State policy in the field of environmental protection. Problems of state policy on environmental protection. state environmental monitoring

According to statistics, 67 cubic meters are used annually in Russia. m of fresh water, with two-thirds consumed by industry, a little more than 20% - housing and communal services, a little less than 20% - agriculture.

Despite the fact that water in Russia is not a shortage, experts consider the situation with water resources to be pre-crisis. The problem here is not the quantity, but the quality of both the water itself, which is wasted and shamefully polluted, and various water infrastructure facilities (canals, dams, reservoirs, hydroelectric facilities, pumping stations, storm sewers, etc. - a total of about 65 thousand ).

Total pollution damage water resources for the population, sectors of the economy and nature is estimated at almost 70 billion rubles annually, - says the draft national program for the development of the water management complex "Water of Russia - XXI century".

The lag of Russia in terms of average life expectancy of the population from industrialized countries is largely due to the consumption of low-quality water. Only the damage from the loss of public health in connection with the consumption of low-quality water in Russia as a whole is estimated at more than 30 billion rubles a year.

Agriculture accounts for 1/6 of the volume of polluted Wastewater in natural water bodies of Russia. The discharge of polluted wastewater leads to pollution of water sources and reservoirs, which provokes diseases or death of fish, wild near-water animals (beaver, otter, muskrat, mink, muskrat, etc.) and birds, near-water vegetation. Reservoirs cannot be used for livestock watering, for economic purposes, for people's recreation and, most importantly, for drinking purposes. Groundwater is also polluted.

On present stage development, society everywhere faced the task of greening technology, its optimal coordination with natural processes. The problem of ecologization may indeed seem insoluble, because over the long years of industrial development, the inertia of the development of technology in an ecologically carefree mode has been accumulated too one-sidedly, and the transition to a qualitatively new mode seems simply impossible. This impression is also supported by the fact that the measures taken so far to ecologize technology do not radically solve the problem, but only delay its real overcoming. Pollution control in factories natural environment is carried out so far mainly through the construction of treatment facilities, and not by changing the existing production technology. However, these measures alone are not enough to solve the problem.

First, wastewater treatment plants are very expensive and have not kept pace with the growth of enterprises and changes in technology.

Secondly, the operation of treatment facilities is unreliable. It is not always effective enough, especially if we take into account the increasing strictness of the maximum permissible concentrations (MACs), and, in addition, the possibility of accidents in treatment systems with all the ensuing consequences for environment and people. Even now, the costs of waste treatment facilities make up a significant part of the state budget in our country, and yet only 60% of enterprises provide waste treatment. If we continue to go only along the path of construction of treatment facilities, then, as experts have calculated, the time will come when the cost of treatment facilities will equal and even exceed the cost of the main production. In some unique natural complexes, such as Baikal, for example, the requirements for the efficiency of treatment facilities are already very high.

In our time, the processes of obtaining matter and energy from the environment have clearly taken precedence over the processes of utilization of the withdrawn substance. The conclusion suggests itself that modern production is organized in violation of systemic principles. Thus, the ecological crisis is programmed into the existing production technology . But it does not follow from this that technology is in principle incompatible with natural processes. It is quite compatible with them, but on the condition that the production will be built in accordance with the laws of the systemic integrity of self-regulating systems.

These agreements were further developed in the Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on the prohibition of the impact on the natural environment for military and other purposes dangerous to human life and health, as well as in subsequent documents of this organization on the complete and unconditional prohibition of the use of atomic weapons in all environments with a phased then stop its production.

The mass international movement for the protection of nature assumed a wide scope, and on many issues began to merge with the movement for peace and democracy. The governmental decisions adopted in our country on the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources. Environmental problems have become the subject of serious scientific research and an integral part of the organization of modern production. Gradually, they also become an indispensable element in the upbringing and education of people.

At the end of the 80s of the XX century, in foreign literature in the field of economics and ecology, sociology and political science, global studies and law, as, indeed, in other humanities, the term "sustainable development", which denoted the socio-economic and ecological development aimed at preserving peace throughout the planet, at reasonable satisfaction of people's needs while improving the quality of life of current and future generations, at the careful use of the planet's resources and the preservation of the natural environment.

“Of fundamental importance for the further development Russian legislation on environmental protection during the operation of the GTS takes into account the best practices of the countries of the European Community. The Fifth EU Environment Program changed the emphasis in environmental policy to stimulate the environmental protection activities of enterprises and organizations; long-term environmental management; combating environmental pollution and waste generation; improvement of layouts for industry, transport, population; improvement in health and safety.

The sixth Environmental Program under preparation defines the main priorities of the EU environmental policy up to 2010: climate change; nature and biodiversity; environment and public health; management of natural resources and waste”.

In February 1994, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "Basic provisions of the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development" was issued. It provides fundamental guidelines for rational environmental management in Russia at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. An attempt to concretize them was published in March 1995 by the government "Concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to a model of sustainable development." This document contains a statement of the difficult and depressing state in which Russia found itself during 3.5 years of the so-called market economy, a summary of some general principles and directions of the country's transition to a sustainable development model.

On April 1, 1996, the Decree of the President of Russia was published on the adoption by the Government of the country of the concept of sustainable development, so that it is taken into account in all areas of state policy, as well as in all issues of the socio-economic and cultural life of the country. The final version of the concept of sustainable development took into account many proposals made in the course of its extensive discussion in the press, at conferences and congresses. The next step in the implementation of the recommendations of the UN Conference "Rio-92" in Russia is the adoption of a sustainable development strategy , in which the main stages of the country's transition to this model will be outlined in accordance with similar stages in the rest of the world as agreed parts of a common global policy focused on the conservation of the biosphere as a common heritage.

It can be argued that by the beginning of the 21st century, Russia already had an array of legislative acts in the field of the environment, including the Federal Laws “On Ecological Expertise”, “On Natural Medical Resources, Medical and Recreational Areas and Resorts”, “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, “On the Continental Shelf”, “On the Radiation Safety of the Population”, “On State Regulation in the Field of Genetic Engineering Activities”, “On the Safe Handling of Pesticides and Agrochemicals”, “On Production and Consumption Wastes” and some others. Natural resource acts of legislation have been updated.

It should be noted that in the 1990s, related legislation was also actively developing - in the field of nuclear energy, industrial safety, emergency situations with adverse environmental consequences. Yes, and at present, the process of greening (ie, reflecting environmental requirements) of civil, criminal, and administrative legislation is still underway.

habitats in each country, environmental legislation is being developed, in which there is a section of international law and legal protection nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life.

The United Nations Organization (UN) in the Declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (1992) legally enshrined two basic principles of the legal approach to nature protection:

1) States should introduce effective legislation in the field of environmental protection. The norms related to environmental protection, the tasks and priorities put forward should reflect the real situation in the areas of environmental protection and its development, in which they will be implemented;

2) the state should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those who suffer from this.

In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were solved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations. In the 1970s–1980s in the USSR, 18 different ministries and departments were involved in the management and protection of the natural environment. There was no common coordinating body that would unite environmental activities. Such a system of management and control gave rise to a criminal attitude towards nature, primarily on the part of the ministries and departments themselves, as well as large enterprises subordinate to them, which were the main polluters and destroyers of the natural environment.

Since 1991, the Russian Committee for Nature Protection has been abolished, and instead the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources has been organized. It included the environmental services of Hydromet, forestry, water resources, protection and use of subsoil, and fisheries transformed into committees. On the basis of six reorganized ministries and departments, a natural resource block was created, uniting the entire environmental protection service in a single center. This block turned out to be unmanageable, and the year-long practice of its functioning showed that it was not capable of solving the assigned tasks. The solution of environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented both in the activities of special state bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, the elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country. The legal protection of the natural environment consists in the creation, justification and application of regulations that define both the objects of protection and measures to ensure it. These measures form an environmental law that implements the relationship between nature and society.

The Soviet government, starting in 1925, issued a number of decrees aimed at creating and strengthening the country's air defense. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War a lot of work has been done to prepare the population and cities of the threatened border zone for air defense and chemical protection.

Civil Defense (GO) is a system of measures for the preparation and protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions (Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1998 No. 28-FZ "On civil defense"). The civil defense of Russia is an integral part common system state defense measures carried out in peaceful and war time. The activities of civil defense are aimed both at protecting against modern means attacks by the enemy, as well as to conduct rescue and urgent emergency recovery work at facilities and in the centers of destruction in emergency situations of peacetime and wartime.

The main tasks facing civil defense can be formulated as follows:

1) teaching the population how to protect themselves from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;

2) notification of the population about the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;

3) evacuation of the population, material and cultural values ​​to safe areas;

4) provision of shelters and personal protective equipment to the population;

5) carrying out activities for light and other types of camouflage;

6) fighting fires arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these operations;

7) restoration and maintenance of order in areas affected by the conduct of hostilities, urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary public services in wartime;

8) development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving objects that are essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime.

At each facility, a regulation on civil defense should be developed, in which the tasks of the civil defense of the object are indicated.

Civil defense at an industrial facility (hereinafter - at the facility) is organized in order to protect the personnel of the facility and the population living near it from natural, man-made and military emergencies.

The main tasks of civil defense at the facility are:

1) protection of the personnel of the facility and the population from emergencies;

2) increasing the stability of the operation of the facility in emergency situations;

3) carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work in the foci of damage and areas of catastrophic flooding.

Organizational measures provide for the development and planning of actions for the management, command and command staff of the Department for Civil Defense, services and formations of civil defense to protect the personnel of the facility, conduct rescue and other urgent work.

Engineering and technical measures of civil defense is a set of measures carried out by engineering and technical methods and means and aimed at preventing or reducing possible losses and destruction, increasing the stability of the facility in emergency situations.

Economic measures provide for such an approach to the implementation of the entire range of works that would ensure their efficiency with minimal capital costs.

Environmental measures are a continuation of the complex of works in this area, which should be carried out by each facility in order48 to minimize harmful effects products of the technological cycle on the environment.

The civil defense system of the facility is responsible for organizing the protection of the facility personnel and the population from emergencies.

At all facilities, as a rule, departments for civil defense and emergency situations are created, which are staffed from officials.

Basic requirements for shelters.

Shelters must meet certain requirements:

1) provide protection against any damaging factors and from the thermal effects of fires on the surface for at least two days;

2) be built outside the zones and sources of fires and floods;

3) have entrances with the same degree of protection as the main premises, and in case of blockage - emergency exits;

4) have approaches free from the storage of hazardous, combustible and highly fuming substances, as well as access roads;

5) have main rooms with a height of more than 2.2 m, and the floor level must be higher than the groundwater level by more than 20 cm;

6) have filtering equipment that cleans the air from impurities and supplies the shelter with at least 2 m3 of air per hour per person.

If the shelter is located in a zone of contamination with radiation levels after a nuclear explosion, then the time of safe stay of sheltered people in it will be from several hours to one day.
49. City as a zone of increased danger
In a city, especially a large one, the cause of discomfort and disease is gas and dust atmospheric air, high noise or vibration levels, household and industrial waste, pollution earth's surface and reservoirs. The urban environment is dangerous.

The complex of negative factors of the production environment is characterized by diversity and high levels of impact on a working person. The most common factors include:

1) gas contamination and dustiness of the air of the working area;

2) unfavorable temperature regimes;

3) increased noise;

4) insufficient lighting;

5) hard physical work;

6) increased vibrations.

If the safety requirements in production environment occupational diseases, injuries, poisoning and loss of life are inevitable.

Situations of a criminal nature can occur at any time.

Crime has always existed. Today, criminals are a real threat to human life, health and property. Now no one can say with certainty: "My house is my fortress." The risk of intrusion into the apartment of an uninvited guest exists, and no one is immune from this.

How can this be prevented? Try to protect yourself and your children by following the basic rules.

1. If possible, do not leave children alone at home. When you leave home, instruct the children, give them some advice, and try to follow the same procedure yourself when you are at home.

Try to play possible situations with the children, comment on the actions of the children during the game, clearly explain how to behave in extreme situations.

2. While in the apartment, check the reliability of locks and constipation.

3. No need to answer questions on the phone about the names of the parents, where they work, what is their work phone number, what time they will return home.

4. Be careful with the keys to the apartment.

5. When leaving the house, securely lock balcony doors and windows.

6. Returning home, approaching your door, make sure that there are no strangers behind.

7. Do not leave the keys to the apartment in accessible places.

8. Never tell anyone about the valuable things that are in your apartment.

9. If, upon returning home, you find that the door of the apartment is ajar or forced, do not enter the apartment under any circumstances.

10. Do not enter into an argument with robbers.

Pickpocketing is a highly professional job.

It is carefully organized, worked out many times and takes literally seconds.

1) criminal terrorism;

2) political terrorism;

3) international terrorism.

Criminal terror can be carried out with the aim of: violating public security, intimidating the population, or influencing the adoption of decisions by the authorities that are beneficial to terrorists, or satisfying their illegal property or other interests.

Political terrorism manifests itself in an encroachment on the life of a state or public figure in order to stop his activities, or out of revenge for such activities. International terrorism expressed in an attack on a representative of a foreign state or an employee international organization using international protection, for the purpose of provoking war or complicating international relations.

If you are held hostage:

1) do not expose yourself to unnecessary risk;

3) if the criminals are in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication, try to limit all contacts with them, as their actions can be unpredictable;

4) at the first opportunity, try to inform your relatives or the police about your whereabouts;

5) try to establish contact, evoke humane feelings and start a conversation without suggesting that you want to know something;

6) Don't let yourself be discouraged. Take every opportunity to talk to yourself about your hopes and desires;

7) closely monitor the behavior of criminals and their intentions. At the first convenient and safe opportunity, be ready to flee.

3) stay confident on your feet;

5) if you have a bag or package in your hands, be vigilant - they can plant drugs, weapons, ammunition and other "evidence" on you;

6) it is better not to approach crowds of people of any kind at all, and also to police squads;

7) exercise maximum vigilance and attention on the streets of the city - this is in order to preserve your freedom and safety.

Emergencies are events that are large-scale, cover a large area and threaten a large number of people.

Natural disasters are dangerous phenomena or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such a scale, in which catastrophic situations arise, characterized by a sudden disruption of people's life, destruction and destruction of material values.

The public's perception of risk and hazards is subjective.

Distinguish between individual and social risk.

Individual risk characterizes the danger of a certain type for an individual.

A catastrophe is an event with tragic consequences, a major accident with the loss of life: a plane crashed, there are human casualties.

Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities.

According to the degree of impact on the body, CWs are divided into four hazard classes:

1) extremely dangerous;

2) highly dangerous;

3) moderately dangerous;

4) low-hazard substances.

Classification of accidents.

3) passing and having passed alternative civil service;

4) who have completed military service in another state;

5) having the academic degree of Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science;

6) in case of death (death) of the father, mother, sibling, sister in connection with the performance of military service duties.

Postponement (Article 24 of the Federal Law "On military duty and military service»):

1) citizens recognized as temporarily unfit for military service are granted a deferment from conscription for 6 or 12 months for examination (treatment);

2) citizens recognized as partially fit for military service are enrolled in the Reserve of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and are subject to periodic (once every 3 years) examination until they reach the age of 27, and those recognized as unfit for military service (category D) are excluded from military registration. The following are eligible for a deferment:

1) employed in their specialty immediately after graduating from educational institutions of higher professional education on a full-time basis in state organizations, the list of which is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation;

2) having a higher pedagogical education and permanently working in pedagogical positions;

3) permanently working as doctors in rural areas - for the duration of this work.

The right of everyone to a favorable environment is enshrined in Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which implies the possibility of demanding appropriate behavior from individuals and legal entities and also to resort to the assistance of the state to ensure this right.

There are a number of legislative acts regulating the sustainable development and functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects:

1. Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" dated 10.01.2002 N 7-FZ

2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 04.02.1994 N 236 "On the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development."

3. “Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation”, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r

4. A number of codes, for example, air, water, etc.

5. “Basic provisions of the regional policy in the Russian Federation”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1996 No. 803.

6. “The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020”. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 12, 2009 No. 537.

In accordance with the “Concept for the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020” approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008, in the section “Ecological safety of the economy and human ecology”, it is said that the goal of environmental policy is to significantly improve the quality of natural environment and ecological conditions of human life, the formation of a balanced environmentally oriented model for the development of the economy and environmentally competitive industries. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement the following areas:

1. The first direction - the ecology of production - a gradual reduction in the levels of environmental impact of all anthropogenic sources.

2. The second direction - human ecology - the creation of an environmentally safe and comfortable environment in the places of residence of the population, its work and leisure.

3. The third direction - environmental business - the creation of an effective environmental sector of the economy. This sector can include a competitive business in the field of general and specialized engineering, environmental consulting.

4. The fourth direction - the ecology of the natural environment - the preservation and protection of the natural environment.

the federal law dated January 10, 2002 "On environmental protection"(Art. 11-12) establishes a set of environmental rights of citizens and their associations, incl. right to:

Protecting the environment from negative impacts; the right to create public associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection;

Develop, predict and implement programs to protect their rights and legitimate interests in the field of environmental protection;

Involve citizens on a voluntary basis in the implementation of activities in the field of environmental protection;

Participate in the prescribed manner in the adoption of economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens.

The current environmental legislation obliges state bodies and their officials to provide all possible assistance public associations and citizens in exercising their environmental rights.

In accordance with the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, the priority areas of the state's activities in the environmental sphere include:

a) rational use of natural resources, education of the ecological culture of the population;

b) prevention of environmental pollution by increasing the degree of safety of technologies related to the disposal (utilization) of toxic, industrial and household waste;

c) prevention of radioactive contamination of the environment, minimization of the consequences of earlier radiation accidents and catastrophes;

d) environmentally safe storage and disposal of retired weapons (nuclear submarines, ships and ships with nuclear power plants), nuclear munitions, liquid rocket fuel, nuclear power plant fuel;

e) storage and destruction of stockpiles of chemical weapons that are safe for the environment, the natural environment and public health;

The goals of the state environmental policy in the long term are:

Ensuring stability and maintaining a stable equilibrium state of ecological systems;

Formation of an environmentally oriented economy, characterized by minimal negative impact on the environment, low resource intensity and high energy efficiency;

Creating a favorable ecological environment as a factor in improving the human environment.

Environmental protection is not a matter of one state, but of the entire planet, therefore the Russian Federation has many bilateral treaties and agreements with foreign countries

Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection". Basic principles of the law:

Human rights to environmental protection;

Protection of reproduction and rational use of natural resources;

Payment for nature use and compensation for damage caused to the environment;

Preservation of ecological diversity;

Implementation of the state comprehensive environmental policy;

Creation of mechanisms for control over the use of the environment.

By the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r, the “Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation” was adopted, which is aimed at environmental safety processes. The main principle of the doctrine is to ensure sustainable nature management and natural resource security.

To achieve these principles, measures must be taken:

Introduction of integrated environmental management;

Reduction in the structure of the national economy of the share of enterprises that exploit natural resources without restoring them (for example, the timber industry);

The fullest possible use of extracted minerals;

Minimization of waste from the activities of enterprises of the national economy;

Implementation of environmental and legal systems;

Arrangement of agricultural lands and development of agricultural production, taking into account regional opportunities;

Providing state financing for the development of natural resources;

Prevention of all kinds of illegal use of natural resources.

A lot is said about regional policy in the field of ensuring environmental safety in paragraph 4.4. in the Decree of the President of June 3, 1996 No. 803 "On the main provisions of regional policy in the Russian Federation"

In the field of ensuring environmental safety and environmental protection in the context of the development of market relations at the federal and regional levels, the main directions of regional policy are:

Environmentally sound distribution of productive forces;

Environmentally friendly industrial development, Agriculture, energy, transport and utilities;

Rational use of natural resources; preventing the emergence of contradictions in ecologically unfavorable regions of the Russian Federation between the development of productive forces and the preservation of ecological balance;

Prevention and liquidation of emergency situations; ensuring the natural development of ecosystems, the preservation and restoration of unique natural complexes in solving territorial problems;

Improving management in the field of environmental protection and nature management.

To obtain reliable data on the state of the environment and control its pollution, environmental monitoring is necessary, which allows us to get a more complete picture of the state of our nature. Also, environmental monitoring can be carried out at several levels such as: global, state, regional, local.

Environmental monitoring is a complex system for observing the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

Russian Federation- a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. This provision, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, indicates that ensuring the human right to a decent life is one of the most important and fundamental tasks of state policy. Human life and health is recognized as the greatest value, therefore it is necessary to ensure the protection of this right by all means and means of state influence. Protection of human life and health is impossible without the creation and provision of a favorable environment, which should first of all be understood as the human environment. Thus, ensuring a favorable environment as the basis of human life and health is one of the most important directions of the state policy of Russia.

The existence of environmental policy (policy in the field of environmental protection) as an independent direction of state policy is very typical for most economically and industrially developed countries, where a sufficiently high level of social and national self-consciousness significantly restrains negative technogenic impacts on the environment with the help of ideological mechanisms - environmental education and education, the development of environmental movements, etc. Through these mechanisms, environmental ideas find their expression in public policy, embodied in the subsequent legislation.

Russian environmental policy is a young phenomenon that requires careful study. The environmental policy of Russia is implemented through the system of organs state power executing management in the field of environmental protection and nature management. That is why one of the main directions of environmental policy has been and remains the improvement of public administration in this area of ​​state regulation.

In order to create a system of state administration and provide it with regulatory and legal mechanisms, we must first agree on the main thing, on the ideology of our relationship with nature. This "contract" between society and nature is enshrined in a document that defines the state environmental policy. Under the state environmental policy is understood the totality of environmental goals, objectives and priorities that exist at the state level. On the basis of the environmental policy approved by the supreme authority, legislation is being developed, with the help of which the intended goals are realized. Ponomarev M.V. Environmental Policy of Russia and Administrative Reform// Legislation and Economics. - 2008. - No. 4. - P. 83.

Since the 90s of the XX century, the role of the main document on state environmental policy has been performed by:

State Program for Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources of the USSR for 1991-1995. and for the future until 2005. The program was developed in the USSR State Committee for Nature Protection with the participation of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the USSR Academy of Sciences, the USSR Ministry of Health, the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, but due to the collapse of the USSR it had no continuation);

Basic provisions of the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 4, 1994 No. 236);

In 1996, under the influence of the main declarations of the international forum "Rio-92", as a national environmental policy, it was developed and approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1996 No. 440 "The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development." It should be noted that of all previously existing state strategies in the field of rational use and protection of natural resources, this document was distinguished by a progressive environmental ideology.

The main task transition to sustainable development, the task was to “balanced solution of the problems of socio-economic development and the preservation of a favorable environment and natural resource potential”, and the list of specific tasks identifies two main ones:

1. Achieve a radical improvement in the state of the environment through the greening of economic activity within the framework of institutional and structural changes that will ensure the formation of a new economic model and the widespread dissemination of environmentally oriented management methods;

2. To introduce economic activity within the capacity of ecosystems based on the massive introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies, targeted changes in the structure of the economy, the structure of personal and public consumption.

In this concept, a significant place was given to regional programs for the transition to sustainable development, the reconstruction of regional industry, taking into account the economic capacity of the territory. In reality, the concept has not been put into practice.

National Action Plan for Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000;

Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation, by its Decree No. 1225-r dated August 31, 2002, approved the environmental doctrine developed by the Ministry of Natural Resources with the participation of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities, public environmental organizations, business and scientific community as part of the development of an integral program of environmental security in Russia.

Ecological doctrine - totality environmental principles, an ecological system adopted by society to achieve the goals and objectives of sustainable social development while maintaining the reproduction of environmental quality, biodiversity, gene pool and natural resources for the current community and future generations.

The adoption of the ecological doctrine is caused by the need to form a unified environmental policy in the field of ecology, aimed at protecting the environment, rational use of natural resources, preserving the remaining intact ecosystems and restoring the lost properties of ecosystems within the zones of ecological tension and ecological disaster.

The most important component of the ecological doctrine is the confirmation of the fact that the Russian Federation plays one of the decisive roles in the world community in the preservation and reproduction of the quality of the environment. This and the preservation of almost 18% of the world's high-latitude forest resources. This is the conservation of forest biomes and biotic diversity over a large area.

Being the bearer of a significant economic, intellectual, resource and environment-forming potential, Russia participates in solving not only regional, but also global problems. environmental issues. Therefore, without taking into account the environmental factor, the world will not be able to build modern system greening. The ecological doctrine determines the goals, directions, tasks and principles of conducting a unified state policy in the Russian Federation in the field of greening the spirit, consciousness, education, culture, socio-economic development, including the greening of production.

At the same time, the priority direction of the state doctrine is the preservation of the natural (natural) and improvement of the quality of the environment.

The environmental doctrine is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws and other regulatory acts, international agreements and agreements in the field of environmental protection, rational use of natural resources.

The priority areas of the environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation are defined as ensuring the safe functioning of potentially hazardous activities, preventing and reducing environmental impact emergency situations in the conditions of forecasting. This is primarily the rehabilitation of territories and water areas affected by natural and man-made impacts on the environment, based on ensuring radiation and chemical safety. Reducing the environmental risk during construction, operation, liquidation of hazardous industries, energy facilities, ensuring environmental safety during disarmament. The most important thing in achieving environmental safety is to improve the quality and length of life, the health of the population by reducing the adverse effects of adverse environmental factors. Based on the reduction of environmental risks (providing the population necessary quality atmospheric air, water, food, environmentally friendly housing, clothing, household appliances and chemistry, etc.) permanent resettlement from zones of ecological disaster, man-made and natural disasters that cannot be rehabilitated.

The shortcomings in the development of the ecological doctrine in the future should be eliminated by a new paradigm of nature management, based not so much on rationality, but on the balance of nature management with the transition to a new stage of noospheric development - adapted nature management. Ignatov V.G., Kokin A.V., Kokin V.N. Ecological law. Textbook for high schools. -M.: ICC "March", 2007. - P.353.

The implementation of the state environmental policy is based on the development of state management of environmental protection and nature management through various forms of development of natural resources and on the basis of the delimitation of powers, responsibilities between federal and regional state authorities, local governments in terms of the use of natural resources and control over the state of the environment.

This requires a unified accounting and regulation of environmental management, strengthening the role of public and state environmental expertise in assessing the impact on the environment in the development and implementation of social programs of federal and regional scales.

The elimination of contradictions in the normative legal support and law enforcement in the field of development, use of natural resources and environmental protection measures, especially when holding competitions, tenders, auctions for the right to implement projects, is of paramount importance. It is necessary to develop state standardization in the field of environmental protection, fixing in the rationing of production, international eco-standards that ensure the reduction of anthropogenic pressure on the environment.

It is required to improve judicial mechanisms, to intensify prosecutorial supervision in the field of environmental protection, as well as to optimize the methods of calculation and practice of compensation for damage as a result of environmental offenses; suppression of illegal activities in the field of nature management. Particular importance is attached to economic and financial mechanisms for rational and non-exhaustive nature management, reducing the burden on the environment, its protection by attracting budgetary and extrabudgetary funds.

State policy in the field of ecology cannot be implemented without information support through the development of a unified state system of environmental monitoring, a unified metrology for comparing data on the state of the environment.

The main directions of scientific support in the field of ecology and nature management are based on the development of theoretical and technological aspects of Russia's transition to the sustainable development of fundamental research in the field of global environmental problems, the development of environmentally efficient and resource-saving technologies, as well as solving the problems of natural resource reproduction, habitat quality, conservation biodiversity.

Particular attention is paid to the development of a methodology for the environmental and economic assessment of the value of natural objects, taking into account their environment-forming function of assessing environmental risks.

Legal and organizational bases for environmental protection

Management and legal regulation of environmental safety

Currently, to protect the habitat in each country, environmental legislation is being developed, in which there is a section of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life. The United Nations Organization (UN) in the Declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) legally enshrined two basic principles of the legal approach to nature protection:

1. States should introduce effective environmental legislation. The norms related to environmental protection, the tasks and priorities put forward should reflect the real situation in the areas of environmental protection and its development, in which they will be implemented.

2. The state should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those who suffer from this.

Academician N.N. Moiseev summarized the current situation as follows: "Further development of civilization is possible only in the conditions of coordinating the strategy of nature and the strategy of man."

In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were solved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations. Yes, in former USSR 18 different ministries and departments were involved in the management and protection of the natural environment.

Such natural objects, like water and air, were administered by several departments at the same time. At the same time, as a rule, the functions of monitoring the state of the natural environment were combined with the functions of exploitation and use of natural objects. It turned out that the ministry or department controlled itself on behalf of the state. There was no common coordinating body that would unite environmental activities. It is clear that such a system of management and control gave rise to a criminal attitude towards nature, primarily on the part of the ministries and departments themselves, as well as large enterprises subordinate to them, which were the main polluters and destroyers of the natural environment.

This was partly due to the requirements of the country's survival, the need for its intensive development, but this approach did not provide effective environmental protection and led to the degradation of nature. At the same time, in the words of Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation A.V. Yablokov, “... any, the most remarkable legislative acts cannot be implemented without the support of the people. And the people until recently were oriented towards taking everything possible from nature, and quickly.” Until now, this approach quite often remains dominant.

It is not enough to eliminate the primacy of production over ecology, as well as the violation of environmental requirements in the process of managing. It is necessary to improve the ecological culture of society, including the legal one, on the basis of knowledge of natural science laws and environmental legal regulations.

The solution of environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented both in the activities of special state bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, the elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country.

9.1.2. Environmental legislation.

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution is associated with the regulation of the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them to a certain system of laws, instructions and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.

Legal protection of nature represents a set of legal norms established by the state and arising as a result of their implementation of legal relations aimed at the implementation of conservation measures natural environment, rational use of natural resources, improvement of the human environment for the benefit of present and future generations.

This is a system of state measures enshrined in law and aimed at preserving, restoring and improving favorable conditions necessary for people's lives and the development of material production.

The system of legal protection of nature in Russia includes four groups of legal measures:

1) legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources;

2) organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support of environmental activities;

3) state and public control over the fulfillment of the requirements of nature protection;

4) legal liability of offenders.

In accordance with environmental legislation the object of legal protection is the natural environment - an objective reality that exists outside of a person and independently of his consciousness, serving as a habitat, condition and means of his existence.

The totality of environmental norms and legal acts, united by a common object, objects, principles and goals of legal protection, in Russia forms environmental (environmental) legislation.

Sources of environmental law normative legal acts are recognized, which contain legal norms regulating environmental relations. These include laws, decrees, resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, laws and regulations of the subjects of the Federation. Finally, among the sources of environmental law, a large place is occupied by international legal acts that regulate internal environmental relations on the basis of the priority of international law.

As a result of the last codification, a system of environmental legislation has developed, which is based on three fundamental normative acts: Declaration of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR on the State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic(1990), the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted as a result of a popular vote on December 12, 1993.

There are two very important norms in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, one of which (Article 42) enshrines the right of every person to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property. Another (Article 9, part 2) - proclaims the right of citizens and legal entities to private ownership of land and other natural resources. The first concerns the biological principles of man, the second - his material foundations of existence.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation also formalizes the organizational and legal relations between the Federation and the subjects of the Federation. According to Art. 72 the use, possession and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources, nature management, environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety are the joint competence of the Federation and the subjects of the Federation.

In the subject of its jurisdiction, the Russian Federation adopts federal laws that are binding on the territory of the entire country. The subjects of the Federation have the right to their own regulation of environmental relations, including the adoption of laws and other regulations. The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes a general rule: laws and other legal acts of the subjects of the Federation must not contradict federal laws.

The system of environmental legislation, guided by the ideas of fundamental constitutional acts, includes two subsystems: environmental and natural resource legislation.

IN environmental legislation includes the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" and other legislative acts of complex legal regulation.

To the subsystem natural resource legislation includes: the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", the Fundamentals of Forest Legislation of the Russian Federation, the Water Code of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection and Use of Wildlife" and some other legislative acts.

The system of environmental legislation in Russia has four levels:

I - laws, government regulations of the Russian Federation;

II - normative acts of federal ministries and departments;

III - laws and regulations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

IV - regulatory decisions of local governments.

In December 2001 was adopted Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", which defines the legal framework for state policy in the field of environmental protection. This law is designed to ensure a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, the preservation of a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources in order to meet the needs of present and future generations, strengthen the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensure environmental safety.

This Federal Law regulates relations in the field of interaction between society and nature arising from the implementation of economic and other activities related to the impact on the natural environment as the most important component of the environment.

The following legal provisions are fixed in 16 chapters of the Law:

- fundamentals of management in the field of environmental protection;

Rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection;

- economic regulation in the field of environmental protection;

- standardization in the field of environmental protection;

- environmental impact assessment and environmental expertise;

Requirements in the field of environmental protection in the course of economic activity;

- zones of ecological disaster, zones of emergency situations;

- state monitoring of the environment;

- control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control);

- scientific research in the field of environmental protection;

- bases of formation of ecological culture;

- international cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

Protecting human health and ensuring human well-being is the ultimate goal of protecting the natural environment. Therefore, in legislative acts aimed at protecting the health of citizens, environmental requirements occupy a leading place. In this sense, the Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” (1999) serves as a source of environmental law.

It regulates sanitary relations related to the protection of health from the adverse effects of the external environment - industrial, domestic, natural. Environmental requirements expressed in the articles of the Law are at the same time sources of environmental law. For example, the norms of Art. 18 of this law on the burial, processing, neutralization and disposal of industrial and household waste, etc.

9.1.3. Management of environmental protection and control of environmental safety.

At the federal level, environmental management (EP) is carried out by the Federal Assembly, the President, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation and specially authorized bodies, the main of which are the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

At the regional level, environmental management is carried out by representative and executive authorities, local self-government bodies, as well as territorial bodies of the above-mentioned specially authorized departments.

At all levels, the development of measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is entrusted to the bodies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. They also carry out the coordination of permits for all major types of nature management.

At industrial facilities, departments of nature protection (environmental protection) are created to manage the environmental protection.

The basis of environmental protection management is the legislative and by-laws discussed above, which provide for a unified management system in the country, as well as international cooperation in the field of nature protection. Environmental protection management is based on information received by the environmental monitoring system. This system consists of three stages: observation, assessment of the state and forecast of possible changes. There are three levels in the system: sanitary-toxic, ecological and biospheric.

Sanitary-toxic monitoring - monitoring the quality of the environment, mainly the degree of pollution of natural resources by harmful substances, pathogenic microorganisms and the impact of this process on humans, flora and fauna.

Its tasks also include control over parametric effects (noise, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation), the quality of water bodies, the degree of their pollution by various organic matter, petroleum products.

Ecological monitoring - determination of changes in ecological systems (biogeocenoses), natural complexes and their productivity. It is also entrusted with identifying the dynamics of mineral reserves, water, land and plant resources.

Biosphere monitoring is carried out within the framework of the global environmental monitoring system (GEMS).

He is carried out on the basis of international biosphere stations, eight of which are located in our country.

Sanitary and toxic monitoring is carried out by the services of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation and Roshydromet of Russia.

The ministries of health are studying the dynamics of diseases in the regions depending on changes in the state of the environment, the control of which is carried out by the territorial bodies of the State Committee for Ecology and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. General monitoring of the state of the environment is carried out by the territorial bodies of Roshydromet, which include inspections to control the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil and the operation of gas cleaning and dust collection installations. Local sanitary and toxic monitoring is implemented in cities and towns, on roads and at individual enterprises. The rules for monitoring the state of the environment are established by the standards of the "Nature Protection" system of standards.

They establish three categories of atmospheric pollution observation posts: stationary, route, mobile (under-flame). The stationary post is designed for continuous recording of the content of pollutants and regular sampling of air for subsequent analyses; route - for regular sampling of air at a fixed point in the terrain during observations that are carried out according to a schedule sequentially in time at several points. A mobile (under-flare) post is required for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch.

The number of stationary (route) posts and their placement is determined taking into account the population, the area of ​​​​the settlement and the terrain, as well as the development of industry and its location throughout the city, the dispersal of recreation areas and resort areas.

Depending on the population, the following minimum number of stationary posts is established: up to 50 thousand inhabitants - one post, 50 ÷ 100 thousand - two posts; 100 ÷ 200 thousand - two or three posts; 200÷500 thousand - three to five posts; 0.5÷1 million-five-ten; 1÷2 million - ten - fifteen; more than 2 million - fifteen to twenty posts. In settlements with complex terrain (high places and depressions) and a significant number of pollution sources, one stationary post is installed on an area of ​​5–10 km 2, in flat areas - one stationary post per 10–20 km 2.

Sampling sites for under-flame observations are selected on different distances from the pollution source in the pollution dispersion zone. Their total number is determined taking into account the height and power of the emission, as well as the peculiarities of the location of residential areas.

At stationary posts, three observation programs are established: complete, incomplete, reduced. Observations under the full program are performed to obtain operational information on the average daily concentration daily at 01, 07, 13, 19 hours local standard time. It is allowed (if it is impossible to complete the full program) to conduct observations according to a rolling schedule of 06, 10, 13 hours - on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and at 15, 16, 21 hours - Monday, Wednesday, Friday.

According to the full program, observations are established for the content of dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (the main pollutants) and for specific substances that are characteristic industrial emissions of this locality.

The list of specific substances for control at each stationary post in the city is established by the bodies of the hydrometeorological and sanitary-epidemiological service of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, taking into account the data from the inventory of sources of emissions into the atmosphere.

Observations under an incomplete program are allowed to be carried out in order to obtain operational information daily at 07, 13, 19 hours of local standard time. In this case, observations of the main and specific pollutants are carried out according to a program agreed with the bodies of the hydrometeorological service and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Under the reduced program, observations of the main pollutants and one or two of the most common specific pollutants are carried out daily at 07:00 and 13:00 local daylight savings time. These observations are allowed in areas with air temperatures below -45°C and in places where concentrations of pollutants below the sensitivity threshold of the method of analysis of a given substance are systematically observed during a month. Air samples are taken at a height of 1.5÷2.5 m from the ground.

Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution establish rules for the control of water in reservoirs and watercourses. The composition and properties of water should be determined at a distance of 1 km from the nearest downstream point of water use for household and drinking purposes, places for bathing, recreation, and the territory of settlements; on stagnant water bodies - 1 km from the point of water use (along the coastline).

Organization of environmental control in the regions is entrusted to the territorial bodies of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. The atmosphere, hydrosphere and soils are being monitored near transport routes and enterprises.

In residential areas, sampling of air, water and soil is also organized by enterprises. This work is carried out, as a rule, by their sanitary-industrial laboratories.

The control of emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles is reduced to determining their actual value and comparing it with the value of maximum permissible emissions (MAE). With regard to industrial enterprises, the rules for establishing MPE are determined by GOST. The procedure for controlling emissions is developed by the enterprises themselves. Emissions coming from chimneys are subject to control; exhaust systems of melting and pouring units; dryers; heating and electrothermal furnaces of forge-and-press and thermal shops and other units of various industries.

When controlling MPE, the main methods should be direct methods for measuring the concentrations of harmful substances and the volumes of the gas-air mixture in places of their direct release or after gas treatment plants. Emissions of substances are determined within 20 minutes, as well as on average per day, month, year. If the duration of the release of the substance is less than 20 minutes, then the control is carried out according to the total release of the harmful substance during this time.

The survey is carried out during the operation of the equipment in the operating (design) mode; during non-stationary operation of the equipment, measurements should be made during the period of maximum emission of harmful substances.

With regard to vehicles, the standards and methods for measuring emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are determined by GOSTs. Control of vehicle emissions is carried out by their owners, as well as by the State Inspectorate for Road Safety (GIBDD).

The issue of regulation of emissions from mobile pollution sources is the most complex. According to scientific research, 70-80% of air pollution comes from motor vehicles. Regulation of emissions of harmful substances by cars is carried out in three directions:

Improvement and development of standards for emissions of harmful substances and vehicle exhaust gases;

Increased engine efficiency;

Implementation of low-toxic, environmentally friendly fuel.

Unfortunately, Russian industry has not yet reached the level of world standards in solving these issues.

The socio-public and legal meaning of MPE lies in the fact that the harm caused to human health and the natural environment is the result of exceeding allowable norms concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, in water bodies or soil. Exceeding MPC is a consequence of exceeding MPV by sources of emissions, discharges of harmful substances. Therefore, the task of environmental control and supervision bodies is to identify enterprises that pollute the environment and bring their leaders to legal responsibility.

Unfortunately, practice does not always follow common sense. The statistics are contradictory. Currently, 15-20% of polluting industries fit into the MPE standards. A significant proportion of enterprises (about 50%) are guided by the standards of temporarily agreed emissions (TSV), and the rest pollute the environment on the basis of limit emissions and discharges, which are determined by the actual emission and discharge at a certain time interval.

The problem is not solved due to the fact that no polluting enterprise can be held criminally or administratively liable, since they operate on the basis of emission (discharge) permits issued by environmental protection authorities. The only form of liability is compensation for harm imposed on the polluting enterprise. Moreover, such compensation is carried out regardless of the degree of guilt and, therefore, takes the form of pollution charges.