Presentation on the theme of the natural zones of South America. Natural areas of South America. devoid of woody vegetation"

South America is the most
wet mainland. So here
forests are widespread and
deserts and semi-deserts
relatively few.

EQUATORIAL FORESTS of South America - selva

Alexander Humboldt - a German scientist called them Hylaea. And often these forests are also called “the lungs of the planet!

SAVANNA

Pampa - the steppe of South America

Our gift

And again, the development for conducting geography lessons, provided to our site World of Geography by Laricheva Elena Ivanovna, who works as a geography teacher in Nizhny Novgorod, in secondary school No. 27! What can this presentation on geography of the 7th grade give to the teacher when conducting a lesson on the subject on the topic of South America? Everything in the development is simple and clear - there is no textual material, however, you can find photographs of landscapes and the organic world about each natural zone of South America.



The mountainous regions of South America are the Andes, and we know that these are the longest mountains in the world and the highest mountains in the southern hemisphere. The mountains have their own special world, and the face of the Andes is, of course, the Condor bird. Mountains, plains, dry steppes, semi-deserts and selva - the nature of the mainland is really so diverse that devoting one lesson to this topic using a presentation on geography will be just the way and in the subject.


You need to study each continent, and for this you need to take powerpoint presentations for geography lessons and show them to your children - students at school. How to supplement the lesson with material on the topic? There is a way - you need to take presentations on geography of the 7th grade and come to the lesson with them, having prepared computer equipment in advance - a computer, a projector and an interactive whiteboard. And your children, students, will be happy to show the presentation and tell the teacher about this continent. South America is far away, and we can only visit the lesson virtually if we take presentations on geography to geography lessons to enhance the cognitive activity of students in order to get an effective return on the geography lesson.

How and why to use powerpoint presentations in geography lessons?

Of course, you can understand that not every school can yet provide every teacher with an interactive whiteboard, but still, in many schools today, many teachers can at least sometimes get access to equipment for demonstrating a presentation on geography, and this only pleases us. It is necessary to apply presentations, because this is not just the desire of an individual teacher, this is already a real imperative of the time. It is necessary to use interactive learning technologies, and then the positive effect of the lesson will not be long in coming.

• Using a geography presentation in the classroom is the principle of an advanced active teacher who wants to work creatively and with interest in the result.
• Students in those lessons that use powerpoint geography presentations are very interesting for the students and make them think and act for the benefit of learning
• The lesson itself as a whole becomes very attractive and interesting, and it is not a shame to show such a lesson even to an authoritative commission.

South America.

natural areas

Prepared by: Zadylyak L.M.,

Kaliningrad

• .
• In what sequence should a natural area be characterized?
• What are the main features of the zone of equatorial forests, savannahs, deserts .

organic world South America, like australia, very idiosyncratic.

 Explain why.

Along with plants that grow in Africa and in australia(e.g. palm trees, acacias, bottle trees), in South America there are their own species - hevea rubber, cocoa tree, cinchona tree, from the bark of which medicine is obtained. South America- the birthplace of many cultivated plants (?).

cinchona

Hevea is the main source of natural rubber. The content of rubber in the milky juice of this rubber tree reaches 40-50%

The animal world is also unique.

Some animals (anteaters, armadillos, cougars) are found in almost all natural areas of the mainland.

Before getting acquainted with the features of individual natural areas South America do a little research on the map.

• What natural areas are on the mainland? Which of them occupy the most large area? Why?
• How does latitudinal zonality manifest itself in South America?

A characteristic feature of the mainland is the presence of impenetrable moist evergreen equatorial forests growing on red-yellow ferralite soils. Call them here selva , which means "forest" in Portuguese. Selva is wetter than African forests richer in plant and animal species. Here grow trees such as ceiba, reaching a height of 80 m, different kinds palm trees, melon tree (papaya), cocoa, hevea, entwined with vines. There are many beautifully blooming orchids in the forest. Many selva plants give not only valuable wood, but also fruits, juice, bark for use in technology and medicine.

The fauna of the selva is especially rich. Many animals are adapted to life in trees: chain-tailed monkeys, sloths. Even frogs and lizards live in trees, there are many snakes, including the largest snake on Earth - the anaconda. Ungulates live near the water - tapirs and the most large rodent on Earth - capybara capybara weighing up to 50 kg. There are few predators, among them the jaguar is the most famous.

capybara capybara

Marmosets are among the smallest primates on our planet. Their habitat is Latin America. An adult individual weighs no more than 100 g with a body length of up to 23 cm. The length of the tail always exceeds the length of the body and can reach 30 cm. The smallest among the marmosets is smaller than a human thumb - this is the Swiss Lilliput marmoset.

The howler monkey is the largest in South America, its loud roar can be heard at a distance of 5 km

Dwarf marmosets, whose average weight is about 120 g, and the body length does not exceed 15 cm. These primates are considered the smallest on Earth. Their second name is pocket monkeys.

The world of birds is also rich: tiny hummingbirds that feed on the nectar of flowers, parrots, toucans. Lots of different butterflies, beetles and other insects. In the lower tier of the forest and in the soil, a lot of ants live, many of which lead a predatory lifestyle. Some of the ants reach 3 cm in length.

Equatorial forests are replaced by tall-grass palm savannahs. On the plains Orinoco they are interspersed with strips of evergreen gallery forests turning green in the river valleys.

In the savannahs of the Southern Hemisphere, tree vegetation is poorer. In the tropical center of the mainland, where it is dry and hot for many months, twisted, low-growing trees and shrubs, humiliated with thorns and thorns. Among them, the most famous is the quebracho whose bark contains tannins necessary for leather dressing.

Quebracho - the most strong tree South America, called "break the ax"

In comparison with the African savannas, the wildlife of the savannahs South America poorer. Small deer, wild pigs-bakers, armadillos with a shell of horn shields, anteaters, and ostrich rhea live here.

baker pigs

To the south of the savannas lie the subtropical steppes, which South America called pampa , which in translation from the language of the Indians means "a space devoid of woody vegetation." In humid conditions subtropical climate fertile chernozem-like and meadow soils were formed in the eastern steppes, therefore, at present they are completely plowed up and are the largest grain region in Argentina. Vegetation wild steppes- herbs, among which feather grass, wild millet, etc. predominate.

The open spaces of the pampas were once characterized by fast-running animals: pampas deer, pampas cat, llamas.

pampas cat

pampas deer

In the south of the mainland in conditions temperate climate with a small amount of precipitation, a semi-desert zone was formed. This harsh edge of the mainland is called Patagonia. Tufts of grasses and thorny evergreen shrubs form dense thickets here on infertile brown soils. Currently, Patagonia is the main sheep-breeding region of Argentina. Strong south antarctic winds are observed here. The locals say: "If you want to see Patagonia, stop for a moment and she will rush past you."

beauty of Patagonia

In the semi-deserts, as well as in the steppes lying to the north of them, there are many rodents. Among them, viscacha is a rodent whose body length is 60-70 cm. Coypu (marsh beaver) lives along the banks of reservoirs. There are many small armadillos that burrow into the ground in case of danger.

Many plant species, fertile soils, domesticated and wild llamas, fur-bearing animals (nutria, etc.) are of great economic value. There are many fish in the rivers and coastal waters of the oceans.

Altitudinal zonality in Andes

Nowhere on the continents we have already studied are there such high mountains, How Andes. Therefore, we will get acquainted with the nature of the mountains in this topic.

• Remember what is called altitudinal zonation. What does it depend on?
• What components of nature most noticeably change as you ascend from the foot of the mountains to the peaks?
• What climate zones does the Andes stretch through?

Plots Andes lying at different latitudes differ in the number and composition of altitudinal zones. The higher the ridges Andes and the closer they are to the equator, the more natural belts are observed when ascending from the foot to the peaks. So, the foot Andes near the equator dressed thick equatorial forests, little different from forests Amazonia .

Another change of belts in Andes at the latitude of the Southern Tropic. Here, in the conditions of a subtropical climate, at the foot of the mountains lie semi-deserts, which, when ascending, turn into hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Deciduous forests of southern beeches grow even higher, and alpine meadows appear even higher.

Yareta grows at an altitude of 3200 and 4500 m. It is a colony of thousands of individual tiny sprouts. To reduce heat loss during extremely cold dawns at this altitude, the leaves of the plant are very close to each other. In addition, it presses as close to the ground as possible, where the air temperature is a couple of degrees higher /

On the plateau Central Andes, isolated by mountain ranges from the influence of the oceans, dry mountain steppes and semi-deserts are located.

Among the animals living in Andes, there are very ancient species, such as the spectacled bear. Of the rodents, the chinchilla is remarkable for its valuable fur. In some places, wild llamas are preserved - large and strong animals of the camelid family. On the ledges of the mountains, the largest birds of prey on our planet nest - condors with a wingspan of up to 3 m.

spectacled bear

chinchilla

Changing the nature of the mainland under the influence of human activity.

Human impact on nature South America It began even when the indigenous population, engaged in agriculture, burned out areas of forests for this, drained swamps. However, these changes were not so great in comparison with those that arose with the arrival of Europeans on the mainland. From the 16th century began the exploitation of natural resources. Plowing of land, deforestation, pastoralism, the emergence of new plants imported from other continents have led to the weakening or complete destruction of the links between the components of nature, to major changes in natural complexes.

For example, a significant part of the pampas is plowed up or used for grazing. The pastures are overgrown with weeds.

Pampa has lost its original appearance. It has been turned into endless fields of wheat and corn, cattle grazing. The most valuable forests of araucaria are almost destroyed - coniferous trees growing in the east Brazilian plateaus. On site rainforest and savannahs, there have long been plantations of the coffee tree, brought here from Africa, and cocoa plantations, wild species of which grow in forests Amazonia .

araucaria cone

Forests are being destroyed very quickly Amazonia. The construction of the Trans-Amazon Highway (5 thousand km) opened the way to the selva. At the current rate of use, according to scientists, these forests in the XXI century. may disappear. The problem of nature conservation South America originated at the beginning of the 20th century. But only quite recently they took it seriously: a program was outlined, lists of animals and plants were compiled, for the conservation of which it was necessary to take urgent measures.

About a hundred species of mammals and birds are now included in the Red Book. The area of ​​protected areas on the entire continent is only about 6%.

Many countries South America create reserves and National parks, which at the same time serve as centers of tourism (see map of the atlas).

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

• What are the similarities and differences between the natural zones of South America and Africa. Give reasons.
• Take an imaginary trip to the selva, savanna or pampas and prepare a story in the form of a diary, report, memoir, letter.
• What determines the number of altitudinal belts in mountains?
• In what part of the Andes on altitudinal zonality big influence renders the ocean? What is this influence?
• Give examples of changes in the nature of South America by man.
• In what natural zones are these changes especially great? Why?
• In what natural areas are national parks located? Where are they the most? Why?

Sources:

• EFU. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade. V.A.Korinskaya, I.V.Dushina, V.A.Schenev. M., Bustard. 2015
• Textbook. Geography. Continents and oceans. O.V. Krylova. M., Enlightenment. 1999
• Atlas. Geography. 7 cells M. Bustard.2015
• Internet illustrations