Natural sources of hydrocarbons chemistry. Natural sources of hydrocarbons - Knowledge hypermarket. Theories of the origin of organic substances

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil , natural gas And coal . They form rich deposits in various regions of the Earth.

Previously, extracted natural products were used exclusively as fuel. At present, methods for their processing have been developed and are widely used, which make it possible to isolate valuable hydrocarbons, which are used both as high-quality fuel and as raw materials for various organic synthesis. Processing of natural sources of raw materials petrochemical industry . Let us analyze the main methods of processing natural hydrocarbons.

The most valuable source of natural raw materials - oil . It is an oily liquid of dark brown or black color with a characteristic odor, practically insoluble in water. The density of oil is 0.73–0.97 g/cm3. Oil is a complex mixture of various liquid hydrocarbons in which gaseous and solid hydrocarbons are dissolved, and the composition of oil from different fields may differ. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as oxygen-, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing organic compounds can be present in various proportions in the composition of oil.

Crude oil is practically not used, but is processed.

Distinguish primary oil refining (distillation ), i.e. separating it into fractions with different boiling points, and recycling (cracking ), during which the structure of hydrocarbons is changed

dov included in its composition.

Primary oil refining It is based on the fact that the boiling point of hydrocarbons is the greater, the greater their molar mass. Oil contains compounds with boiling points from 30 to 550°C. As a result of distillation, oil is separated into fractions boiling at different temperature and containing mixtures of hydrocarbons with different molar masses. These fractions find a variety of uses (see table 10.2).

Table 10.2. Products of primary oil refining.

The share of fuel oil accounts for about half of the mass of oil. Therefore, it is also subjected to thermal processing. To prevent decomposition, the fuel oil is distilled under reduced pressure. In this case, several fractions are obtained: liquid hydrocarbons, which are used as lubricating oils ; mixture of liquid and solid hydrocarbons - petrolatum used in the preparation of ointments; a mixture of solid hydrocarbons - paraffin , going to the production of shoe polish, candles, matches and pencils, as well as for the impregnation of wood; non-volatile residue tar used to produce road, construction and roofing bitumen.

Recycling oil includes chemical reactions that change the composition and chemical structure hydrocarbons. Its variety

ty - thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming.

Thermal cracking usually subjected to fuel oil and other heavy oil fractions. At a temperature of 450–550°C and a pressure of 2–7 MPa, the free radical mechanism splits hydrocarbon molecules into fragments with a smaller number of carbon atoms, and saturated and unsaturated compounds are formed:

C 16 N 34 ¾® C 8 N 18 + C 8 N 16

C 8 H 18 ¾®C 4 H 10 +C 4 H 8

In this way, automobile gasoline is obtained.

catalytic cracking carried out in the presence of catalysts (usually aluminosilicates) at atmospheric pressure and temperature 550 - 600°C. At the same time, aviation gasoline is obtained from kerosene and gas oil fractions of oil.

The splitting of hydrocarbons in the presence of aluminosilicates proceeds according to the ionic mechanism and is accompanied by isomerization, i.e. the formation of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with a branched carbon skeleton, for example:

CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

cat., t||

C 16 H 34 ¾¾® CH 3 -C -C-CH 3 + CH 3 -C \u003d C - CH-CH 3

catalytic reforming carried out at a temperature of 470-540°C and a pressure of 1-5 MPa using platinum or platinum-rhenium catalysts deposited on a base of Al 2 O 3 . Under these conditions, the transformation of paraffins and

petroleum cycloparaffins to aromatic hydrocarbons

cat., t, p

¾¾¾¾® + 3H 2

cat., t, p

C 6 H 14 ¾¾¾¾® + 4H 2

Catalytic processes make it possible to obtain improved quality gasoline due to the high content of branched and aromatic hydrocarbons in it. The quality of gasoline is characterized by its octane rating. The more the mixture of fuel and air is compressed by the pistons, the greater the power of the engine. However, compression can only be carried out up to a certain limit, above which detonation (explosion) occurs.

gas mixture, causing overheating and premature engine wear. The lowest resistance to detonation in normal paraffins. With a decrease in the chain length, an increase in its branching and the number of double

ny connections, it increases; it is especially high in aromatic carbohydrates.

before giving birth. To assess the resistance to detonation of various grades of gasoline, they are compared with similar indicators for a mixture isooctane And n-heptane with different ratio of components; the octane number is equal to the percentage of isooctane in this mixture. The larger it is, the higher the quality of gasoline. The octane number can also be increased by adding special antiknock agents, for example, tetraethyl lead Pb(C 2 H 5) 4 , however, such gasoline and its combustion products are toxic.

Apart from liquid fuel in catalytic processes, lower gaseous hydrocarbons are obtained, which are then used as raw materials for organic synthesis.

Another important natural source of hydrocarbons, the importance of which is constantly increasing - natural gas. It contains up to 98% by volume of methane, 2–3% by volume. its closest homologues, as well as impurities of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, noble gases and water. Gases released during oil production ( passing ), contain less methane, but more of its homologues.

Natural gas is used as fuel. In addition, individual saturated hydrocarbons are isolated from it by distillation, as well as synthesis gas , consisting mainly of CO and hydrogen; they are used as raw materials for various organic syntheses.

Mined in large quantities coal - inhomogeneous solid material of black or gray-black color. It is a complex mixture of various macromolecular compounds.

Coal is used as a solid fuel, and is also subjected to coking – dry distillation without air access at 1000-1200°С. As a result of this process are formed: coke , which is a finely divided graphite and is used in metallurgy as a reducing agent; coal tar , which is subjected to distillation and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol, etc.) are obtained and pitch , going to the preparation of roofing roofing; ammonia water And coke oven gas containing about 60% hydrogen and 25% methane.

Thus, natural sources of hydrocarbons provide

the chemical industry with diverse and relatively cheap raw materials for organic syntheses, which make it possible to obtain numerous organic compounds that are not found in nature, but are necessary for man.

The general scheme for the use of natural raw materials for the main organic and petrochemical synthesis can be represented as follows.

Arenas Syngas Acetylene AlkenesAlkanes

Basic organic and petrochemical synthesis

Control tasks.

1222. What is the difference between primary oil refining and secondary refining?

1223. What compounds determine the high quality of gasoline?

1224. Suggest a method that allows, starting from oil, to obtain ethyl alcohol.

Target. Generalize knowledge about natural sources of organic compounds and their processing; show the successes and prospects for the development of petrochemistry and coke chemistry, their role in the technical progress of the country; deepen knowledge from the course of economic geography on the gas industry, modern directions gas processing, raw materials and energy problems; develop independence in working with a textbook, reference and popular science literature.

PLAN

natural springs hydrocarbons. Natural gas. Associated petroleum gases.
Oil and oil products, their application.
Thermal and catalytic cracking.
Coke production and the problem of obtaining liquid fuel.
From the history of the development of OJSC Rosneft-KNOS.
The production capacity of the plant. Manufactured products.
Communication with the chemical laboratory.
Security environment at the factory.
Plant plans for the future.

Natural sources of hydrocarbons.
Natural gas. Associated petroleum gases

Before the Great Patriotic War industrial reserves natural gas were known in the Carpathian region, in the Caucasus, in the Volga region and in the North (Komi ASSR). The study of natural gas reserves was associated only with oil exploration. Industrial reserves of natural gas in 1940 amounted to 15 billion m 3 . Then gas fields were discovered in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, the Volga region, Central Asia, Western Siberia and Far East. On
On January 1, 1976, explored reserves of natural gas amounted to 25.8 trillion m 3, of which 4.2 trillion m 3 (16.3%) in the European part of the USSR, 21.6 trillion m 3 (83.7 %), including
18.2 trillion m 3 (70.5%) - in Siberia and the Far East, 3.4 trillion m 3 (13.2%) - in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. As of January 1, 1980, potential reserves of natural gas amounted to 80–85 trillion m 3 , explored - 34.3 trillion m 3 . Moreover, the reserves increased mainly due to the discovery of deposits in the eastern part of the country - explored reserves there were at a level of about
30.1 trillion m 3, which was 87.8% of the all-Union.
Today, Russia has 35% of the world's natural gas reserves, which is more than 48 trillion m 3 . The main areas of occurrence of natural gas in Russia and the CIS countries (fields):

West Siberian oil and gas province:
Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Nadymskoye, Tazovskoye – Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
Pokhromskoye, Igrimskoye - Berezovskaya gas-bearing region;
Meldzhinskoye, Luginetskoye, Ust-Silginskoye - Vasyugan gas-bearing region.
Volga-Ural oil and gas province:
the most significant is Vuktylskoye, in the Timan-Pechora oil and gas region.
Central Asia and Kazakhstan:
the most significant in Central Asia is Gazli, in the Ferghana Valley;
Kyzylkum, Bairam-Ali, Darvaza, Achak, Shatlyk.
North Caucasus and Transcaucasia:
Karadag, Duvanny - Azerbaijan;
Dagestan Lights - Dagestan;
Severo-Stavropolskoye, Pelagiadinskoye - Stavropol Territory;
Leningradskoye, Maykopskoye, Staro-Minskoye, Berezanskoye - Krasnodar Territory.

Also, natural gas deposits are known in Ukraine, Sakhalin and the Far East.
In terms of natural gas reserves, Western Siberia stands out (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye). Industrial reserves here reach 14 trillion m 3 . especially importance now they are acquiring Yamal gas condensate fields (Bovanenkovskoye, Kruzenshternskoye, Kharasaveyskoye, etc.). On their basis, the Yamal-Europe project is being implemented.
Natural gas production is highly concentrated and focused on areas with the largest and most profitable deposits. Only five deposits - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye and Orenburgskoye - contain 1/2 of all industrial reserves of Russia. The reserves of Medvezhye are estimated at 1.5 trillion m 3 , and those of Urengoy – at 5 trillion m 3 .
The next feature is the dynamic location of natural gas production sites, which is explained by the rapid expansion of the boundaries of the identified resources, as well as the relative ease and cheapness of their involvement in development. In a short time, the main centers for the extraction of natural gas moved from the Volga region to Ukraine, the North Caucasus. Further territorial shifts were caused by the development of deposits in Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Urals and the North.

After the collapse of the USSR in Russia, there was a drop in the volume of natural gas production. The decline was observed mainly in the Northern economic region (8 billion m 3 in 1990 and 4 billion m 3 in 1994), in the Urals (43 billion m 3 and 35 billion m And
555 billion m 3) and in the North Caucasus (6 and 4 billion m 3). Natural gas production remained at the same level in the Volga region (6 bcm) and in the Far East economic regions.
At the end of 1994, there was an upward trend in production levels.
From the republics former USSR Russian Federation gives the most gas, in second place is Turkmenistan (more than 1/10), followed by Uzbekistan and Ukraine.
Of particular importance is the extraction of natural gas on the shelf of the World Ocean. In 1987, offshore fields produced 12.2 billion m 3 , or about 2% of the gas produced in the country. Associated gas production in the same year amounted to 41.9 bcm. For many areas, one of the reserves of gaseous fuel is the gasification of coal and shale. Underground gasification of coal is carried out in the Donbass (Lysichansk), Kuzbass (Kiselevsk) and the Moscow Basin (Tula).
Natural gas has been and remains an important export product in Russian foreign trade.
The main natural gas processing centers are located in the Urals (Orenburg, Shkapovo, Almetyevsk), in Western Siberia (Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut), in the Volga region (Saratov), ​​in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and in other gas-bearing provinces. It can be noted that gas processing plants tend to sources of raw materials - deposits and large gas pipelines.
The most important use of natural gas is as a fuel. Lately there is a tendency to increase the share of natural gas in the fuel balance of the country.

The most valued natural gas with a high content of methane is Stavropol (97.8% CH 4), Saratov (93.4%), Urengoy (95.16%).
Natural gas reserves on our planet are very large (approximately 1015 m 3). More than 200 deposits are known in Russia, they are located in Western Siberia, in the Volga-Ural basin, in the North Caucasus. Russia holds the first place in the world in terms of natural gas reserves.
Natural gas is the most valuable type of fuel. When gas is burned, a lot of heat is released, so it serves as an energy-efficient and cheap fuel in boiler plants, blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces and glass melting furnaces. The use of natural gas in production makes it possible to significantly increase labor productivity.
Natural gas is a source of raw materials for the chemical industry: production of acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, various plastics, acetic acid, dyes, medicines and other products.

Associated petroleum gas- this is a gas that exists together with oil, it is dissolved in oil and is located above it, forming a "gas cap", under pressure. At the exit from the well, the pressure drops, and the associated gas is separated from the oil. This gas was not used in the past, but was simply burned. It is currently being captured and used as a fuel and valuable chemical feedstock. The possibilities of using associated gases are even wider than those of natural gas. their composition is richer. Associated gases contain less methane than natural gas, but they contain significantly more methane homologues. In order to use associated gas more rationally, it is divided into mixtures of a narrower composition. After separation, gas gasoline, propane and butane, dry gas are obtained. Individual hydrocarbons are also extracted - ethane, propane, butane and others. By dehydrogenating them, unsaturated hydrocarbons are obtained - ethylene, propylene, butylene, etc.

Oil and oil products, their application

Oil is an oily liquid with a pungent odor. It is found in many places the globe, impregnating porous rocks at various depths.
According to most scientists, oil is the geochemically altered remains of plants and animals that once inhabited the globe. This theory of the organic origin of oil is supported by the fact that oil contains some nitrogenous substances - the decomposition products of substances present in plant tissues. There are also theories about the inorganic origin of oil: its formation as a result of the action of water in the strata of the globe on hot metal carbides (compounds of metals with carbon), followed by a change in the resulting hydrocarbons under the influence of high temperature, high pressure, exposure to metals, air, hydrogen, etc.
When oil is extracted from oil-bearing strata, which sometimes lie in the earth's crust at a depth of several kilometers, oil either comes to the surface under the pressure of gases located on it, or is pumped out by pumps.

The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws. What does oil mean today for the national economy of the country? Oil is a raw material for petrochemistry in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products from them, artificial fabrics; a source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials(bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw material for obtaining a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate its growth.
Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy. The oil complex of Russia includes 148 thousand oil wells, 48.3 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons of oil per year, as well as a large number of other production facilities.
About 900,000 employees are employed at the enterprises of the oil industry and its service industries, including about 20,000 people in the field of science and scientific services.
Behind recent decades radical changes took place in the structure of the fuel industry associated with a decrease in the share of the coal industry and the growth of oil and gas extraction and processing industries. If in 1940 they amounted to 20.5%, then in 1984 - 75.3% of the total production of mineral fuel. Now natural gas and open pit coal are coming to the fore. The consumption of oil for energy purposes will be reduced, on the contrary, its use as a chemical raw material will expand. Currently, in the structure of the fuel and energy balance, oil and gas account for 74%, while the share of oil is declining, while the share of gas is growing and is approximately 41%. The share of coal is 20%, the remaining 6% is electricity.
Oil refining was first started by the Dubinin brothers in the Caucasus. Primary oil refining consists in its distillation. Distillation is carried out at refineries after the separation of petroleum gases.

A variety of products of great practical importance are isolated from oil. First, dissolved gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly methane) are removed from it. After distillation of volatile hydrocarbons, the oil is heated. Hydrocarbons with a small number of carbon atoms in the molecule, which have a relatively low boiling point, are the first to go into a vapor state and are distilled off. As the temperature of the mixture rises, hydrocarbons with a higher boiling point are distilled. In this way, individual mixtures (fractions) of oil can be collected. Most often, with this distillation, four volatile fractions are obtained, which are then subjected to further separation.
The main oil fractions are as follows.
Gasoline fraction, collected from 40 to 200 ° C, contains hydrocarbons from C 5 H 12 to C 11 H 24. Upon further distillation of the isolated fraction, gasoline (t kip = 40–70 °C), petrol
(t kip \u003d 70–120 ° С) - aviation, automobile, etc.
Naphtha fraction, collected in the range from 150 to 250 ° C, contains hydrocarbons from C 8 H 18 to C 14 H 30. Naphtha is used as fuel for tractors. Large quantities of naphtha are processed into gasoline.
Kerosene fraction includes hydrocarbons from C 12 H 26 to C 18 H 38 with a boiling point of 180 to 300 °C. Kerosene, after being refined, is used as a fuel for tractors, jet planes and rockets.
Gas oil fraction (t bale > 275 °C), otherwise called diesel fuel.
Residue after distillation of oil - fuel oil- contains hydrocarbons with a large number of carbon atoms (up to many tens) in the molecule. The fuel oil is also fractionated by reduced pressure distillation to avoid decomposition. As a result, get solar oils (diesel fuel), lubricating oils(autotractor, aviation, industrial, etc.), petrolatum(technical petroleum jelly is used to lubricate metal products in order to protect them from corrosion, purified petroleum jelly is used as the basis for cosmetics and in medicine). From some types of oil paraffin(for the production of matches, candles, etc.). After distillation of volatile components from fuel oil remains tar. It is widely used in road construction. In addition to processing into lubricating oils, fuel oil is also used as liquid fuel in boiler plants. Gasoline obtained during the distillation of oil is not enough to cover all needs. In the best case, up to 20% of gasoline can be obtained from oil, the rest is high-boiling products. In this regard, chemistry faced the task of finding ways to obtain gasoline in large quantities. A convenient way was found with the help of the theory of the structure of organic compounds created by A.M. Butlerov. High-boiling oil distillation products are unsuitable for use as a motor fuel. Their high boiling point is due to the fact that the molecules of such hydrocarbons are too long chains. If large molecules containing up to 18 carbon atoms are broken down, low-boiling products such as gasoline are obtained. This way was followed by the Russian engineer V.G. Shukhov, who in 1891 developed a method for the splitting of complex hydrocarbons, later called cracking (which means splitting).

The fundamental improvement of cracking was the introduction of the catalytic cracking process into practice. This process was first carried out in 1918 by N.D. Zelinsky. Catalytic cracking made it possible to obtain aviation gasoline on a large scale. In catalytic cracking units at a temperature of 450 °C, under the action of catalysts, long carbon chains are split.

Thermal and catalytic cracking

The main way of processing oil fractions are various types of cracking. For the first time (1871–1878), oil cracking was carried out on a laboratory and semi-industrial scale by A.A. Letniy, an employee of the St. Petersburg Technological Institute. The first patent for a cracking plant was filed by Shukhov in 1891. Cracking has become widespread in industry since the 1920s.
Cracking is the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons and other constituents of oil. The higher the temperature, the greater the cracking rate and the greater the yield of gases and aromatics.
Cracking of oil fractions, in addition to liquid products, produces a raw material of paramount importance - gases containing unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins).
There are the following main types of cracking:
liquid phase (20–60 atm, 430–550 °C), gives unsaturated and saturated gasoline, gasoline yield is about 50%, gases 10%;
headspace(normal or reduced pressure, 600 °C), gives unsaturated aromatic gasoline, the yield is less than with liquid-phase cracking, a large amount of gases is formed;
pyrolysis oil (normal or reduced pressure, 650–700 °C), gives a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrobenzene), a yield of about 15%, more than half of the raw material is converted into gases;
destructive hydrogenation (hydrogen pressure 200–250 atm, 300–400 °C in the presence of catalysts - iron, nickel, tungsten, etc.), gives marginal gasoline with a yield of up to 90%;
catalytic cracking (300–500 °C in the presence of catalysts - AlCl 3 , aluminosilicates, MoS 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , etc.), gives gaseous products and high-grade gasoline with a predominance of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons of isostructure.
In technology, the so-called catalytic reforming– conversion of low-grade gasolines into high-grade high-octane gasolines or aromatic hydrocarbons.
The main reactions during cracking are the reactions of splitting hydrocarbon chains, isomerization and cyclization. Free hydrocarbon radicals play a huge role in these processes.

Coke production
and the problem of obtaining liquid fuel

Stocks hard coal in nature far exceed oil reserves. Therefore, coal the most important species raw materials for the chemical industry.
Currently, industry uses several ways of coal processing: dry distillation (coking, semi-coking), hydrogenation, incomplete combustion, and calcium carbide production.

Dry distillation of coal is used to obtain coke in metallurgy or domestic gas. When coking coal, coke, coal tar, tar water and coking gases are obtained.
Coal tar contains a wide variety of aromatic and other organic compounds. It is separated into several fractions by distillation at normal pressure. Aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, etc. are obtained from coal tar.
coking gases contain mainly methane, ethylene, hydrogen and carbon monoxide (II). Some are burned, some are recycled.
Hydrogenation of coal is carried out at 400–600 °C under a hydrogen pressure of up to 250 atm in the presence of a catalyst, iron oxides. This produces a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, which are usually subjected to hydrogenation on Nickel or other catalysts. Low-grade brown coals can be hydrogenated.

Calcium carbide CaC 2 is obtained from coal (coke, anthracite) and lime. Later it is converted into acetylene, which is used in the chemical industry of all countries on an ever-increasing scale.

From the history of the development of OJSC Rosneft-KNOS

The history of the development of the plant is closely connected with the oil and gas industry of the Kuban.
The beginning of oil production in our country is a distant past. Back in the X century. Azerbaijan traded oil with various countries. In the Kuban, industrial oil development began in 1864 in the Maykop region. At the request of the head of the Kuban region, General Karmalin, D.I. Mendeleev in 1880 gave an opinion on the oil content of the Kuban: Ilskaya".
During the years of the first five-year plans, large-scale prospecting work was carried out and commercial oil production began. Associated petroleum gas was partially used as household fuel in workers' settlements, and most of this valuable product was flared. In order to put an end to the wastefulness of natural resources, the USSR Ministry of the Oil Industry in 1952 decided to build a gas and gasoline plant in the village of Afipsky.
During 1963, an act was signed for the commissioning of the first stage of the Afipsky gas and gasoline plant.
At the beginning of 1964, the processing of gas condensates began Krasnodar Territory with the production of A-66 gasoline and diesel fuel. The raw material was gas from Kanevsky, Berezansky, Leningradsky, Maikopsky and other large fields. Improving production, the staff of the plant mastered the production of B-70 aviation gasoline and A-72 gasoline.
In August 1970, two new technological units for the processing of gas condensate with the production of aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene) were put into operation: a secondary distillation unit and a catalytic reforming unit. At the same time, treatment facilities with biological treatment were built Wastewater and commodity base of the plant.
In 1975, a plant for the production of xylenes was put into operation, and in 1978, an import-made toluene demethylation plant was put into operation. The plant has become one of the leaders in the Minnefteprom for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons for the chemical industry.
In order to improve the management structure of the enterprise and the organization of production units, in January 1980, the production association Krasnodarnefteorgsintez was established. The association included three plants: the Krasnodar site (in operation since August 1922), the Tuapse oil refinery (in operation since 1929) and the Afipsky oil refinery (in operation since December 1963).
In December 1993, the enterprise was reorganized, and in May 1994 Krasnodarnefteorgsintez OJSC was renamed into Rosneft-Krasnodarnefteorgsintez OJSC.

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Ending to be

Lesson Objectives:

Training:

• Develop cognitive activity students.
• To acquaint students with natural sources of hydrocarbons: oil, natural gas, coal, their composition and processing methods.
• To study the main deposits of these resources on a global scale and in Russia.
• Show their importance in the national economy.
• Consider environmental protection issues.

Educational:

• Raising interest in studying the topic, instilling speech culture in chemistry lessons.

Developing:

• Develop attention, observation, the ability to listen and draw conclusions.

Pedagogical methods and techniques:

• Perceptive approach.
• Gnostic approach.
• cybernetic approach.

Equipment: Interactive whiteboard, multimedia, electronic textbooks of MarSTU, Internet, collections "Oil and the main products of its processing", "Coal and the most important products of its processing".

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

I introduce the purpose and objectives of this lesson.

II. Main part.

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are: oil, coal, natural and associated petroleum gases.

Oil is “black gold” (I introduce students to the origin of oil, the main reserves, production, composition of oil, physical properties, refined products).

In the process of rectification, oil is divided into the following fractions:

I demonstrate samples of fractions from the collection (demonstration is accompanied by an explanation).

• Fractionation gases- a mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, mainly propane and butane, with t boiling up to 40 ° C,
• Gasoline fraction (gasoline)- HC composition C 5 H 12 to C 11 H 24 (bp ​​t 40-200 ° C, with a finer separation of this fraction, gas oil(petroleum ether, 40 - 70°C) and petrol(70 - 120°С),
• Naphtha fraction- HC composition from C 8 H 18 to C 14 H 30 (bp t 150 - 250 ° C),
• Kerosene fraction- HC composition from C 12 H 26 to C 18 H 38 (bp t 180 - 300 ° C),
• Diesel fuel- HC composition from C 13 H 28 to C 19 H 36 (bp t 200 - 350 ° C)

Residue of oil refining - fuel oil- contains hydrocarbons with the number of carbon atoms from 18 to 50. Distillation under reduced pressure from fuel oil is obtained solar oil(S 18 H 28 - S 25 H 52), lubricating oils(S 28 H 58 - S 38 H 78), petrolatum And paraffin– fusible mixtures of solid hydrocarbons. The solid residue of the distillation of fuel oil - tar and products of its processing - bitumen And asphalt used for the manufacture of road surfaces.

The products obtained as a result of oil rectification are subjected to chemical processing. One of them is cracking.

Cracking is the thermal decomposition of petroleum products, which leads to the formation of hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in the molecule. (I use the MarSTU electronic textbook, which tells about the types of cracking).

Students compare thermal and catalytic cracking. (slide number 16)

Thermal cracking.

The splitting of hydrocarbon molecules proceeds at more high temperature(470-5500 C). The process proceeds slowly, hydrocarbons with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms are formed. In gasoline obtained as a result of thermal cracking, along with saturated hydrocarbons, there are many unsaturated hydrocarbons. Therefore, this gasoline has a greater knock resistance than straight-run gasoline. Thermal cracking gasoline contains many unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are easily oxidized and polymerized. Therefore, this gasoline is less stable during storage. When it burns, various parts of the engine can become clogged.

catalytic cracking.

The splitting of hydrocarbon molecules proceeds in the presence of catalysts and at a lower temperature (450-5000 C). The focus is on petrol. Its trying to get more and sure best quality. Catalytic cracking appeared precisely as a result of the long-term, stubborn struggle of oilmen to improve the quality of gasoline. Compared to thermal cracking, the process proceeds much faster; in this case, not only the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules occurs, but also their isomerization, i.e. hydrocarbons with a branched chain of carbon atoms are formed. Compared to thermally cracked gasoline, catalytic cracked gasoline has even greater knock resistance.

Coal. (I introduce students to the origin of coal, the main reserves, mining, physical properties, processed products).

Origin: (I use the electronic textbook MarGTU, where they talk about the origin of coal).

Main stocks: (slide number 18) On the map, I show students the largest coal deposits in Russia in terms of production - these are the Tunguska, Kuznetsk, and Pechora basins.

Mining:(I use the MarGTU electronic textbook, where they talk about coal mining).

• coke oven gas- which includes H 2, CH 4, CO, CO 2, impurities NH 3, N 2 and other gases,
• Coal tar- contains several hundred different organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds,
• Nadsmolnaya, or ammonia water- contains dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances,
• Coke– solid coking residue, almost pure carbon.

Natural and petroleum associated gases. (I introduce students to the main reserves, production, composition, processed products).

III. Generalization.

In the generalizing part of the lesson, using the Turning Point program, I made a test. The students were armed with remotes. When a question appears on the screen, by pressing the corresponding button, they choose the correct answer.

1. The main components of natural gas are:

• Ethane;
• Propane;
• Methane;
• Butane.

2. What oil distillation fraction contains from 4 to 9 carbon atoms in a molecule?

• Naphtha;
• gas oil;
• Petrol;
• Kerosene.

3. What is the meaning of heavy oil cracking?

• Getting methane;
• Obtaining gasoline fractions with high detonation resistance;
• Obtaining synthesis gas;
• Obtaining hydrogen.

4. Which process does not apply to oil refining?

• Coking;
• Fractional distillation;
• catalytic cracking;
• Thermal cracking.

5. Which of the following events is the most dangerous for aquatic ecosystems?

• Violation of the tightness of the oil pipeline;
• Oil spill as a result of a tanker accident;
• Violation of technology during deep oil production on land;
• Transportation of coal by sea.

6. From methane forming natural gas, get:

• synthesis gas;
• Ethylene;
• Acetylene;
• Butadiene.

7. What features distinguish catalytic cracked gasoline from straight-run gasoline?

• The presence of alkenes;
• The presence of alkynes;
• The presence of hydrocarbons with a branched chain of carbon atoms;
• High detonation resistance.

The test result is immediately visible on the screen.

Homework:§ 10, exercise 1 - 8

Literature:

1. L.Yu.Alikberova "Entertaining chemistry" - M.: "AST-Press", 1999.
2. O.S.Gabrielyan, I.G.Ostroumov “Desk book of a chemistry teacher Grade 10” - M .: “Blik and K”, 2001.
3. O.S.Gabrielyan, F.N.Maskaev, S.Yu.Ponomarev, V.I.Terenin "Chemistry Grade 10".

1. Natural sources of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coal. Their processing and practical application.

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gases and coal.

Natural and associated petroleum gases.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the main component of which is methane, the rest is ethane, propane, butane, and a small amount of impurities - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (IV), hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. 90% of it is consumed as fuel, the remaining 10% is used as a raw material for the chemical industry: the production of hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, soot, various plastics, medicines, etc.

Associated petroleum gas is also natural gas, but it occurs together with oil - it is located above the oil or dissolved in it under pressure. Associated gas contains 30-50% methane, the rest is its homologues: ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains the same impurities as in natural gas.

Three fractions of associated gas:

1. Gasoline; it is added to gasoline to improve engine starting;

2. Propane-butane mixture; used as household fuel;

3. Dry gas; used to produce acylene, hydrogen, ethylene and other substances, from which, in turn, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, organic acids, etc. are produced.

Oil.

Oil is an oily liquid from yellow or light brown to black in color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. Oil is a mixture of about 150 hydrocarbons mixed with other substances, so it does not have a specific boiling point.

90% of the produced oil is used as raw material for production various kinds fuels and lubricants. At the same time, oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

Oil extracted from the bowels of the earth, I call crude. Crude oil is not used, it is processed. Crude oil is purified from gases, water and mechanical impurities, and then subjected to fractional distillation.

Distillation is the process of separating mixtures into individual components, or fractions, based on differences in their boiling points.

During the distillation of oil, several fractions of petroleum products are isolated:

1. The gas fraction (tboil = 40°C) contains normal and branched alkanes CH4 - C4H10;

2. Gasoline fraction (tboil = 40 - 200°C) contains hydrocarbons C 5 H 12 - C 11 H 24; during re-distillation, light oil products are released from the mixture, boiling in lower temperature ranges: petroleum ether, aviation and motor gasoline;

3. Naphtha fraction (heavy gasoline, boiling point = 150 - 250 ° C), contains hydrocarbons of the composition C 8 H 18 - C 14 H 30, used as fuel for tractors, diesel locomotives, trucks;

4. Kerosene fraction (tboil = 180 - 300°C) includes hydrocarbons of the composition C 12 H 26 - C 18 H 38; it is used as fuel for jet planes, rockets;

5. Gas oil (tboil = 270 - 350°C) is used as diesel fuel and cracked on a large scale.

After distillation of the fractions, a dark viscous liquid remains - fuel oil. Solar oils, petroleum jelly, paraffin are isolated from fuel oil. The residue from the distillation of fuel oil is tar, it is used in the production of materials for road construction.

Oil recycling is based on chemical processes:

1. Cracking - the splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. Distinguish between thermal and catalytic cracking, which is more common at present.

2. Reforming (aromatization) is the conversion of alkanes and cycloalkanes into aromatic compounds. This process is carried out by heating gasoline at elevated pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Reforming is used to obtain aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline fractions.

3. Pyrolysis of petroleum products is carried out by heating petroleum products to a temperature of 650 - 800°C, the main reaction products are unsaturated gaseous and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oil is a raw material for the production of not only fuel, but also many organic substances.

Coal.

Coal is also a source of energy and a valuable chemical raw material. The composition of coal is mainly organic matter, as well as water, minerals, which form ash when burned.

One of the types of processing of hard coal is coking - this is the process of heating coal to a temperature of 1000 ° C without air access. Coking of coal is carried out in coke ovens. Coke consists of almost pure carbon. It is used as a reducing agent in the blast-furnace production of pig iron at metallurgical plants.

Volatile substances during condensation coal tar (contains many different organic substances, most of which are aromatic), ammonia water (contains ammonia, ammonium salts) and coke oven gas (contains ammonia, benzene, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide (II), ethylene , nitrogen and other substances).