climate is continental tropical. Areas that experience a humid continental climate
Russian climatologist Vladimir Koeppen defined the humid continental climate as a climate region characterized by large differences in seasonal temperatures. As defined by Köppen in 1900, areas with a humid continental climate experience warm, hot summers that are often humid, as well as sometimes very cold winters. In addition, precipitation in such climatic regions tends to be evenly distributed throughout the year. The coolest month has average temperatures around -3ºC, while at least four months have average temperatures of 10ºC or higher. However, an area experiencing a humid continental climate need not be arid or semi-arid. According to the Köppen system, the humid continental climate is divided into subtypes Dfa, Dfb, Dwa and Dwb, which are also called semi-boreal.
Humid continental climate designation
The climate regime, which is determined by average climatological characteristics over a period of 30 years, uses a three-letter code. The first letter code always begins with a capital letter D. The next capital letter: f - does not correspond to any of the classifications; s - dry summer; and w - dry winter. The last letter: a - means the warmest month, the average values of which are above 22º C; b - does not meet the requirements of "a", but characterizes four months above 10º C.
Areas that experience a humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is found somewhere between 30º and 60º north latitude in the northeast and central regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Since the Southern Hemisphere has a larger oceanic territory, as well as greater maritime moderation, as a result, a humid continental climate is practically not found in this region. Thus, the humid continental climate, together with the continental subarctic climate, are phenomena that are mainly experienced by regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Humid continental climates in places like Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Scandinavia rely heavily on maritime frosty winters and relatively cool summers. The American Midwest and Southern Siberia have more extreme humid continental climates, experiencing very cold winters and hotter summer highs compared to maritime regions. In areas such as Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the humid continental climate is characterized by both strong subarctic and subtropical air masses, but is primarily seasonal. For example, cold winters or hot and humid summers.
Precipitation in a humid continental climate
Precipitation in humid continental climates comes either from frontal cyclones or from convection showers that occur when tropical maritime air moves northward behind the receding polar front. Before such connecting activity, a large number of regions experience a special maximum of precipitation in summer. However, it is not uncommon to find more uniform patterns. Early summer events include strong tornadoes and thunderstorms, especially when the polar front is at the southern edge of the area. On the other hand, winter precipitation mostly occurs in snowy form, with one to four months of continuous snow cover in most regions, especially in the north. Most often, snow begins to fall in combination with strong winds emanating from a heavy frontal cyclone, leading to a snowstorm.
Vegetation in a humid continental climate
By definition, the type of vegetation that thrives in a humid continental climate is forests. that are well adapted to this type of climate regime include coniferous, deciduous, temperate, temperate evergreen forests, and temperate grasslands. In the wetter areas of the humid continental climatic regions, vegetation such as fir, spruce, oak, and pine is present, and many hardwood trees shed their leaves during the fall season.
A temperate continental climate is formed only in the Northern Hemisphere. this climate is typical both for the east and for the eastern mountain ranges of Yakutia and the Magadan region. It is most pronounced and The mountain ranges separate the narrow western coast with a maritime climate from the inland regions with a continental climate. Unlike North America, Europe is open to free penetration of sea air from. This is facilitated not only by the dominant temperate latitudes transfer air masses from the west, but also the relief, the strong indentation of the coasts and deeply protruding into the land and, their and bays. As the Atlantic air moves deeper into the mainland, it turns into continental, and the climate becomes more severe. Temperatures in January: 0°C, -3°C in Warsaw, -1°C in Moscow, -19°C.
Cooling down during the winter months earth's surface and air, which is the reason for the formation of the Asian (Siberian) anticyclone, when the air is cooled to an average of -30, -40°C. Asian covers all of Eastern and Western Siberia, and at times extends to southeastern Europe, therefore, even in January it is -3 ° С, i.e., as in Warsaw, which is located 1000 km to the north.
Due to the smaller size of North America and the frequent passage of the winter Canadian anticyclone is less stable compared to the Asian one. Winters are less severe here, and the severity of winters does not increase towards the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but even decreases somewhat due to frequent intrusions of tropical air from the bay. Frequent winter cyclones lead to sharp fluctuations in temperature, especially in northern Europe, and. For example, in Moscow in January it can change over several days by more than 10°. Thaws can be replaced by severe frosts (down to -30° and below). In winter, precipitation falls in the form of snow and sets in, which protects against deep freezing and creates a supply of moisture in the spring. A stable one is formed to the east of, and its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the eastern regions of Europe and in Western Siberia.
In summer, as in winter, temperate sea air penetrates, but at this time of the year it is colder than the air that was previously on the mainland. In addition, Arctic air often comes from the north in summer. However, a large number solar heat in summer, it quickly warms up the cold ones entering the mainland of Eurasia, which turn into warm continental ones. Summers are usually warm, the average monthly temperature in July in Berlin is +18.3°; in Warsaw +19°; in Moscow + 18.1°; in Novosibirsk +18.7°; over all Eurasia - from + 16 to + 22 ° С. Annual changes from 300 to 800 mm, on windward slopes - more than 2000 mm. Most of them fall in the summer. In Eurasia, the amount of precipitation decreases from west to east, in North America - on the contrary. In the southeast of Europe and in the southern regions of the Asian belt, where precipitation is less than 400 mm, possible evaporation exceeds precipitation and natural moisture is insufficient. Droughts often occur here.
CLIMATE CONTINENTALITY
climate, a set of climate properties determined by the influence large areas land on the atmosphere and climate-forming processes. The main differences in the climate of the continents and oceans are due to the peculiarities of their accumulation of heat. The surfaces of the continents quickly and strongly heat up during the day and in summer and cool down at night and in winter. Over the oceans, this process is slowed down, since the water masses accumulate a large amount of heat in the deep layers in the warm season of the day and year, which is gradually returned to the atmosphere in the cold season. Therefore, air temperature and other climate characteristics change (from day to night and from summer to winter) over the continents more than over the oceans (see Fig. continental climate, maritime climate) . The movement of air masses leads to the spread of the influence of the oceans on the climate of the adjacent parts of the continents and to the reverse effect of the continents on the climate of the oceans. Thus, the climate may have more or less continentality (or oceanicity), which can be expressed quantitatively; most often, K. k. is considered as a function of the annual amplitude of air temperature.
Lit .: Khromov S.G., On the issue of climate continentality, "Izv. Vses. geographical society", 1957, v. 89, v. 3; Rubinshtein E. S., On the influence of the distribution of oceans and land on the globe, ibid., 1953, v. 85, c. 4 .
S. P. Khromov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is CLIMATE CONTINENTALITY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- CONTINENTALITY in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
and. Distraction noun by value adj.: continental ... - CONTINENTALITY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
continentality, ... - CONTINENTALITY in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
continentality... - CONTINENTALITY in the Spelling Dictionary:
continentality, ... - CONTINENTALITY in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
continentality Distraction noun by value adj.: continental ... - CONTINENTALITY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
- CONTINENTALITY in the Big Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
and. distraction noun according to adj. continental… - THE USSR. MAIN FEATURES OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
features of geological history The history of the geological development of the territory of the USSR is divided into 2 major stages: Archean - Middle Proterozoic (more than 3 billion ... - THE USSR. CLIMATE in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
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I. General information Regarding the origin of the word "Africa" among scientists there are great disagreements. Two hypotheses deserve attention: one of them explains ... - CLIMATE: MAIN CLIMATE TYPES in Collier's Dictionary:
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Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonia (Eesti NSV). I. General information The Estonian SSR was formed on July 21, 1940. From August 6, 1940 in ... - URAL (GEOGRAPHICAL) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
the territory located between the East European and West Siberian plains and elongated from the north to the south from the north. Arctic Ocean to the latitudinal area ... - TIAN SHAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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economic region, one of the major economic regions of the USSR. Occupies the entire northern part of the European territory Soviet Union. Shore S.-Z. e. R. … - POLAND in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Polska), Polish People's Republic(Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa), Poland. I. General information P. is a socialist state in Central Europe, in the basin ... - PERM SYSTEM (PERIOD) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
system (period), Permian, the last (sixth) system of the Paleozoic group, corresponding to the sixth period of the Paleozoic era of the Earth's history. P.'s beginning and. radiological methods... - NORWAY
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group (era) (from meso ... and Greek zoe - life), the penultimate group of systems of the stratigraphic scale and the corresponding era of geological history ... - MOROCCO in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Kingdom of Morocco (Arabic - Al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiya, or Maghreb al-Aqsa, literally - the far west). I. General information M. - the state on ... - LITHUANIA SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic (Lietuvos Taribu Socialist Republic), Lithuania (Lietuva). I. General information The Lithuanian SSR was formed on July 21, 1940. From 3 ... - CLIMATOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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(from Greek klima, Genitive klimatos, literally - slope; refers to the slope of the earth's surface sunbeams), a multi-year weather regime characteristic of ... - CHINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
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sea, Caspian (Greek Kaspion pelagos, lat. Caspium Mare), the world's largest enclosed body of water on the territory of the USSR (RSFSR, Kazakh SSR, Turkmen ... - COAL SYSTEM (PERIOD) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
system (period), Carboniferous, the fifth system of the Paleozoic group in order, corresponding to the fifth period of the Paleozoic era of the history of the Earth. The beginning of K. p. radiogeological ... - KAZAKH SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
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physical and geographical, natural areas land, large subdivisions of the geographic (landscape) shell of the Earth, naturally and in a certain order replacing each other depending on ... - EUROPE (PART OF THE WORLD) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Greek Europe, from Assyrian ereb - west; in Ancient Greece this was the name of the territories lying to the west of the Aegean Sea), part ... - EURASIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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region, in the south of the Kazakh SSR. It was formed on October 14, 1939. The area is 144.6 thousand km2. Population 806 thousand people. (1971). IN … - EASTERN SAYAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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Accent placement: CLIMATE CONTINENTALITY
CLIMATE CONTINENTALITY (from lat. continens - mainland) - a set of climate properties due to the influence of the land surface (as opposed to the water surface) on climate-forming processes. The nature of this influence of land follows from two main physical. differences between the active layer of land and water. 1) Land has a lower heat capacity and thermal conductivity than water, as a result of which: a) the same daily and seasonal fluctuations in the influx of solar energy create sharper fluctuations in the temperature of the land surface than the sea surface and, therefore, more significant. daily and annual amplitudes of air temperature; b) during advection of warm or cold air, land has a weaker cooling or warming effect on this air, as a result of which the daily variability of air temperature over land is sharper than over water. 2) Moisture reserves in the active layer of the land, in contrast to the sea, are limited, which limits evaporation. Air masses moving deep into the mainland gradually expend their moisture on precipitation without sufficient replenishment due to evaporation from the earth's surface. As a result, precipitation is generally less on land than at sea. In addition, during the rainy period, the land replenishes moisture reserves, increases evaporation and contributes to the further continuation of rains, and in the dry period, on the contrary, prevents their renewal. Therefore, the variability of precipitation from year to year on land is greater than at sea.
Differences in physical properties of land and water are fully manifested directly along the coastline. However, due to continuous air transfers, the influence of the sea extends far into the interior of the continent and vice versa. The prevailing western transfer of air masses in the atmosphere enhances the influence of the ocean on the leeward parts of the continent lying to the east of it, while the effect on the continent located to the west is weakened. Accordingly, the influence of the continent on neighboring oceans also changes. As a result, the regions of maximum and minimum K. to. turn out to be displaced from the geometric. centers of continents and oceans on B (see diagram). Changes in the degree of K. to. from place to place are most pronounced in temperate zone, where seasonal fluctuations in the influx of solar energy and sharp changes in warm and cold air currents are especially strong. To the polar and especially to the tropical. and equiv. latitudes of change K. to. weaken. Numerous quantity attempts. estimates of K. to. were based on the use of the magnitude of the annual temperature amplitude, usually related to a certain geographical. latitude. According to Gorchinsky, the indicator 
where A is the amplitude of the annual course of the temperature, φ - geographical. latitude. Numeric coefficients. selected in such a way that for the most continent, places on the globe. Verkhoyansk, the indicator of K. to. was equal to 100. A. P. Galtsov.
Sources:
- Brief geographical encyclopedia. Volume 2 / Main ed. Grigoriev A.A. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia - 1961, 592 p. from ill. and cards., 27 sheets. kart. and ill., 1 l. otd. cards
Continental climate, a set of climate properties determined by the influence of large land areas on the atmosphere and climate-forming processes. The main differences in the climate of the continents and oceans are due to the peculiarities of their accumulation of heat. The surfaces of the continents quickly and strongly heat up during the day and in summer and cool down at night and in winter. Over the oceans, this process is slowed down, since the water masses accumulate a large amount of heat in the deep layers in the warm season of the day and year, which is gradually returned to the atmosphere in the cold season. Therefore, air temperature and other climate characteristics change (from day to night and from summer to winter) over the continents more than over the oceans (see Continental climate, Maritime climate) . The movement of air masses leads to the spread of the influence of the oceans on the climate of the adjacent parts of the continents and to the reverse effect of the continents on the climate of the oceans. Thus, the climate may have more or less continentality (or oceanicity), which can be expressed quantitatively; most often, K. k. is considered as a function of the annual amplitude of air temperature.
In extratropical latitudes, non-periodic changes in air temperature are so frequent and significant that daily course temperature is clearly manifested only during periods of relatively stable, slightly cloudy anticyclonic weather. The rest of the time it is obscured by non-periodic changes, which can be very intense.
For example, cold snaps in winter, when the temperature at any time of the day can drop (in continental conditions) by 10-20 ° C within one hour.
In tropical latitudes, non-periodic temperature changes are less significant and do not disturb the diurnal temperature variation so much.
Non-periodic temperature changes are mainly associated with the advection of air masses from other regions of the Earth. Particularly significant cooling periods (sometimes called cold waves) occur in temperate latitudes due to the intrusion of cold air masses from the Arctic and
Antarctica. In Europe, severe winter cooling also occurs when cold air masses penetrate from the east, and in Western Europe- from the European territory of Russia. Cold air masses sometimes penetrate into
Mediterranean Basin and even reach North Africa and Western Asia.
But more often they linger in front of the mountain ranges of Europe, located in a latitudinal direction, especially in front of the Alps and the Caucasus. That's why climatic conditions The Mediterranean basin and the Transcaucasus are significantly different from the conditions of close, but more northern regions.
In Asia, cold air freely penetrates to the mountain ranges that limit the territory of the Central Asian republics from the south and east, so winters in the Turan lowland are quite cold. But such mountain ranges as the Pamir, Tien Shan, Altai, Tibetan Plateau, not to mention
The Himalayas are obstacles to the further penetration of cold air masses to the south. In rare cases, significant advective cooling is observed, however, in India: in Punjab, on average, by 8 - 9 ° C, and in March
In 1911, the temperature dropped by 20 ° C. Cold masses flow around the mountain ranges from the west. Easier and more often cold air penetrates to the southeast
Asia, without encountering significant obstacles along the way.
There are no latitudinal mountain ranges in North America. Therefore, the cold masses of Arctic air can spread unhindered to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico.
Over the oceans, intrusions of cold air masses can penetrate deep into the tropics. Of course, cold air gradually warms up over warm water, but it can still cause noticeable temperature drops.
Sea air intrusions from mid-latitudes Atlantic Ocean V
Europe is created by warming in winter and cooling in summer. The further into the depth
Eurasia, the less the frequency of Atlantic air masses becomes and the more their initial properties change over the mainland. Yet the effect of invasions from the Atlantic on climate can be traced back to
Central Siberian Plateau and Central Asia.
Tropical air invades Europe both in winter and in summer from northern
Africa and from the low latitudes of the Atlantic. In summer, air masses close in temperature to the air masses of the tropics and therefore also called tropical air form in the south of Europe or come to Europe from
Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Tropical air intrusions from Mongolia, northern China, from the southern regions of Kazakhstan and from the deserts of Central Asia are observed in the Asian territory of Russia in summer.
In some cases, strong temperature rises (up to + 30 ° C) during the summer intrusions of tropical air extend to the Far North
Russia.
IN North America tropical air invades from both the Pacific and
Atlantic Ocean, especially from the Gulf of Mexico. On the mainland itself, tropical air masses form over Mexico and the southern United States.
Even in the region of the North Pole, the air temperature sometimes rises to zero in winter as a result of advection from temperate latitudes, and warming can be traced throughout the troposphere.
Movements of air masses, leading to advective temperature changes, are associated with cyclonic activity.
On smaller spatial scales, abrupt non-periodic temperature changes can be associated with foehns in mountainous areas, i.e. with adiabatic heating of air during its downward movement.
Since non-periodic temperature changes occur every year differently, then the average annual temperature air at each individual point in different years different. So, in Moscow in 1862 the average annual temperature was +1.2 ° C, in 1925 +6.1 ° C. The average temperature of a month in some years varies even more widely, especially for winter months. So, in Moscow for 170 years average temperature January fluctuated within 19 ° С (from -21 to -2 ° С), and in July - within 7 ° С (from
+15 to +22°C). But these are the extreme limits of fluctuations. The average temperature of a given month individual year deviates from the long-term average for this month in winter by about 3 ° C and in summer by 1.5 ° C in one direction or another.
The deviation of the average monthly temperature from the climatic norm is called the anomaly of the average monthly temperature of a given month. The average long-term value from the absolute values of monthly temperature anomalies can be taken as a measure of variability, which is the greater, the more intense the non-periodic temperature changes in a given area, giving the same month in different years different character. Therefore, the variability of average monthly temperatures increases with latitude: in the tropics it is small, in temperate latitudes it is significant, in a maritime climate it is less than in the continental one.
The variability is especially great in transitional areas between maritime and continental climates, where maritime air masses may prevail in some years, and continental in others.
Continental climate. The climate over the sea, characterized by small annual temperature amplitudes, is naturally called maritime, in contrast to the continental climate over land with large annual temperature amplitudes. The maritime climate also extends to the areas of the continents adjacent to the sea, over which the frequency of sea air masses is high. It can be said that the sea air brings to land maritime climate.
Areas of the oceans dominated by air masses from the nearby mainland have a continental rather than maritime climate.
The maritime climate is well expressed in Western Europe, where all year round dominated by air transport from the Atlantic Ocean. In the far west
Europe's annual air temperature amplitudes are only a few degrees. With distance from the Atlantic Ocean deep into the mainland, annual temperature amplitudes increase. In other words, the continentality of the climate is growing. IN
Eastern Siberia annual amplitudes reach several tens of degrees.
Summers here are hotter than in Western Europe, winters are much more severe.
Proximity of Eastern Siberia to Pacific Ocean is of little importance, since due to the conditions of the general circulation of the atmosphere, air from this ocean does not penetrate far into Siberia, especially in winter. Just on Far East the influx of air masses from the ocean in summer lowers the temperature and thereby somewhat reduces the annual amplitude.