Monsoons of temperate latitudes on the map. Constant (prevailing, prevailing) winds and their formation. How trade winds are formed

We invite you to embark on an unusual journey. Let us follow the winds of the seasons today. "Mausim" - in Arabic - the season, the season, it was from there that the word "monsoon" came from. The winds of the seasons that blow from opposite directions in winter and summer.

Let's go first consider the situation in the summer: there is a lot of sun and it heats the land to a greater extent. But why? Everything is not so complicated, firstly, water has the property that it is difficult to heat it and difficult to cool. Water, of all substances, is the most difficult to heat, so they say that its heat capacity is one. The volumetric heat capacity of air is 0.000307, ​​i.e., in order to heat the air, it is necessary to apply 3257 times less heat than is required for water. Conversely, it is 3257 times easier to cool air than water.

Plus, water, unlike land, is also transparent, which means Sun rays penetrate into the water column and warm it up, and not just the surface layers.

So, we settled on the fact that in summer the sun heats the land more than the ocean. Therefore, over land, the air is warmed up and rises, leaving behind an area of ​​low pressure. Over the ocean, the air is colder and, therefore, located closer to the earth, and here an area of ​​\u200b\u200bhigh pressure arises. That's almost all!!! A holy place is never empty and cold air is sent from the ocean to land to fill the "empty" space. Or, in other words, high pressure pushes air into areas of lower pressure.

Why is the air humid in summer? Here, too, everything is simple, he came from the ocean, and there is a lot of water 🙂 In summer, under the influence of the sun, it evaporates and saturates the air.

Now consider, what happens in winter. Here the sun is already scarce and it does not play an important role. But again, everything happens thanks to amazing properties water discussed earlier. During the long summer, the water has absorbed a lot of heat, and in winter it begins to slowly give it away, while the air over the land cools almost as soon as the sun goes down. Therefore, now, all the air that is above the ocean is heated due to the heat accumulated in the water, and the air above the land cools down without the sun.

And again, where the air is warm, the pressure is low, where it is cold, the pressure is high. And the wind blows from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low pressure. Those. in our case, in winter, monsoon winds blow from land to the ocean, and I think it’s clear why they are dry :-).

For a better understanding, see also the video: “Why does the wind blow?”

Monsoon climate areas.

Summer monsoons come from the sea and bring rain and dampness, in winter the wind blows from the land and gives dry and clear weather.

India is a classic monsoon territory. This natural phenomenon has long been known to navigators, because the correct change of winds was very important for navigation.

What does spring mean to us? Awakening of nature, rebirth. The beginning of the rainy summer monsoon carries the same meaning on the Indian mainland. Many poets sang this season in their works. The South Asian monsoon captures, in addition to India, Indo-China, and then China.

And finally, the Australian monsoons cover the northern part of Australia and the Malay Archipelago. These are the territories of the country of monsoons.

Modern Russian physical map of the world with sea currents. In particular, you can find the monsoon current enveloping India.

And now, we offer to get acquainted with humid and variable-humid monsoon forests.

Permanently wet forests. Huge humidity and always hot air temperature. vegetable and animal world very rich. These forests are impenetrable jungle, the presence of several tiers of plants that never shed their leaves. Animals usually small size, since large individuals could hardly make their way through difficult areas. For humans, these forests are also difficult. Even today you can find places untouched and unexplored by us.

Variably moist forests. Precipitation does not occur all year round, but only during the rainy season. Plants have to shed their leaves to protect themselves from excessive evaporation. Animals also have to adapt, so the diversity of flora and fauna here is inferior to constantly wet forests.

Unfortunately, these forests are increasingly threatened by our civilization. And the restoration of the former species requires a very long time. Therefore, it is worth thinking again about how to preserve this wonderful splendor of nature.

And finally, I suggest watching a video film: BBC: The Natural World. Monsoon / Natural World. Monson.

Causes of air movement

Atmospheric air is in constant and continuous motion. The movement of air can be ascending, in which it rises and descending, in which the air descends. There is another movement - horizontal.

Definition 1

Horizontal air movement is called wind.

Air movement depends on atmospheric pressure and temperature. In addition to these main reasons, the movement is influenced by friction on the Earth's surface, a meeting with some kind of obstacle, and the deflecting Coriolis force. In the Northern Hemisphere, due to this Coriolis force, air currents are deflected right, in the southern hemisphere to the left.

Remark 1

Air flow in this case, it always moves from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.

Any wind has its own direction, strength and speed, which depends on pressure. If the pressure difference between two adjacent territories is large, the wind speed will increase. On average, near the Earth's surface, the long-term wind speed reaches $4-9$ m/s, sometimes it happens $15$ m/s. Storm winds blow at speeds up to $30$ m/s, with gusts up to $60$ m/s. Tropical hurricanes reach up to $65 m/s, and in gusts they reach $120 m/s.

In addition to meters per second, kilometers per hour, wind speed is also measured in points on a scale Beaufort from $0-13$. From speed the wind depends on it force, which shows dynamic pressure airflow to any surface. Wind force is measured in kilograms per square meter.

The side of the horizon from which the wind blows determines its direction. To indicate its direction, eight main points are used, i.e. four main sides of the horizon and four intermediate ones. The direction of the wind will be related to the pressure and deflecting Coriolis force. In their origin, meaning and character, the winds are very diverse.

For temperate latitudes, westerly winds are characteristic, because the westerly transfer of air masses dominates there - these are north-western, western and south-western winds. In the northern and southern hemispheres, this region occupies vast spaces. The winds of the polar regions blow from the poles to moderate latitudes, i.e. to areas of low pressure. In the Arctic, northeasterly winds blow clockwise, while in the Antarctic, southeasterly winds blow counterclockwise. Antarctic winds are faster and more stable. Trade winds dominate in tropical latitudes.

Constant winds

Remark 2

Constant winds blow throughout the year in one direction from areas of high to areas of low atmospheric pressure. These include - trade winds, westerly winds, Arctic and Antarctic winds.

Definition 2

trade winds- these are constant winds of tropical latitudes blowing from 30 parallels towards the equator.

The name of this constant wind was given by the Spaniards, calling it "Viento de pasada", which means "the wind that favors the move." The trade winds blow at a speed of $5-6$ m/s and cover a layer of air with a height of $15-16$ km. They are associated with powerful ocean currents- in the Atlantic Ocean, the Antilles Current and the Brazilian, in the Pacific Ocean, Mindanao and the East Australian, Mozambique Current in the Indian Ocean. The area of ​​​​the planet, blown by the trade winds, has a peculiar climate - basically, cloudy weather prevails there. warm weather with little rainfall. On land, this climate favors the formation of deserts and semi-deserts. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds are directed from the northeast, and in the Southern Hemisphere from the southeast to the equator.

Definition 3

westerly winds- these are constant winds of temperate latitudes blowing from the tropics to the 60th parallel.

Tropical air normalizes the temperature of temperate latitudes and makes it favorable for human life. Temperate latitudes are the meeting point of warm and cold air masses. Warm air masses come from the tropics, and cold air masses come from the polar regions. As a result of their contact, cyclones and anticyclones. Myself temperate zone is an area of ​​low pressure, so quite strong air masses come here. Here the western transport of air masses dominates, half of them are formed in the north, and the other half are formed in the east, and they all blow in the same western direction. In general, westerly winds soften the weather - the summer will be cool with a chance of rain. Winter will be accompanied by thaws and heavy snowfalls. The north wind will bring cold, and the south wind will bring warmth. The east wind is less predictable - it can be both warm and cold, but there will not be much precipitation either in summer or in winter.

The polar type of climate forms two zones - arctic and antarctic. Polar air masses will be constant for this area of ​​the planet for all year round. Arctic the polar wind is strong enough blowing to temperate latitudes in a clockwise direction. It blows only in a southerly direction and comes to the northern coast of Eurasia, North America. Along with this wind comes a sharp cold snap. In the southern hemisphere, the polar wind is called Antarctic and blows only to the north counterclockwise, moving towards temperate latitudes. The wind is very strong and cold.

seasonal winds

Definition 4

seasonal periodic winds are called, the direction of which changes half a year.

One of these winds is monsoons.

Definition 5

Monsoons These are winds that change direction with the seasons.

Monsoons are stable and cover vast areas. Their stability is related to the distribution of atmospheric pressure during each season. The reason for the occurrence of monsoons is the different heating of land and water during the year, which means that there is a winter monsoon and summer. When the monsoons change in spring and autumn, the stability of the wind regime is disturbed. winter monsoon blows from land to sea, because during this period the mainland is cold, which means that the pressure above it will be high. In summer, when the land warms up, the pressure becomes lower and moist air from the ocean moves to land - this summer monsoon. Dry, slightly cloudy winter weather changes to rainy weather in summer.

In different regions of the planet, the nature of the circulation of the atmosphere will be different. This determines the differences in the causes and nature of the monsoons, therefore, they distinguish extratropical and tropical monsoons.

extratropical monsoons are characteristic of temperate and polar latitudes. The result of their formation is different pressure over land and sea in seasons. As a rule, extratropical monsoons form in the Far East, Northeast China, and Korea.

Tropical monsoons due to the fact that the seasons of the year the Northern and Southern hemispheres heat up and cool down differently. This leads to the fact that according to the seasons of the year, the atmospheric pressure zones relative to the equator are shifted to the hemisphere in which given time summer and the trade winds penetrate there. The trade wind regime is replaced for the tropics by the winter monsoon. Such a change is facilitated by the westerly flow of air in the zone of low atmospheric pressure at the equator, which is shifting along with other zones. Tropical monsoons are persistent in the northern Indian Ocean.

On the coasts of the seas and oceans, winds are formed, called breezes. These winds are of local importance and blow from sea to land during the day, and at night they change their direction to the opposite - from land to sea. As a result, day and night breezes are distinguished. Land in the daytime heats up faster than water and a low atmospheric pressure is established above it. Over water in the same period, the pressure will be higher, because it heats up much more slowly. As a result, air from the sea begins to move to land. At night, reduced pressure is noted above the water, because it has not had time to cool yet, and the air will move from land to sea.

The coastal breeze will change to a sea breeze shortly before noon, and in the evening the sea breeze will become a coastal breeze. Breezes can form along the shores of large lakes, large reservoirs, and rivers. From the coastline, they penetrate to land for tens of kilometers and are especially frequent in summer with clear and calm weather.

3) Australia

2) Africa 4) Antarctica

II. South America is washed by...

1) Indian Ocean from the west, Atlantic - from the east

2) Atlantic - from the east, Pacific - from the west

3) Quiet - from the east, Atlantic - from the west

4) Atlantic - from the east, Indian - from the west

III. In the central part of South America intersects ...

1) Northern Tropic

2) Equator

3) Southern Tropic

4) the Antarctic Circle

IV. In places of uplift of the South American platform,...

1) lowlands

2) plateaus

3) high mountains

4) medium high mountains

V. The greatest contrast and diversity of relief is observed in ...

1) South America

3) Australia

4) Antarctica

VI. The most intense action internal forces The earth is manifested within...

1) Brazilian Plateau

2) Guiana Plateau

3) Andes mountains

4) Amazonian lowland

VII. Most low temperatures July peculiar... mainland

VIII. Moisture for most of the mainland comes from ... the ocean

2) Atlantic

3) Indian

4) Arctic

IX. Humid air is brought to most of the mainland ...

2) monsoons

3) trade winds

4) westerly winds of temperate latitudes

X. Formation of large river systems contribute to... the mainland

1) soils and vegetation

2) vegetation and climate

3) climate and relief

4) relief and wildlife

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
2. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point in Africa?
A) 16° S 3° E
B) 10°N 51°E
B) 51°N 11 E
D) 16°N 3°W
3. What type of climate is indicated on the map by hatching?
A) subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
B) tropical humid
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion about the climate of Africa is fashionable to draw on the basis of the fact that the mainland is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa receives a large amount of heat all year round.
B) Africa is in the zone of the trade winds
C) Africa has tropical and equatorial climatic zones.
D) All of the above
6. What researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered the Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Juncker C) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Dragon Mountains C) Mount Kilimanjaro D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. There are more in South and East Africa than in North:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) Uranium ores D) Gas
9. In subequatorial belt Northern hemisphere in Africa precipitation falls:
A) Throughout the year B) in summer C) in winter D) in September and March
10. In tropical latitudes South Africa more rainfall occurs along the east coast than along the west coast, because there:
A) moist equatorial air masses act
B) a cold current cools the air and contributes to the formation of precipitation
C) monsoons in the southern hemisphere during the summer
D) The trade winds bring humid air from the Indian Ocean.
11. Most deep river Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, these are:
A) Nile B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. What plant or animal is not typical for the savanna zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria

1) below the norm;

b) 760 mm Hg; 2) normal;

c) 860 mm Hg; 3) above the norm.

Difference between the highest and lowest air temperatures

called:

a) pressure; b) air movement; c) amplitude; d) condensation.

3. The reason for the uneven distribution of solar heat on the Earth's surface

is:

a) distance from the sun b) sphericity;

c) different thicknesses of the atmospheric layer;

4. Atmospheric pressure depends on:

a) the force of the wind b) wind direction; c) air temperature difference;

d) relief features.

The sun is at its zenith at the equator:

Ozone layer is located in:

a) the troposphere; b) the stratosphere; c) mesosphere; d) exosphere; e) thermosphere.

Fill in the gap: the air shell of the earth is - _________________

8. Where is the least power of the troposphere observed:

a) at the poles; b) in temperate latitudes; c) at the equator.

Arrange the heating stages in correct sequence:

a) air heating; b) the sun's rays; c) heating earth's surface.

At what time in the summer, when the weather is clear, is the highest temperature observed

air: a) at noon; b) before noon; c) after noon.

10. Fill in the gap: when climbing mountains, atmospheric pressure ..., for every

10.5 m per .... mm Hg

Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Narodnaya. (Find the height of the peaks on

map, take BP at the foot of the mountains conditionally for 760 mm Hg)

During the day, the following data was recorded:

max t=+2'C, min t=-8'C; Determine the amplitude and average daily temperature.

Option 2

1. At the foot of the mountain, blood pressure is 760 mm Hg. What will be the pressure at an altitude of 800 m:

a) 840 mm Hg. Art.; b) 760 mm Hg. Art.; c) 700 mm Hg. Art.; d) 680 mm Hg. Art.

2. Average monthly temperatures are calculated:

a) by the sum of average daily temperatures;

b) dividing the sum of average daily temperatures by the number of days in a month;

c) from the difference in the sum of temperatures of the previous and subsequent months.

3. Match:

pressure indicators

a) 760 mm Hg Art.; 1) below the norm;

b) 732 mm Hg. Art.; 2) normal;

c) 832 mm Hg. Art. 3) above the norm.

4. Cause of uneven distribution sunlight on the earth's surface

is: a) distance from the Sun; b) the sphericity of the Earth;

c) a powerful layer of the atmosphere.

5. Daily amplitude is:

a) the total number of temperature indicators during the day;

b) the difference between the highest and lowest air temperatures in

during the day;

c) temperature change during the day.

6. What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure:

a) a hygrometer; b) barometer; c) rulers; d) a thermometer.

7. The sun is at its zenith at the equator:

8. Layer of the atmosphere where all weather events occur:

a) the stratosphere; b) troposphere; c) ozone; d) mesosphere.

9. Atmospheric layer that does not transmit ultraviolet rays:

a) troposphere; b) ozone; c) stratosphere; d) mesosphere.

10. At what time in summer in clear weather is the lowest air temperature observed:

a) at midnight b) before sunrise; c) after sunset.

11. Calculate the blood pressure of Mount Elbrus. (Find the height of the peaks on the map, HELL at the foot

take the mountains conditionally for 760 mm Hg. Art.)

12. At an altitude of 3 km, the air temperature = - 15 ‘C, which is equal to the air temperature at

Earth's surface:

a) + 5'C; b) + 3'C; c) 0'C; d) -4'C.

landforms

4. What does the geography of continents and oceans study

5. Hypotheses of the origin of continents and oceans

6. determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of Australia

7.History of the discovery of Antarctica

8. describe on the map the major river systems of South America

9.describe climate zone

10. Patterns of the geographical shell

11. Systematic belts of the earth

12. determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland Africa

13history of discovery and research Central Asia

14describe the Arctic Ocean

15 Determine the length of Africa from north to south

16climatic maps features of the distribution of heat and moisture on the surface of the earth

17African reserves

18Describe the Amazon River

19physical and geographical characteristics Pacific Ocean

20value of natural resources (mineral, climatic, water, land, biological)

21show the seas around the mainland Eurasia

22 main types of air masses their influence on climate

23need for international cooperation in the use of nature

24description of the river nile according to plan

25permanent winds and conditions for their formation

26characteristics of the countries of southern Europe

27describe the population of mainland australia

28waters of the oceans

29peculiarities of nature uk

30determine the geographical coordinates of Italy

31natural areas of africa

32the future of the oceans

34determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland Eurasia

35peculiarity of the organic world australia

36formations of currents and their types

37description of italy according to plan

38changing the nature of the mainland South America under the influence of man

39describe any natural area

40determine the length of the mainland of Australia from west to east in kilometers

41maps - the second language of geography

42inland waters of Eurasia

43determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland South America

45nature of antarctica

46Australian relief features

47 seas washing the mainland north america

48human land development

49continental and oceanic crust

50show on political map

51peculiarities of the nature of Antarctica

52change in nature under the influence of human economic activity

53characteristics of the Don River according to the plan

54natural complexes of land and ocean

56modern exploration of the continent antarctica

57show large lithospheric plates on the map

58the role of the atmosphere in the life of the earth

59features of geographic oceania

60characteristics of a learned traveler (optional)

61climatic zones of the earth

62 location of mineral deposits on mainland south america

63characteristic atlantic ocean

64geographical shell is our common home

65ocean relief

66describe geographical position mainlandSouth America according to plan

listed winds are constant? Write your answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order. a) monsoons b) breezes c) westerly winds d) trade winds...

Air flow is a rather variable phenomenon in the natural world. The wind can subside or blow with new force, and also change its original direction. But there are winds that always have one direction, change it quite rarely. In this article, we will consider in detail what the trade winds and monsoons are, what is their activity and occurrence.

Types of winds

Wind is the air flow that moves above the ground in a horizontal direction. This natural phenomenon occurs due to the difference in atmospheric pressure. Air flows always originate in a zone of high pressure, and from there they are directed to an area of ​​its decrease.

When the globe rotates, the direction of the winds changes. Therefore, in the north, air currents deviate into right side, and in the southern hemisphere to the left. It is also possible that the wind will randomly occur when the weather changes.

Specialists in the field of meteorology also distinguish constant winds that almost never change direction. The most important of these are breezes, monsoons and trade winds.

trade winds

The trade winds are steady winds resulting from differences in atmospheric pressure in the two hemispheres and at the equator. But, interestingly, they are formed only in the tropical region.

In addition, trade winds are winds that deviate due to the rotation of the globe. In the northern hemisphere, their flows are directed to the southwest from the northeast, and in the south there is a reverse deviation - from the southeast to the northwest.

It is worth noting that the definition of the word "trade winds" is the same in all encyclopedias. These are winds that are stable in terms of humidity and temperature, which are the main factor in the formation of climate in a particular area.

From the foregoing, it became clear what the trade winds are. But what is their origin?

What does the word "trades" mean?

In any explanatory dictionary windiness is characterized as variability and inconstancy. But the trade winds are something that breaks this statement.

The ancient navigators were aware of the fact of their positive impact. In such winds as the trade winds, this influence was expressed in the fact that, according to signs, an even breath meant a successful outcome of the entire sea voyage. After all, air currents pushed the ships in the right direction.

Spanish travelers gave such winds a special name, which sounded like “viento de pasade” - this is something that has a beneficial effect on movement. German and Dutch navigators also included the term pasade.

In Russian, the word "trade winds" appeared thanks to Peter the Great. It is worth noting that such natural phenomena are not typical for our country, they are most often found in tropical zones Oh. Being far from equatorial zone, the trade winds are weakening and can only spread in open space above the water surface. But in this case, the strength of the trade winds does not exceed 3 or 4 points. Near land, the trade winds gradually develop or transform into monsoons.

Origin of the trade winds

Climatic and weather in a certain area have a special influence on the process of wind formation. In some parts of our planet, such an impact is the result of the formation of a specific local cyclone wind. Such air masses, along with constant ones, play an important role in the circulation process, and also form climatic conditions in certain zones and regions of the Earth.

On the globe the sun's rays warm the equator and the nearest zones to it the most, so the air there always has a high temperature. For this reason, in the area close to the equator, the updraft of air is stable.

from northern and southern belts cold air masses rush to the place where the air rises. The inertial force of rotation helps the air masses to deviate slightly to the side, and not only move straight along a given trajectory. Therefore, the trade winds are winds that blow with a slight deviation to the side.

The cold air, rising, continues to cool even more, which leads to its gradual lowering, but the air outflow directs it back and the Coriolis law works here. Then there are upper trade winds (this phenomenon is also called counter-trade winds).

Monsoons

What are monsoons? Both trade winds in geography and monsoons are winds that differ in several features. Monsoons appear as a result of pressure drops that occur due to temperature differences. main feature of these winds lies in the fact that they have the opposite direction at any time of the year. Monsoons blow either from water to land or vice versa.

IN winter time year, the air above the water is warmer than above the ground, and the pressure is lower, so the flows are directed to the sea. In the summer, the process is reversed. Precipitation is caused by winds blowing from the sea to the land.

In the tropics, monsoon activity is quite high. An example is India, where the mountains help stop damp winds. That is why Burma, North India and Nepal suffer from high rainfall. In addition, India almost always has a humid summer.

Origin of the monsoons

Monsoons owe their appearance to the annual cycle of distribution of atmospheric pressure. During a hot period, the earth warms up faster than water, and heat penetrates into the lower atmosphere. The heated air masses rush upwards, and a zone of low pressure appears above the ground.

The air pocket is filled with cold air, which is distributed over the water surface. Winds moving from water to land bring precipitation. Unlike the monsoons, the trade winds cannot do this.

Influence of wind activity

It is not the wind itself that falls under the interest of specialists, but the reasons that can cause it, and places where its pronounced activity is observed. Monsoons and trade winds are the winds of the tropical zones. Moreover, the trade winds can blow all year from one hemisphere to another and vice versa, but the monsoons are considered seasonal winds, which in different time years are in different directions. Often this is typical of the Indian Ocean.

The winds described big influence on the climate. For example, Indochina suffers from dry weather in the summer due to northeasterly air currents. The way of life of the population of those countries depends only on the change of the season, each of which brings its own natural phenomena. Based climatic conditions, people determine when to start farming and when they can finish.

In addition, the influence of the trade winds and monsoons was known to the ancient navigators. These air masses helped them make historical journeys across the seas and oceans.

The air is constantly moving, it goes up and down all the time, and it also moves horizontally. We call the horizontal movement of air wind. The wind is characterized by such quantities as speed, force, direction. The average wind speed near the earth's surface is 4-9 meters per second. Max Speed wind -22 m/s - recorded off the coast of Antarctica, with gusts up to 100 m/s.

The wind arises due to the difference in pressure, moving from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low pressure along the shortest path, deviating, according to the direction of flow, to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (Coriolis force). At the equator, this deviation is absent, and in the region of the poles, on the contrary, it is maximum.

Constant winds

The main directions of winds at different latitudes determine the distribution of atmospheric pressure. In each of the hemispheres, air moves in two directions: from areas tropical climate, in which high pressure reigns, to temperate latitudes and to the equator. At the same time, it deviates to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern, in the direction of the flow.

In the region between the equator and the tropics, the trade winds blow - easterly winds that are constantly directed towards the equator.

In regions of temperate latitudes, on the contrary, westerly winds, which are called westerly transfer, predominate.

These winds determine the main constant movement of air masses, which interacts with anticyclones and cyclones, and on which regional winds are then superimposed.

Regional winds

On the border of land and ocean water, due to the displacement of high and low pressure zones, monsoons arise, as a result of which intermediate belts appear that change the direction of the winds seasonally. There are no huge land masses in the Southern Hemisphere, so the monsoons dominate the Northern Hemisphere. In summer, they blow towards the mainland, and in winter - towards the ocean. Most often, this wind occurs on the Pacific coast of Eurasia (northeast China, Korea, Far East), V North America(State of Florida). It is these winds that also blow in Vietnam, which is why there is such a stable wind regime.

Tropical monsoons are a cross between trade winds and monsoons. They arose, like trade winds, due to the difference in pressure in different climatic zones, but, like the monsoons, they change their direction depending on the season. This wind can be encountered on the shores of the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea.

The sirocco, a wind that originates in the Mediterranean, also belongs to the regional winds. It is the western transport which, having passed through the tops of the mountains, heats up and becomes dry, since it has given all its moisture to the windward slopes. Sirocco brings a lot of dust from the deserts to the regions of Southern Europe North Africa as well as the Arabian Peninsula.

local winds

These are winds on the coasts, arising from the difference in the rate of heating and cooling of the sea and land, and acting in the area of ​​the first tens of kilometers of the coast.

Breeze - a wind that occurs at the border of the coast and the water area and changes its direction twice a day: during the day it blows from the water area to land, at night - vice versa. Breezes blow along the banks of large lakes and rivers. A change in the direction of this wind occurs due to a change in temperature and, accordingly, in pressure. During the day on land it is much warmer, the pressure is lower than over water, while at night it is vice versa.

Bora (mistral, bizet, northeast) is cold wind hurricane force. It forms in narrow areas of the coast. warm seas during the cold season. Bora is directed from the leeward slopes of the mountains towards the sea. These winds blow, for example, in the mountainous regions of Switzerland and France.

Pampero is a cold stormy, southerly or southwesterly wind from Argentina and Uruguay, sometimes with rain. Its formation is associated with the invasion of cold air masses from the Antarctic.

Thermal wind is common name for winds associated with the temperature difference that occurs between hot desert and the relatively cold sea, the Red Sea, for example. This is the difference between the conditions of Dahab and Hurghada in Egypt, which is not far away, but the wind blows there with less force. The fact is that the city of Dahab lies at the exit from the canyon formed by the Sinai and Arabian Peninsulas. The wind accelerates in the canyon itself, the effect of a wind tunnel appears, but, going out into the open space, the wind force gradually decreases. With distance from the coast, the speed of such winds fades. As we move towards the open ocean, global atmospheric winds have a greater influence.

Tramontana is a hurricane north wind of the Mediterranean, generated by the collision of the atmospheric currents of the Atlantic with the air of the Gulf of Lion. After their meeting, a violent squall is formed, which can exceed the speed of 55 m / s and be accompanied by a loud whistle and howl.

Another group of local winds depends on the local topography.

Föhn - a warm dry wind directed from the lee slopes of the mountains to the plain. The air gives up moisture as it rises up the windward slopes, and this is where precipitation falls. When the air descends from the mountains, it is already very dry. A kind of foehn - wind garmsil - blows mainly in summer from the south or southeast in the area of ​​the foothills of the Western Tien Shan.

Mountain-valley winds change their direction twice: during the day they are directed up the valley, at night, on the contrary, they blow down. This happens because the lower part of the valley warms up more intensively during the day.

There are also winds that arise in large areas of deserts and steppes.

Samoom is a hot dry wind tropical deserts, which has a stormy, squally character. Gusts accompany dust and sand storms. You can meet him in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa.

Dry wind is a warm dry wind in the steppe regions, which is formed in the warm season under anticyclone conditions and contributes to the appearance of droughts. These winds are found in the Caspian Sea and Kazakhstan.

Khamsin is a dry hot and dusty wind, usually southerly, blowing in northeastern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Khasmin blows in the spring for about 50 days, bringing with it a lot of dust and sand. It reaches its greatest strength in the afternoon, fading away by sunset. Often found in Egypt.

Thus, every point on Earth has its own different features that affect wind conditions, for example, we will give some of them.

Anapa is one of the few places in Russia where the climate is subtropical Mediterranean and very pleasant for water sailing. In winter, it is humid but not cold, and in summer, a cool sea breeze softens the intense heat. Most favorable period for skiing - the season is from July to November. Wind strength in summer averages 11-15 knots. After mid-October and in November, the wind intensifies and can reach 24 knots.

The Canarian archipelago has a tropical trade wind climate, moderately dry and hot. From the coast of Africa to the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote comes "harmattan", bringing the heat and sand of the Caxapa desert. The main wind that dominates these islands is the trade wind, which blows for half a year and almost constantly in the summer. The wind force is 10-20 knots, in October and November it increases to 25-35.

The Philippines are islands with a tropical monsoon climate. Temperatures on the coast are about 24-28 degrees. The rainy season here begins in November and lasts until April, when the northeast monsoon blows, and from May to October the southwest monsoon blows. Tsunamis and typhoons often occur in the northern regions of the country. The average wind force is 10-15 knots.

So, in a particular area, the impact is simultaneously manifested various kinds winds: global, depending on areas of high or low pressure, and local, blowing only in a given territory, due to its physical and geographical features. This means that for a certain place the wind system can be predictable to some extent. For a long time, scientists have created special maps, with the help of which it became possible to learn and trace the wind regimes of different regions.

Internet users often find out the features of the winds in a particular area with the help of resources and where you can quite accurately check whether there is wind at a particular point in the world or not.