Average annual temperature in the world map. Climate maps of the world. Subequatorial climate zone

Climatic zones are climatically homogeneous regions of the Earth. They look like wide solid or intermittent stripes. They are located along the latitudes of the globe.

General characteristics of the climatic zones of the Earth.

Climatic zones differ from each other:

• the degree of heating by the sun;
• peculiarities of atmospheric circulation;
• seasonal change in air masses.

Climatic zones differ significantly from each other, gradually changing from the equator to the poles. However, the climate is influenced not only by the latitude of the Earth, but also by the terrain, proximity to the sea, altitude above sea level.

In Russia and in most countries of the world, the classification of climatic zones created by the famous Soviet climatologist is used. B.P. Alisov in 1956.

According to this classification, the globe there are four main climatic zones of the Earth and three transitional ones - with the prefix "sub" (lat. "under"):

• Equatorial (1 belt);
• Subequatorial (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Tropical (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Subtropical (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Moderate (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Subpolar (2 belts - in the southern subantarctic, in the northern subarctic);
• Polar (2 belts - in the southern Antarctic, in the northern Arctic);

Within these climatic zones, four types of Earth's climate are distinguished:

• Continental,
• Oceanic,
• The climate of the western shores,
• The climate of the eastern shores.

Let us consider in more detail the climatic zones of the Earth and the types of climates inherent in them.

Climatic zones and types of climates of the Earth:

1. Equatorial climate zone- the air temperature in this climatic zone is constant (+ 24-28 ° С). At sea, temperature fluctuations can generally be less than 1°. The annual amount of precipitation is significant (up to 3000 mm), on the windward slopes of the mountains precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm.

2. subequatorial climate- located between the equatorial and tropical main types of Earth's climate. In summer, this belt is dominated by equatorial air masses and tropical in winter. The amount of precipitation in summer is 1000-3000 mm. The average summer temperature is +30°C. In winter, there is little precipitation, the average temperature is +14°C.

Subequatorial and equatorial belt. Left to right: Savannah (Tanzania), wet forest(South America)

3. Tropical climate zone. In this type of climate, the mainland is distinguished tropical climate and oceanic tropical climate.

• continental tropical climate - annual precipitation - 100-250 mm. The average summer temperature is +35-40°С, winter +10-15°С. Daily temperature fluctuations can reach up to 40 °C.
• oceanic tropical climate - annual precipitation - up to 50 mm. The average summer temperature is +20-27°С, winter +10-15°С.

Tropical belts of the Earth. Left to right: deciduous forest (Costa Rica), veld ( South Africa), desert (Namibia).

4. subtropical climate- located between the tropical and temperate main types of Earth's climate. Tropical air masses dominate in summer, while air masses invade in winter. temperate latitudes carrying precipitation. For subtropical climate hot, dry summers (from +30 to +50°C) and relatively cold winters with precipitation are characteristic; stable snow cover is not formed. The annual rainfall is about 500 mm.

• dry subtropical climate - observed inside the continents in subtropical latitudes. Summers are hot (up to +50°С) and frosts down to -20°С are possible in winter. The annual rainfall is 120 mm or less.
• mediterranean climate - observed in the western parts of the continents. Summer is hot, without precipitation. Winter is cool and rainy. The annual amount of precipitation is 450-600 mm.
• subtropical climate of the eastern shores continents is monsoonal. Winter compared to other climates subtropical belt cold and dry, and summers are hot (+25°С) and humid (800 mm).

Subtropical belts of the Earth. From left to right: evergreen forest (Abkhazia), prairies (Nebraska), desert (Karakum).

5. temperate climate zone. It forms over territories of temperate latitudes - from 40-45 ° north and south latitude to the polar circles. Annual precipitation is from 1000 mm to 3000 mm along the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in hinterland. The temperature in summer fluctuates from +10°С to +25-28°С. In winter - from +4°С to -50°С. In this type of climate, a marine type of climate is distinguished, continental and monsoon.

• nautical temperate climate - annual precipitation - from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm. Summers are cool +15-20°С, winters are warm from +5°С.
• continental temperate climate - annual precipitation - about 400 mm. Summers are warm (+17-26°С), and winters are cold (-10-24°С) with stable snow cover for many months.
• monsoon temperate climate - annual precipitation - about 560 mm. Winter is clear and cold (-20-27°С), summer is humid and rainy (-20-23°С).

Natural zones of temperate zones of the Earth. From left to right: taiga (Sayan), broad-leaved forest ( Krasnoyarsk region), steppe (Stavropol), desert (Gobi).

6. subpolar climate- consists of the subarctic and subantarctic climatic zones. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so the summer is cool (from +5 to +10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by arctic and antarctic air masses, so there are long, cold winters, temperatures can reach as low as -50°C.
7. The polar type of climate is the Arctic and Antarctic climatic zones. It forms above 70° north and below 65° south latitude. The air is very cold, the snow cover does not melt all year round. There is very little precipitation, the air is saturated with small ice needles. Settling, they give a total of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average summer temperature is not higher than 0°C, winter - -20-40°C.

Subpolar climatic zones of the Earth. From left to right: arctic desert (Greenland), tundra (Yakutia), forest tundra (Khibiny).

More clearly, the characteristics of the Earth's climates are presented in the table.

Characteristics of the climatic zones of the Earth. Table.

Note: Dear visitors, hyphens in long words in the table are set for the convenience of mobile users - otherwise the words will not wrap and the table will not fit on the screen. Thanks for understanding!

Types of climates (climatic zones) of Russia:

• Arctic: January t −24…-30, summer t +2…+5. Precipitation - 200-300 mm.
• Subarctic: (up to 60 degrees N). summer t +4…+12. Precipitation 200-400 mm.
• Moderately continental: January t -4 ... -20, July t +12 ... +24. Precipitation 500-800 mm.
• Continental climate: January t −15…-25, July t +15…+26. Precipitation 200-600 mm.

Climatic zones are continuous or discontinuous areas that are parallel to the latitudes of the planet. Between themselves, they differ in the circulation of air currents and the amount of solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or are also important climate-forming factors.

According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov, there are seven main types of Earth's climate: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (one each in the hemispheres). In addition, Alisov singled out six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subantarctic.

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone on the world map

The polar region adjacent to the North Pole is called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, margins and Eurasia. The belt is represented by icy and , which are characterized by protracted harsh winters. The maximum summer temperature is +5°C. arctic ice affect the climate of the Earth as a whole, preventing it from overheating.

The Antarctic belt is located in the very south of the planet. Nearby islands are also under his influence. The cold pole is located on the mainland, so winter temperatures average -60°C. Summer figures do not rise above -20°C. The territory is in the zone Arctic deserts. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Land areas are found only in the coastal zone.

Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone

Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone on the world map

The subarctic zone includes northern Canada, southern Greenland, Alaska, northern Scandinavia, northern regions of Siberia and Far East. The average winter temperature is -30°C. With the advent of a short summer, the mark rises to +20°C. In the north of this climatic zone dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, swampiness and frequent winds. The south is located in the forest-tundra zone. The soil has time to warm up during the summer, so bushes and woodlands grow here.

Within the subantarctic belt are the islands of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The zone is subject to the seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, arctic air dominates here, and in summer masses come from temperate zone. The average temperature in winter is -15°C. Storms, fogs and snowfalls often occur on the islands. In the cold season, the entire water area is occupied by ice, but with the onset of summer, they melt. Warm months average -2°C. The climate can hardly be called favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichens, mosses and herbs.

temperate climate zone

Temperate climate zone on the world map

In the temperate zone lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is a clear expression of the seasons of the year. The prevailing air masses give high humidity and low pressure. The average winter temperature is 0°C. In summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. Cyclones prevailing in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rain. Most of the precipitation falls as summer rain.

Territories deep into the continents are prone to droughts. represented by an alternation of forests and arid regions. In the north grows, the flora of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it is replaced by a zone of mixed broad-leaved forests. The strip of steppes in the south surrounds all continents. The zone of semi-deserts and deserts covers the western part North America and Asia.

Temperate climates are subdivided into the following subtypes:

• nautical;
• temperate continental;
• sharply continental;
• monsoon.

Subtropical climate zone

Subtropical climate zone on the world map

In the subtropical zone there is a part of the Black Sea coast, the southwest and, the south of the North and. In winter, the territories are influenced by air moving from the temperate zone. The thermometer rarely drops below zero. In summer, the climate zone is affected by subtropical cyclones, which warm the earth well. Humid air prevails in the eastern part of the continents. There are long summers and mild winters without frost. The western coasts are characterized by dry summers and warm winters.

Temperatures are much higher in the interior regions of the climate zone. The weather is almost always clear. Most of the precipitation falls during the cold period, when the air masses shift to the side. On the coasts, hard-leaved forests grow with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. In the northern hemisphere, they are replaced by a zone of subtropical steppes, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes turn into broad-leaved and deciduous forests. Mountain areas are represented by forest-meadow zones.

In the subtropical climate zone The following subtypes of climate are distinguished:

• subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
• subtropical inland climate;
• subtropical monsoon climate;
• climate of high subtropical highlands.

Tropical climate zone

Tropical climate zone on the world map

The tropical climate zone covers separate territories in everything except Antarctica. All year round the oceans are dominated by an area of ​​high pressure. Because of this, there is little rainfall in the climate zone. Summer temperatures in both hemispheres exceed +35°C. Average winter temperatures are +10°C. The average daily temperature fluctuation is felt in the interior of the continents.

Most of the time the weather is clear and dry. The bulk of the precipitation falls on winter months. Significant temperature fluctuations provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is much milder: winters are warm, and summers are mild and humid. Strong winds practically absent, precipitation falls in the calendar summer. dominant natural areas are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.

The tropical climate zone includes the following climate subtypes:

• trade wind climate;
• tropical dry climate;
• tropical monsoon climate;
• monsoon climate on tropical plateaus.

Subequatorial climate zone

Subequatorial climatic zone on the world map

The subequatorial climatic zone affects both hemispheres of the Earth. In summer, the zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. Average annual temperature is +28°C. Daily temperature fluctuations are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls during the warm season under the influence of the summer monsoons. The closer to the equator, the more abundant it rains. In summer, most rivers overflow their banks, and in winter they dry up completely.

The flora is represented by monsoon mixed forests, and woodlands. The foliage on the trees turns yellow and falls during the drought period. With the arrival of rains, it is restored. In the open spaces of the savannas, cereals and herbs grow. The plant world adapted to periods of rain and drought. some distant woodlands has not yet been studied by man.

Equatorial climate zone

Equatorial climate zone on the world map

The belt is located on both sides of the equator. The constant flow of solar radiation creates a hot climate. On weather air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3°C. Unlike other climatic zones, the equatorial climate remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. Temperatures do not fall below +27°C. Due to heavy rainfall, high humidity, fogs and clouds are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which favorably affects the flora.

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