Physico-geographical belts of the Pacific Ocean. Climate zones of the oceans Climate zones in which the Pacific Ocean is located

The Atlantic and Pacific, Indian and Arctic Oceans, as well as continental waters, make up the World Ocean. The hydrosphere plays an important role in shaping the planet's climate. Under the influence of solar energy, part of the water of the oceans evaporates and falls as precipitation on the territory of the continents. Surface water circulation humidifies the continental climate, bringing heat or cold to the mainland. The water of the oceans changes its temperature more slowly, therefore it differs from the temperature regime of the earth. It should be noted that climatic zones The oceans are the same as on land.

Climate zones of the Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean has a large length and four atmospheric centers are formed in it with different air masses - warm and cold. The temperature regime of water is affected by water exchange with mediterranean sea, Antarctic seas and the Arctic Ocean. All the climatic zones of the planet pass through the Atlantic Ocean, so in different parts of the ocean there are completely different weather.

Climatic zones of the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is located in four climatic zones. In the northern part of the ocean, the monsoon climate, which was formed under the influence of the continental. The warm tropical zone has a high temperature air masses. Sometimes there are storms strong winds, and even tropical hurricanes occur. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the equatorial zone. It gets cloudy here, especially in the area close to Antarctic waters. clear and favorable weather occurs in the Arabian Sea.

Climate zones of the Pacific Ocean

On the climate Pacific Ocean influenced by the weather of the Asian continent. Solar energy is distributed zonal. The ocean is located in almost all climatic zones, except for the Arctic. Depending on the belt, in different areas there is a difference in atmospheric pressure, and different air currents circulate. In winter, strong winds prevail, and in summer - southerly and weak ones. Calm weather almost always prevails in the equatorial zone. Warmer temperatures in the western Pacific, cooler in the east.

Climatic zones of the Arctic Ocean

The climate of this ocean was influenced by its polar location on the planet. Persistent ice masses make weather conditions harsh. In winter, there is no solar energy and the water is not heated. In summer, there is a long polar day and a sufficient amount of solar radiation enters. Different parts of the ocean receive different amounts of precipitation. The climate is influenced by water exchange with neighboring water areas, Atlantic and Pacific air currents.

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Climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean. Classification.

The zoning of the ocean is the main regularity in the distribution of all properties in the waters of the World Ocean, which manifests itself in the change of physiographic belts to a depth of 1500-2000 m. But this regularity is most clearly observed in the upper active layer of the ocean to a depth of 200 m.

The Soviet scientist D.V. Bogdanov divided the ocean into regions that are homogeneous in terms of the natural processes prevailing in them. The classification of the climatic zones of the World Ocean proposed by him is currently the most popular.

D.V. Bogdanov in the World Ocean identified (from north to south) the following climatic zones (natural zones), which are in good agreement with the natural zones of land.

Note: Dear visitors, hyphens in long words in the table are set for the convenience of mobile users - otherwise the words will not wrap and the table will not fit on the screen. Thanks for understanding!

Of the climatic zones presented in the table, the Pacific Ocean accounts for almost all, except for the northern polar (Arctic).

Within the identified climatic zones, regional differences are observed due to the characteristics of the underlying surface (warm and cold currents), the proximity of the continents, depths, wind systems, etc. In the western part of the Pacific Ocean, marginal seas are usually distinguished as physiographic regions, in the eastern intensive upwelling (rise of deep waters to the surface of the ocean).

Most of the surface of the Pacific Ocean, approximately between 40° north latitude and 42° south latitude, is located in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical climate belts.

Consider the climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean in more detail.

Climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean. Characteristic, description.

Northern subpolar (subarctic) climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The northern subpolar climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean occupies most of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas approximately between 60° and 70° N. latitude. sh. . Defined by the limits of distribution seasonal ice- between the winter and summer boundaries of their distribution.

IN winter time within the belt are formed large masses ice, salinity increases. In summer, the ice melts, desalinating the water. In summer, water warms up only in a thin surface layer, while an intermediate layer of water that has cooled in winter remains at a depth.

Bioproductivity: The northern subpolar climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean occupies the vast shelves of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, rich in commercial fish, invertebrates and marine animals. The high bioproductivity of the region is associated, first of all, with the relatively shallow depths of the water area - nutrients are not lost at great depths, but are actively included in the cycle of organic substances.

North temperate climate zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The northern temperate climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is located between the areas of formation of cold subarctic and warm subtropical and tropical waters approximately between 35 and 60 ° N. sh.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: In the west of the belt, the warm Kuroshio Current and the cold Kuril Current (Oyashio) interact. From the streams formed with mixed water, the North Pacific Current is formed, which occupies a significant part of the water area and transfers huge masses of water and heat from west to east under the influence of the westerly winds prevailing here. Ice forms only in limited inland areas of shallow seas (for example, in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan). In winter, vertical thermal convection of waters develops with the participation of intense wind mixing: temperate latitudes active cyclonic activity. In the north of the northern temperate climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean, there is the Aleutian minimum of atmospheric pressure, well pronounced in winter, in the south - the northern part of the Hawaiian maximum.

Bioproductivity: The high content of oxygen and nutrients in the water ensures a relatively high bioproductivity, and its value in the northern part of the belt (subpolar waters) is higher than in the southern part (subtropical waters).

Northern subtropical climate zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The northern subtropical climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is located between the zone of westerly winds of temperate latitudes and the trade winds of equatorial-tropical latitudes. The belt is represented by a relatively narrow band approximately between 23 and 35°N. sh., stretching from Asia to North America.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: The northern subtropical climate zone of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by low rainfall, mostly clear weather, relatively dry air, high atmospheric pressure and great evaporation. These features are explained by the stable air stratification, in which the vertical air movements are attenuated.

North tropical climate zone of the Pacific Ocean

Geographical position: Northern tropical belt The Pacific Ocean stretches from the shores of Mexico and Central America to the Philippine Islands and Taiwan, continues to the shores of Vietnam and Thailand in the South China Sea. Lies between 20 and 30 ° N. sh.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: In a significant part of the belt, the trade winds of the Northern Hemisphere and the Northern Trade Wind Current dominate. The monsoon circulation is developed in the western part. The northern tropical belt of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by high temperatures and salinity.

Equatorial climate zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The equatorial climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is represented quite widely. It is located on both sides of the equator from about 20° N. sh. up to 20°S sh., between the northern and southern tropical belts.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: Intense thermal air convection develops here, and heavy rains fall throughout the year. bottom topography and geological structure most complex in the west and relatively simple in the east. This is the area of ​​attenuation of the trade winds in both hemispheres. The equatorial climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by constant warm waters surface layer, complex horizontal and vertical circulation of water, a large amount of precipitation, a wide development of eddy movements.

Southern tropical climate zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The southern tropical climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean occupies a vast expanse of water between Australia and Peru from 20 to 30 ° S. sh.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: East End the southern tropical climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean has a relatively simple bottom topography. Several thousand large and small islands are located in the western and middle parts. Hydrological conditions are determined by the South Equatorial Current. The salinity of the water is lower than in the northern tropical climate zone, especially in summer due to heavy rains. The western part of the belt is influenced by the monsoon circulation. Tropical hurricanes are not uncommon here. They often originate between the islands of Samoa and Fiji and move west to the coast of Australia.

Southern subtropical climate zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The southern subtropical climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean stretches in a winding strip of variable width from southeastern Australia and Tasmania to the east; covers most of the Tasman Sea, the area of ​​New Zealand, the space between 30 and 40 ° S. sh.; closer to the coast South America descends to somewhat lower latitudes and comes ashore between 20 and 35°S. sh.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: The deviation of the belt boundaries from the latitudinal strike is associated with the circulation of surface waters and the atmosphere. The axis of the southern subtropical climatic zone in the open part of the Pacific Ocean is the subtropical convergence zone, where the waters of the South Equatorial Current and the northern jet of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current converge. The position of the convergence zone is unstable, depends on the season and changes from year to year, however, the main processes typical of the belt are constant: the lowering of air masses, the formation of a high pressure area and marine tropical air, and the salinization of waters.

South temperate climate zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The northern boundary of the belt is close to 40-45°S. sh., and the south passes about 61-63 ° S. sh., i.e., along the northern border of the distribution of sea ice in September.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: The southern temperate climatic zone is the area of ​​dominance of western, northwestern and southwestern winds, stormy weather, significant cloudiness, low winter and summer temperatures of surface waters and intensive transfer of surface water masses to the east.

For the waters of this climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean, the change of seasons is already characteristic, but it comes later than on land, and is not so pronounced. The salinity of the waters of the southern climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is lower than that of the tropical ones, since the desalination effect is precipitation, rivers flowing into these waters, and icebergs entering these latitudes.

Southern subpolar (subantarctic) climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: clear boundaries sub antarctic climate The Pacific Ocean has no ic belt. Southern border - the northern part or border of the Southern Ocean (Western Wind Current), in the north, Tristan da Cunha and the island of Amsterdam with moderate maritime climate. Other sources place the subantarctic boundary between 65-67° and 58-60° south latitude.

Description of the Pacific climate zone: The belt is characterized by strong winds, precipitation is about 500 mm per year. There is more precipitation in the northern part of the belt.

The water area of ​​the South subpolar climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is especially wide in the area of ​​the Ross Sea, which penetrates deep into the massif of the Antarctic continent. In winter, the waters are covered with ice. The largest islands are Kerguelen, Prince Edward, Crozet, the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands, Heard and McDonald, Macquarie, Estados, Diego Ramirez, the Falklands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, etc., which lie in the zone of oceanic meadows covered with grasses, lichens , less often - shrubs.

South polar (Antarctic) climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical position: The Antarctic climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is located directly off the coast of Antarctica below 65 ° Yu. sh. The width of the belt is only 50-100 km.

Air temperature:

In the middle of summer (January), off the coast of Antarctica, the air temperature does not rise above 0 ° C, in the Weddell and Ross seas - up to -6 ° C, but at the northern border of the climatic zone, the air temperature warms up to + 12 ° C.

In winter, the difference in air temperature at the northern and southern boundaries of the south polar climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean is much more pronounced. At the southern borders in the coastal region, the thermometer drops to -30 ° C, at the northern borders of the belt, the air temperature does not drop to negative values ​​​​and remains at the level of 6 - 7 ° WITH.

Description of the Pacific climate zone:

Antarctica is the most severe climatic region of the Earth with low temperatures air, strong winds, snowstorms and fogs.

Within the Pacific Ocean, the Antarctic climatic zone is quite extensive. In the Ross Sea, the waters of the ocean go far beyond the Antarctic Circle, almost to 80 ° S. sh., and taking into account ice shelves - even further. To the east of McMurdo Bay, the cliff of the Ross Ice Shelf (Great Ice Barrier) stretches for hundreds of kilometers.

The water masses of the south polar climatic zone of the Pacific Ocean are characterized by an abundance of floating ice, as well as ice that forms huge ice expanses. The scale of these covers depends on the time of year, and at the peak it reaches 500-2000 km in width. In the Southern Hemisphere in areas of polar water masses sea ​​ice go into temperate latitudes much further than in the North. The salinity of the polar water masses is low, since floating ice has a strong desalination effect.

In this article, we examined the climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean. Read more: Climate of the Pacific. Cyclones and anticyclones. baric centers.

Since ancient times, it has occupied an important place in European culture. Actually, it got its name from the light hand of Herodotus, who used in his works the myth of Atlanta, holding the sky to the west of Greece on his shoulders. But at the level of development Greek science At that time, it was impossible to reliably know in which climatic zones the Atlantic Ocean is located.

From the Arctic to Antarctica

All the huge variety of climatic zones and the biological richness of the ocean is due to the fact that it has a huge length along the meridian from north to south. The extreme northern point of the ocean is in the subarctic zone, and the southern one reaches the coast of Antarctica.

You can say for sure in which climatic zones the Atlantic Ocean is located: it is subarctic, temperate, subtropical, tropical and subequatorial.

It is worth noting that the only belt that is not represented on the territory of the ocean is the equatorial one. This is due to the fact that the main qualities of this belt can only manifest themselves on land.

Atlantic Ocean. General information, climate

All the well-known historical seas, such as the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Black, with all their bays and straits, belong to the Atlantic Ocean system.

The generally accepted designation of the northern boundary of the ocean runs along the entrance to Hudson Bay and the southern coast of Greenland all the way to Scandinavia. The line of demarcation with the Indian is an imaginary straight line stretching from Cape Agulhas to the coast of Antarctica. The Atlantic is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the sixty-eighth meridian.

However, not only the huge extent of the ocean from south to north affects the climate above its surface. Undercurrents and movement of air currents are also important. This means that it is important not only in which climatic zones the Atlantic Ocean is located, but also what the weather is like in neighboring regions.

Above the surface of the ocean and its coast there is a pronounced seasonal variability of the weather - in the summer there are strong tropical hurricanes, heavy rains. Forming off the west coast, strong hurricanes move west, reaching the coast Western Europe in the region of Portugal and Ireland.

In addition, the exchange of water masses with the Arctic and Southern oceans has a strong influence on weather fluctuations.

Characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean. Bottom geography

Let's take a look at this important issue. The climatic zones in which the Atlantic Ocean is located affect the structure of the ocean floor, especially its coastal part, rich in relict deposits associated with the confluence of rivers, which brought biological remains and other organic matter from the mainland. Later, when the water level in the Atlantic changed, the channels of these rivers were flooded and this had a decisive influence on the formation of the shelf of the European continent.

The richness of the southern coastal waters of the ocean contributes to the formation of a large number of coral reefs.

Ecology and pollution

Regardless of which climatic zones the Atlantic Ocean is located in, human activity sometimes has a devastating effect on it. IN recent decades aquatic ecosystems have been severely tested with increased shipping, hazardous waste flooding and frequent oil spills.

The Pacific Ocean is located in almost all climatic zones. Most of it lies in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones.

The climate of the Pacific Ocean is formed due to the zonal distribution of solar radiation and atmospheric circulation, as well as the powerful seasonal influence of the Asian continent. Almost all climatic zones can be distinguished in the ocean. In the northern temperate zone in winter, the baric center is the Aleutian minimum of pressure, which is weakly expressed in summer. To the south is the North Pacific High. Along the equator, the Equatorial depression (an area of ​​low pressure) is noted, which is replaced to the south by the South Pacific anticyclone. Further south, the pressure decreases again and then again gives way to a high pressure area over Antarctica. The direction of the wind is formed in accordance with the location of baric centers. In the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, strong westerly winds prevail in winter, and weak southerly winds in summer. In the northwest of the ocean, north and northeast monsoon winds are established in winter, which are replaced by south monsoons in summer. Cyclones that occur on the polar fronts determine the high frequency of storm winds in the temperate and circumpolar zones (especially in the southern hemisphere). In the subtropics and tropics of the northern hemisphere, the northeast trade winds dominate. In the equatorial zone all year round predominantly calm weather. In tropical and sub tropical zones the southern hemisphere is dominated by a steady southeast trade wind, strong in winter and weak in summer. Violent tropical hurricanes, here called typhoons, are born in the tropics (mainly in summer). They usually arise east of the Philippines, from where they move northwest and north through Taiwan, Japan and fade on the approaches to the Bering Sea. Another area where typhoons originate is the coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to Central America. In the fortieth latitudes of the southern hemisphere, strong and constant westerly winds are observed. In the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere, the winds are subject to the general cyclonic circulation characteristic of the sub-Antarctic region of low pressure.

The distribution of air temperature over the ocean is subordinated to the general latitudinal zonality, but the western part has more warm climate than the eastern one. in tropical and equatorial zones average air temperatures from 27.5 °C to 25.5 °C prevail. During the summer, the 25°C isotherm widens northward in the western part of the ocean and only slightly in the eastern, and strongly shifts northward in the southern hemisphere. Passing over the vast expanses of the ocean, the air masses are intensely saturated with moisture. On both sides of the equator in the near-equatorial zone, two narrow bands of maximum precipitation are noted, outlined by an isohyet of 2000 mm, and a relatively arid zone is expressed along the equator. In the Pacific Ocean, there is no zone of convergence of the northern trade winds with the southern ones. There are two independent zones with excessive moisture and a relatively dry zone separating them. To the east, in the equatorial and tropical zones, the amount of precipitation decreases. The most arid regions in the northern hemisphere are adjacent to California, in the southern - to the Peruvian and Chilean basins (coastal regions receive less than 50 mm of precipitation per year).

Our Earth looks like a blue planet from space. This is because ¾ of the surface the globe occupies the World Ocean. It is one, though very divided.

The surface area of ​​the entire World Ocean is 361 million square meters. km.

Oceans of our planet

The ocean is the water shell of the earth, the most important component of the hydrosphere. Continents divide the oceans into parts.

Currently, it is customary to distinguish five oceans:

. - the largest and oldest on our planet. Its surface area is 178.6 million square meters. km. It occupies 1/3 of the Earth and makes up almost half of the oceans. To imagine this value, it is enough to say that all the continents and islands together can easily be placed in the Pacific Ocean. This is probably why it is often called the Great Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean owes its name to F. Magellan, who, during his round-the-world trip, crossed the ocean under favorable conditions.

The ocean has an oval shape, its widest part is located near the equator.

The southern part of the ocean is an area of ​​calm, light winds and a stable atmosphere. To the west of the Tuamotu Islands, the picture changes dramatically - here is an area of ​​​​storms and heavy winds, turning into ferocious hurricanes.

In the tropics, the waters of the Pacific Ocean are clear, transparent and have a deep blue color. A favorable climate formed near the equator. The air temperature here is +25ºC and practically does not change throughout the year. Winds of moderate strength, often calm.

The northern part of the ocean is similar to the southern, as if in a mirror image: in the west, unstable weather with frequent storms and typhoons, in the east - peace and quiet.

The Pacific Ocean is the richest in terms of the number of animal and plant species. Over 100 thousand species of animals live in its waters. Almost half of the world's fish catch is caught here. The most important sea routes are laid across this ocean, connecting 4 continents at once.

. covers an area of ​​92 million square meters. km. This ocean, like a huge strait, connects the two poles of our planet. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs through the center of the ocean, famous for the instability of the earth's crust. Separate peaks of this ridge rise above the water and form islands, the largest of which is Iceland.

The southern part of the ocean is under the influence of the trade winds. There are no cyclones here, so the water here is calm, clean and transparent. Closer to the equator, the Atlantic changes completely. The waters here are muddy, especially along the coast. This is due to the fact that large rivers flow into the ocean in this part.

The northern tropical zone of the Atlantic is famous for its hurricanes. Two major currents meet here - the warm Gulf Stream and the cold Labrador.

The northern latitudes of the Atlantic are the most picturesque area with huge icebergs and powerful ice tongues protruding from the waters. This area of ​​the ocean is dangerous for navigation.

. (76 million sq. km) - district ancient civilizations. Navigation here began to develop much earlier than in other oceans. The average depth of the ocean is 3700 meters. The coastline is slightly indented, with the exception of the northern part, where most of the seas and bays are located.

The waters of the Indian Ocean are more saline than in others, as far fewer rivers flow into it. But, thanks to this, they are famous for their amazing transparency and rich azure and blue color.

The northern part of the ocean is a monsoon region, and typhoons often form in autumn and spring. Further south, the water temperature is lower due to the influence of Antarctica.

. (15 million sq. km) is located in the Arctic and occupies vast areas around the north pole. The maximum depth is 5527m.

The central part of the bottom is a continuous intersection of mountain ranges, between which there is a huge basin. The coastline is heavily indented by seas and bays, and in terms of the number of islands and archipelagos, the Arctic takes second place after such a giant as the Pacific Ocean.

The most characteristic part of this ocean is the presence of ice. The Arctic Ocean remains by far the least explored, as research is hampered by the fact that most of the ocean is hidden under the ice cover.

. . The waters surrounding Antarctica combine signs. Allowing them to be separated into a separate ocean. But there are still disputes about what to consider borders. If from the south the borders are marked by the mainland, then the northern borders are most often drawn along 40-50º south latitude. Within such limits, the ocean area is 86 million square meters. km.

The bottom relief is cut by underwater canyons, ridges and basins. The fauna of the Southern Ocean is rich, there is the largest number of endemic animals and plants.

Characteristics of the oceans

The oceans are several billion years old. Its prototype is the ancient Panthalassa ocean, which existed when all the continents were still a single whole. Until recently, the bottom of the oceans was assumed to be flat. But it turned out that the bottom, like the land, has a complex relief, with its mountains and plains.

Properties of the waters of the oceans

The Russian scientist A. Voyekov called the World Ocean "a huge heating battery" of our planet. The fact is that the average water temperature in the oceans is +17ºC, and the average air temperature is +14ºC. Water heats up much longer, but it also consumes heat more slowly than air, while having high heat capacity.

But not all the water column in the oceans has the same temperature. Under the sun, only surface waters heat up, and with depth, the temperature drops. It is known that at the bottom of the oceans the average temperature is only +3ºC. And it remains so because of the high density of water.

It should be remembered that the water in the oceans is salty, and therefore it freezes not at 0ºC, but at -2ºC.

The degree of salinity of the waters varies depending on geographical latitude: in temperate latitudes, the waters are less saline than, for example, in the tropics. In the north, the waters are also less saline due to the melting of glaciers, which greatly desalinate the water.

The waters of the ocean are also different in terms of transparency. At the equator, the water is clearer. As the distance from the equator increases, the water becomes saturated with oxygen faster, which means that more microorganisms appear. But near the poles, due to low temperatures, the waters become more transparent again. So, the waters of the Weddell Sea near Antarctica are considered the most transparent. The second place belongs to the waters of the Sargasso Sea.

The difference between the ocean and the sea

The main difference between the sea and the ocean is in size. The oceans are much larger, and the seas are often only part of the oceans. The seas also differ from the ocean to which they belong in unique hydrological regime(water temperature, salinity, transparency, distinctive composition of flora and fauna).

The climate of the oceans

Climate of the Pacific infinitely diverse, as the ocean is located in almost all climatic zones: from equatorial to subarctic in the north and Antarctic in the south. There are 5 warm currents and 4 cold currents in the Pacific Ocean.

The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the equatorial zone. The amount of precipitation exceeds the proportion of water evaporation, so the water in the Pacific Ocean is less salty than in others.

climate of the atlantic ocean determined by its large extent from north to south. The equator zone is the narrowest part of the ocean, so the water temperature here is lower than in the Pacific or Indian.

The Atlantic is conditionally divided into northern and southern, drawing a border along the equator, and South part much colder due to proximity to Antarctica. Many areas of this ocean are characterized by thick fogs and powerful cyclones. They are strongest near the southern tip of North America and in the Caribbean.

On formation Indian Ocean climate the proximity of two continents - Eurasia and Antarctica - has a huge impact. Eurasia actively participates in the annual change of seasons, bringing dry air in winter and filling the atmosphere with excess moisture in summer.

The proximity of Antarctica causes a decrease in water temperature in the southern part of the ocean. Hurricanes and storms are frequent north and south of the equator.

Formation climate of the Arctic Ocean conditioned by it geographic location. Arctic air masses dominate here. average temperature air: from -20 ºC to -40 ºC, even in summer the temperature rarely rises above 0ºC. But the waters of the ocean are warmer due to constant contact with the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Therefore, the Arctic Ocean warms a significant part of the land.

Strong winds are rare, but fogs are frequent in summer. Precipitation falls mainly in the form of snow.

It is influenced by the proximity of Antarctica, the presence of ice and the absence of warm currents. The Antarctic climate dominates here with low temperatures, cloudy weather and mild winds. Snow falls throughout the year. A distinctive feature of the climate of the Southern Ocean is the high activity of cyclones.

The influence of the ocean on the Earth's climate

The ocean has a tremendous influence on the formation of climate. It accumulates huge reserves of heat. Thanks to the oceans, the climate on our planet is becoming milder and warmer, since the temperature of the waters in the oceans does not change as sharply and quickly as the temperature of the air over land.

Oceans contribute to better circulation of air masses. And this is the most important a natural phenomenon, like the water cycle, provides the land with sufficient moisture.