Exist pl h genitive case. Genitive plural (noun). Nouns in sets. genitive neuter

As with other forms, genitive case plural nouns in each type of declension, several variants of endings can be found.

In general, the following regularity operates during the formation of this form.

If in initial form(nominative singular) the word has a zero ending, then in the genitive plural the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

earth - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, stigma - no stigmas, apple - no apples.

Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms of the noun.

note

Feminine and neuter nouns in -ya, -ye obey the general rule and have a null ending in the genitive plural. The final -i in this form is not an ending, but is included in the stem of the word: a prophetess - there are no prophets, a hillock - there are no hills, a nesting place - there are no nesting places, a backwater - there are no backwaters, a spear - no spears, food - no food, housewarming - no housewarming, pancakes - no pancakes, coast - no coasts, drug - no drugs.

However, in reality, this regularity is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant have a zero ending:

one soldier - several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

feminine words: share - several shares, size - several sizes; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In live speech, especially in vernacular, two opposite tendencies are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov / -ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently displaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: colloquially - a lot of people instead of normative many people; no places instead of normative no places.

The latter trend is reinforced by the fact that in the plural in other indirect cases, all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common speech there is the use of forms with a zero ending in those cases when in the literary language only forms with a non-zero ending are allowed.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level of human speech culture. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in a language game, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many some people! Delov something! - in modern colloquial speech of the intelligentsia). Such mistakes are also played up in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

- There are no seats on the tram.
- Not places, but places. You don't know cases.
- And you don't care that we don't know cases.

When forming the genitive plural form in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For nouns of the second declension, the endings -ov / -v, -ey are distributed as follows:

for masculine nouns with a solid consonant stem, c or th the main one is the ending -ov / -ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

for masculine and neuter nouns with a base for a soft consonant or sibilant, the main ending is -ey:

many inhabitants, fields, cases;

nouns ending in -anin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which does not have a plural form at all), as well as for words barin, boyar, master, Tatar- null ending with clipping -in :

many Slavs, Tatars, bar, citizens.

2. For masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, zero endings and -ov endings tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most of the names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(admissible - five eggplant);

b) zero ending usually have:

names of paired objects:

a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(admissible - couple bot ), no rails(admissible - no rail); noun sock in the genitive plural has two literary variants - no knitted socks And socks;

names of nationalities with finals -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans;

names of military personnel of various groups and branches of service:

no soldiers (!), no partisans (!); But: no sappers, no miners, no hussars And hussars, no dragoons And dragoons, no grenadiers And grenadiers, no cuirassiers And cuirassiers, no lancers And ulans;

V) nouns that name units of measurement ( volt, hertz, ohm etc.), usually have two forms in the genitive plural - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending. The zero ending is used in the so-called counting form of units of measurement, that is, when indicating a specific amount, the number of something:

100 volts, 100 amps, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 x-rays etc.

Nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in the countable form, both forms are acceptable - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats.

note

Forms with -ov are perceived as more formal. Therefore, if both forms are recognized as acceptable in the literary language, then in writing it is recommended to use variants with -ov ending. Not in a countable form (not when indicating a quantity), these nouns necessarily end in -ov.

Yes, in this collective farm, not only grams, but also kilograms of losses are not counted!

Not all names of units of measurement obey this pattern. The ending -ov is required in any context for the following nouns:

acre (10 acres), hectare (10 hectares), inch (5 inches), liter (10 liters), meter (5 meters), kilometer (5 kilometers), millimeter (10 millimeters), centimeter (10 centimeters), pood (10 poods), pound (10 pounds), foot (5 feet), yard (5 yards).

The ending -ov is usually also masculine nouns with a base on a solid consonant, denoting monetary units:

dollar (five dollars), dinar (five dinars) and etc.

3. For nouns of the first declension, zero endings usually have nouns with an accent on the basis in the initial form:

a shoe - a pair of shoes, an apple tree - five apple trees, a heron - five herons, a wedding - five weddings, a town hall - several town halls, but: a share - five shares; uncle - no uncles and uncles; skittles - five skittles; a handful - five handfuls and a handful; rokhlya - no rokhlya, a young man - five young men.

The ending -ee can have nouns with an accent on the last syllable in the initial form:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no bads, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shafts - five shafts And dumbfounded

note on the formation of the genitive form of the plural of nouns that have accentological variants in the initial form: barge And barge - no barges And barge, loop And loop - no loops.

4. For nouns that are used only in the plural, the most common is the zero ending:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov / -ev is typical for nouns with a stem on a solid consonant, on r, k, x and a vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

The ending -ee is common among nouns with a stem in a soft consonant:

sledge - no sledge, gangway - no gangway, manger - no manger (!), curls - no curls, harp - no harp.

How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts And no stilts, everyday life - no everyday life And weekday

5. If the stem of a noun in its initial form ends in a combination of two consonants ( hollow, towel, song, doll), then when forming the genitive plural form with a zero ending, fluent vowels o and e usually appear between these consonants:

no hollows, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no roses, no planks (permissible - doso k), no villages, no sabers, no shoes, no kitchens, no dusk, no nozzles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshunds, morning - a few mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form of the following nouns:

Buryats - no Buryats and Buryats, son-in-law - no sons-in-law, commentary - no comments, hooves - no hooves and hooves, corrections - no corrections, lower reaches - lower reaches and lower reaches, apprentice - no apprentices, polentse - no polenze and towels, Turks - no Turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.

As in other forms, in the genitive plural in each type of declension, several variants of endings can be found.

In general, the following regularity operates during the formation of this form.

If in the initial form (nominative singular) the word has a zero ending, then in the genitive plural the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

earth - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, brand - no brands, apple - no apples.

Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms of the noun.

note

Feminine and neuter nouns ending in -я, -е follow the general rule and have a null ending in the genitive plural. The final -i in this form is not an ending, but is included in the stem of the word: the prophetess - there are no prophets, the mountain - there are no hills, nesting - no nesting, backwater - no backwaters, spear - no spears, food - no food, housewarming - no housewarming, fritters - no fritters, coast - no coasts, medicine - no medicines.

However, in reality, this regularity is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant have a zero ending:

one soldier - several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

feminine words: share - several shares, pin - several pins; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In live speech, especially in vernacular, two opposite tendencies are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov / -ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently displaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: colloquially - a lot of people instead of normative many people; no places instead of normative no places.

The latter trend is reinforced by the fact that in the plural in other indirect cases, all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common speech there is the use of forms with a zero ending in those cases when in the literary language only forms with a non-zero ending are allowed.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level of human speech culture. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in a language game, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many people! Delov something!- in modern colloquial speech of the intelligentsia). Such mistakes are also played up in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

There are no seats on the tram.
Not places, but places. You don't know cases.
- And you don’t care that we don’t know cases.

When forming the genitive plural form in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For nouns of the second declension, the endings -ov / -в, -е are distributed as follows:

for masculine nouns with a solid consonant stem, c or th the main ending is -ov / -ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

for masculine and neuter nouns with a base for a soft consonant or sibilant, the main ending is -ey:

many inhabitants, fields, cases;

nouns ending in -anyin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which does not have a plural form at all), as well as for words barin, boyar, master, Tatar– null ending with clipping -in:

many Slavs, Tatars, bar, citizens.

2. For masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, zero endings and -ov endings tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most of the names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(admissible - five eggplant);

b) zero ending usually have:

names of paired objects:

a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(admissible - pair of boats), no rails (permissible - no rails); noun sock in the genitive plural has two literary variants - no knitted socks And socks;

names of nationalities with finals -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans;

names of military personnel of various groups and branches of service:

100 volts, 100 amps, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 x-rays etc.

Nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in the countable form, both forms are acceptable - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats.

note

Forms with -ov are perceived as more formal. Therefore, if both forms are recognized as acceptable in the literary language, then in written speech it is recommended to use options with the ending -ov. Not in a countable form (not when indicating a quantity), these nouns necessarily end in -ov.

Yes, in this collective farm, not only grams, but even kilograms of losses are not counted!

Not all names of units of measurement obey this pattern. The ending -ov is required in any context for the following nouns:

The ending -ov is usually also masculine nouns with a base on a solid consonant, denoting monetary units:

dollar (five dollars), dinar (five dinars) and etc.

3. For nouns of the first declension, zero endings usually have nouns with an accent on the basis in the initial form:

The ending -ee can have nouns with an accent on the last syllable in the initial form:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no tubs, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shafts - five shafts And dumbfounded

note on the formation of the genitive form of the plural of nouns that have accentological variants in the initial form: barge And barge - no barges And barge, loop And loop - no loops.

4. For nouns that are used only in the plural, the most common is the zero ending:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov / -ev is typical for nouns with a stem on a solid consonant, on r, k, x and a vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

The ending -ee is common among nouns with a stem in a soft consonant:

sledge - no sledge, gangway - no gangway, manger - no manger (!), curls - no curls, harp - no harp.

How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts And no stilts, everyday life - no everyday life And weekday

no hollows, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no rods, no boards (permissible - boards), no villages, no sabers, no shoes, no kitchens, no twilight, no nozzles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshunds, morning - a few mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form of the following nouns:

Buryat - no Buryats and Buryats, son-in-law - no son-in-law, commentary - no comments, hooves - no hooves and hooves, corrections - no corrections, lower reaches - lower reaches and lower reaches, apprentice - no apprentices, polenets - no polenets and polenets, Turks - no Turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.

Source http://www.licey.net/russian/culture/2_2_3

Plural nouns in the genitive case practically do not differ from singular forms: they perform similar syntactic functions and answer the same questions. This article discusses the ways of forming forms of the genitive plural, as well as the most difficult cases.

What is the genitive plural of nouns?

The genitive plural of nouns is represented by case forms of nouns with endings -ov (s), -ey, -y and null ending. Like the singular forms, they answer questions Whom? What?, perform the same syntactic functions and can express subjective, objective or attributive meaning in speech.

Examples of genitive plural nouns: apples, roads, hopes, glasses, tables, corners, trees, leaves, logs, mothers, mice, cases.

Formation of genitive plural forms

The endings of plural nouns in the genitive case in different declensions with examples are shown in the table.

Difficult cases of form formation

When forming the forms of the genitive plural, 2 declensions often make mistakes by choosing the wrong case ending.

Null ending in the plural R. p. have nouns:

TOP 2 articleswho read along with this

Denoting paired items (mainly clothes and shoes). Examples: hands, boots, boots, stockings, trousers(Butsocks, rails);
Names of large military groups, military branches. Examples: in the meaning of a collective noun - (detachment) soldier, hussar, lancer, cadet, partisan, midshipman; but in the sense of individuals- (three) midshipmen, hussars, cadets;
The names of some nationalities are predominantly based on -n, -r. Examples: Gypsies, Ossetians, Turkmens, Bulgarians, Khazars and etc.;
Names of some units of measure. Examples: arshin, volt, watt, newton, hertz and etc. ( But carats - carats, grams - grams, ohms - ohms, microns - microns and etc.);
Words that start with -ca. Examples: hearts, rings, saucers, tentacles.

endings -ov(s) in R. p. plural. numbers have nouns.

I. The main ending of masculine nouns - -ov/ (-yov )-ev :mushrooms, cargo, directors, territories, museums etc.

Some words have an ending - to her (residents, teachers, knives) And zero ending ( shoe, townspeople).

1. End -ov/ (-yov )-ev characteristic of those nouns whose final sound in the singular (nominative case) is a hard consonant (except and And sh) or -j(on the letter - letter th ):mushroom - mushrooms, cucumber - cucumbers, edge - edges, museum - museums etc.

2. End -to her characteristic of those masculine nouns whose final sound in the singular is a soft consonant (except -j) or w, w:a dove - pigeons, an acorn - acorns, an executioner - executioners, a knife - knives, a kid - kids.

The same ending has a number of words on -and I masculine and common gender: dad, uncle, tya, raja, Chukchi, young man;mumbling, idler,(Not)even, quiet, as well as male informal names with a base in a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Seryozha - Seryozha.

3.Zero the ending is inherent in nouns, which are the following names:

a) paired items: boots - boots, boots - boots, boots - boots, eyes - eyes, leggings - leggings, moccasins - moccasins, shoulder straps - shoulder straps, boot - boot, stocking - stocking, boots - boots, epaulettes - epaulette, and hair - hair, teeth - tooth.

Exceptions: aiguillettes - aiguillettes, jackboots - jackboots, golfs - golfs, pimas - pimovs, horns - horns(but in phraseology - horn:a vigorous cow Godhorn does not give).

Some words of this semantic group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: sneakers - sneakers And sneaker;sock - sock And socks, high boots - high boots And This V;

b) a number of nationalities, nationalities, tribes (including the names of disappeared peoples, as well as names that were used before), mainly with a final consonant -n or -R(singular): English - English, Armenian not - army n, Bashkirs - Bashkirs, Balkars - Balkars, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Georgians - Georgians, Imeretans - Imeretun, Lezghins - Lezghun, Madya ry - Madya r, Moldovans - Moldovans, Ossetians - Ossetians, Romanians we are rums n, Tatars - Tatars, Turks - Turks, Khazars - Khazars, Gypsies - Gypsies.

Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: avars - avar And Avarov, storm you are the storm T And storm Tov, Karelians - Karelians And Karelians, Sarmatians - Sarmatians And Sarmatians, Turkmens - Turkmens And Turkmens, Uyghurs - Uyghurs And Uighurs.

But: Aisors, Arabs, Berbers, Bushmen, Hungarians, Kazakhs, Mongols, Negroes and some others;

c) people at the place of residence on -anyin/-janin (in which this suffix is replaced in the plural by the suffix -an/-yan ):city dweller - city dweller, alien nin - alien n, kiev nin - kiev n, village nin - village n, southerner - southerner etc.;

d) cubs, non-adult creatures with the suffix -onok/-yonok (changing in the plural to the suffix -am/-yat ):wolf cub - cubs, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens etc. Wed and slang lettuce - lettuce; also in the same pattern butterdish - butter, honey agarics - mushrooms,

Note Genitive from imp, imp - imp t, damn T.

e) people by belonging to certain branches of the armed forces, to a military unit, to certain political parties: partisan, soldier, cadet.

A number of names according to belonging to the branch of service (including the former), to the rank have variant stylistically equivalent forms: hussars - hussars And hussars, grenadiers - grenadier And grenadiers, dragoons - dragoons And dragoons, cuirass - cuirass And cuirass, lancers - lancers And ulans, midshipmen - midshipman And midshipmen. Wed, for example: "On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear left side Vilna road with a hundred Sumy hussar, platoon dragoon Tver regiment and a dozen Donets "(A. Marlinsky); "... a Frenchman in a blue overcoat fought off with a bayonet hussars" (L.T.); "In the evening of the same day, the king sent regiments of guards in pursuit and dragoon"(Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);

f) some units of measurement: ampere, watt(kilowatt etc. with -watt), volt, x-ray(and compound words with -X-ray). For example, "... the natural radiation background is usually 15–20 microroentgen per hour ... "(Koms. pr. 1990. May 12).

A number of names of units of measurement (in most cases they belong to highly specialized vocabulary) have variant stylistically equivalent endings, angstrom - angstrom And angstrom, arshin - arshinov And arshun, hertz - hertz And hertz, carat - carats And carat, micron - micron And micron and some etc. Wed, for example: "Ruby in a ring for eleven carats" (A.N.T.) and "According to official data, diamond mining was supposed to exceed 500 thousand in 1965 carat"(Abroad. 1966. Jan. 21).

In texts that are not strictly official, the zero ending (very common in live speech, in the author's speech of fiction) can also have nouns hectare, gram, kilogram. Compare: "Sixteen thousand mothers of Pike will receive at dawn - One hundred and twenty-five blockade gram With fire and blood in half "(Berggolts O.F. From the Leningrad poem); "[Polar explorers] say that several kilogram weight dropped during these days "(Orlov V. Chronicle of one drift), but: "More than 40 million are concentrated here hectares crops" (Pr. 1965. March 31); "The first 415 kilograms valuable nutritious dry food" (Zn. 1983. Feb. 3).

In texts that are not strictly official, the literary norm allows a zero ending and the words denoting some vegetables have fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, tangerine, tomato.

II. 1. For neuter nouns, the main one is zero ending: bucket - buckets, business - affairs, dwelling - dwelling, building - buildings, window - windows, gun - guns(words like building, gun, those. words with stem -j, refer to those nouns in which a fluent vowel appears before the zero ending in the genitive plural: And-, if the stress does not fall on the ending, and -e-, if the ending is stressed).

2. Part of neuter nouns in the genitive case have an ending -ov/-ev . These include:

a) nouns, in the plural forms of which appears before the ending -j-:bottom→bottom, bottom, link → links, links, wings → wings *, wings; log→logs, logs;

b) nouns in -ko(except army, ear **, I blocko, i blocky)***:drevko - drevkov, wheel - wheels, cloud - clouds, lake - lakes, points - points, shoulder - shoulders;

c) some nouns with stem on -j(singular and plural); upstream - upstream, downstream - downstream(And downstream), tip - tips, dress - dresses, divorce - divorce, mouth - mouths, and also the word swamp(swamps).

* The noun wing also used to have the form wings, wings, wings, wings. These obsolete forms used in modern poetic speech, cf .: "The swallows beckon me there, wings ringing on the fly, July lindens in bloom intoxicate and intoxicate my soul "( M. Dudin); "They made noise over Russia wings funeral, How now the sparrow wings rustle "( Y. Drunina) Outside of poetic sublime speech, such forms are inappropriate. So, the form of the genitive case is unjustified wings instead of wings in the context of the type: "In these inaccessible places they [geese] fly from afar to molt: they drop from wings old feathers and in anticipation of new ones graze and swim" (Pr. 1973. 18 Sep)

** The word eye ("hole in the needle") has the form ears.

*** In the following usage, therefore, there is an error: "The branches of apple trees were bent from many small strong apples" (Jun. 1965 No. 3).

Note. Words saucer, mirror, lake, railing, towel have zero ending: blue kid, mirror, pepper, towel.

Part of the words -tse has variant endings, one of which, as a rule, is more common than the second (more common is given first below): sapling→small trees And trees, ring → rings And ring, spindle→spindles And spindle, bucket→buckets And bucket, businessman→businessmen And businessman, calf → calf And body, fiber→fibers And fiber, trough → trough And trough, blanket→blanket And blankets, logs → logs And log, tentacle → tentacle And tentacles, hoof → hooves And hooves, lace → lace And lace, shiltse → shiltsev And slate. Wed, for example; "[Meresiev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and a few fibers white, soft chicken meat "(Polevoi B.N. The Tale of a Real Man) and:" With a decrease in the amount of twist, the connection of individual elementary fiber"(Anuchin S.A. and others. The device and maintenance of twisting machines); "The bulk of those sold with us saplings is obtained due to the barbaric extermination of already scarce forests "(Lit. Gaz. 1966. December 31) and: "... when the crowns of individual little trees merge into a common closed canopy and the trees begin to experience mutual lateral shading, then a struggle arises because of the light "(Morozov G. Teaching about oneself), etc.

III. For feminine nouns of the 2nd declension, the main one is zero ending: (s) roofs, pines, apple trees,(without) poker, sisters, weddings etc.

A small number of feminine nouns -and I has an ending - to her . It is received by words that have a group of consonants before the end –gl-, -kl-, -chl-: (No) kech hey booclass her, saclass she, rochl to her, as well as the words share→share, stump→stump, candle→candles(but in phraseology - candles:the game is not worth itcandles ).

A small number of words have variant endings: barge - barge And barge, doodle - doodle And karakul, song - songs And song *, a handful - a handful And burnt, sheet–simple ny And sheet, bawd - bawd And set, shutter - shutters And shutters, aunt - aunt And aunt.

* Variant form song, which modern linguistic consciousness associates with the noun song, is the "legitimate" form of the genitive plural of the traditional poetic song, relating to the 3rd declension. Cf .: "What are you starting song military?" (Derzhavin G.R.); "He sang love, obedient to love, And song it was clear" (P.); "The bell rings monotonously, And the road gathers dust a little, And sadly over a flat field Spreads song coachman" (I. Makarov), etc.

Ending - to her also characteristic of feminine nouns with a soft consonant and hissing (3rd declension): role–roll, fabric–fabrics, night–nights. Just a word fathom has two forms: fathoms And sazhen.

As for nouns that are used only in the plural form, the difficulties with choosing the correct form of the genitive case relate mainly to proper names. Therefore, common nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the forms of the genitive case of proper names can be referred to the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva.

Difficult plural forms of nouns

Among the forms of nouns, the formation of which may be associated with certain difficulties, one should include the plural forms of the nominative case ( directors or directors, valves or valve?) and the genitive plural form of some nouns ( five grams And five grams, five oranges or five orange?)

1. Plural forms of the nominative case of nouns: directors or directors?

The nominative plural form of nouns is checked in dictionary order (according to the dictionary). See rubric "Word Check" on our portal. Please note: the search for a word in dictionaries is carried out by the initial form (nominative case, singular)!

The dictionary entry reads as follows: if the entry does not contain special indications of the plural form (litter pl.), then the ending is used to form the nominative plural -And or -s. If a different ending is required (or options are acceptable), then a litter is put: pl. -A. For example:

In the modern Russian literary language, options that fluctuate in the form of them. n. pl. h., have over 300 words. The focus of distribution of flexion -and I) are the spheres of vernacular and professional language. For this reason, the forms -and I) often have a colloquial or professional coloring: contracts, locksmith, turner. The forms on -s(s) more neutral and for most words meet traditional norms literary language. However, in some cases the forms -and I) have already supplanted the forms on -s(s).

In addition, you can remember a number of patterns that facilitate the choice of inflection (ending) of the nominative plural:

Declinable neuter nouns, the initial form of which ends in -KO, have unstressed plural inflection. h. im. P. -And (faces, feathers, apples). The exception is nouns with stressed plural endings. hours: troops And clouds.

Other neuter nouns in plural form. h take the ending -and I): swamps, fields, seas, windows.

Form on -and I some words may be singular or predominant: side - sides (sides only in phraseological combination hands to the sides); century - centuries (eyelids only in phraseological combinations for once, forever and ever, forever and ever), eye - eyes, meadow - meadows, fur - furs, snow - snow, stack - stacks, silk - silk.

Forms can have different meanings: tones(about color) and tones(about sound) of bread(about cereals) and loaves(about baked bread) workshops And workshops(at the enterprise) and workshops(medieval organizations of artisans).

Noun forms can differ in stylistic coloring: sides and outdated. sides; Houses and outdated. houses; stern and outdated. stern; horns and outdated. and a poet. horns; varieties and outdated. varieties; volumes and outdated. then we, and thunders and a poet. thunder; coffins and a poet. coffin.

Finally, noun forms can be equal and interchangeable: of the year And years(But: years of youth, severe deprivation; nineties, zero years), workshops And workshops(at the enterprise), storm And storms.

In order to resolve the issue of the status of the "controversial" form of the word (non-normative, variant, stylistically colored, etc.), in any case, you need to refer to the dictionary.

Non-standard plurals are formed in words child - children, man - people, bottom - bottom and some others.

2. Plural forms of the genitive case of nouns: five grams or five grams?

For most masculine nouns that end in a hard consonant in their initial form ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), characteristically ending -ov in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. An extensive number of exceptions can be distinguished from this rule - similar nouns, but having a zero ending in the genitive plural: one stocking - no stockings, one Ossetian - five Ossetians, one gram - five grams And five grams etc. These words include:

Names of people by nationality and by belonging to military formations, mainly used in plural forms in a collective meaning: Magyars - Magyars, Turkmens - Turkmens, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen, partisans - partisans, soldiers - soldiers; this also includes the form r. n. pl. h. Human.

Names of paired items: boots - boot, eyes - eyes, cuffs - cuffs, shoulder straps - shoulder strap, stockings - stocking, epaulettes - epaulette, boots - boots.

Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the "measuring" context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending is used -ov: live without excess kilograms, not enough gigabytes.

It should be noted that the names of fruits, fruits and vegetables, which are masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a solid consonant ( orange, eggplant, tomato, tangerine), in the genitive plural form. hours have an ending -ov: five oranges, a kilogram of eggplant, New Year without tangerines, tomato salad.

For some nouns, the formation of plural forms. h. n. difficult; these are the words dream, prayer, head. On the contrary, words cheek And woodworker do not have other forms, except for the plural form. h. case.

See: "Russian Grammar", M., 1980.