environmental factors. General patterns of action on organisms. Ecological environmental factors Presentation on the topic ecology environmental factors
Ecology -
the science of the relationship of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment
The term " ecology"Proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.
Objects ecology may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole
Tasks of ecology
Studies the impact of the environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems
Studying the structure of the population and their number
The study of how living organisms interact with each other
Studies the impact of environmental factors on humans
Studies the productivity of ecosystems
Biotic - these are the types of influence on organisms from other animals.
Biotic factors
Direct
Indirect
Predator eats its prey
One organism changes the environment of another organism
Anthropogenic factors -
these are forms of human activity that have an impact on wildlife (every year these factors increase
The influence of environmental factors on the body
Environmental factors are constantly changing
Variability of factors
regular, periodic (seasonal changes temperatures, tides. tides)
Irregular
(weather change, flooding, forest fires)
Numerous and diverse factors simultaneously influence the body.
Each species has its own endurance limits.
wide range endurance animals living in high latitudes have temperature fluctuations. Thus, Arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 °C.
(from +30 to -45)
Lichens can withstand temperatures from
-70 to +60
Some species of oceanic fish are able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2
THE ACTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM
Endurance Range
organism
the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone
oppression
oppression
normal
vital activity
DEATH
DEATH
Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, which makes life worse
The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death is the limit of endurance
Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich
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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY
Results of research work in natural science
Completed by: 1st year student, gr. 102
Bazhov Nikita Sergeevich
Scientific adviser:
Efremov Alexander Yurievich,
PhD, Associate Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
"RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE"
Faculty of Continuing Education for the Training of Specialists for the Judicial System
Department of General Educational Disciplines
Voronezh - 2015
Introduction
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY.
Conclusion
List of used literature.
Introduction.
Research topic:
"Influence of environmental factors on the human body".
Research objectives:
Definition of the most acute environmental issues Russian Federation and analysis of the effectiveness of existing laws in the field of environmental law.
Environmental problems in Russia are extensive and multifaceted.
Object of study:
Ecology.
Subject of study:
The impact of environmental factors on the human body.
Research methods:
Search, accumulation, analysis and systematization of the necessary information.
The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction
The problem of unauthorized solid waste dumps is relevant both for rural areas, …
Research objectives:
1. Drawing up a thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, object and subject of research.
2. Determination of the most acute environmental problems according to state statistics and theoretical studies.
3. Determining the most effective ways to solve environmental problems.
The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction
… and for large cities.
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY
Heliocentric system of the world
It is known that human health and the state of the environment are closely interrelated. Interaction, harmony of factors surrounding nature and the factors that make up human health ensure the normal functioning of the body and the preservation of human health. Violation of the functioning of any of these components entails a failure in the "man - habitat" system.
Index of ecological efficiency of some regions of Russia.
Environmental problems arose simultaneously with the advent of man and developed in proportion to the pace of development of civilization. For many years, man has provoked their development, and the preconditions for an ecological apocalypse are already clearly discernible. In our country, due to the slow pace of development of environmental legislation, the environmental situation is even more critical.
Environmental issue is change natural environment, as a result of anthropogenic impact or natural disasters, leading to disruption of the structure and functioning of nature.
Ecology is the science of the relationship of living organisms and the communities they form with each other and with the environment.
The solution of the first task of the study involved the compilation of a Thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, goal.
Its solution showed that in the topic under study: “The impact of environmental factors on the human body”, the necessary scientific concepts are:
Activity;
Study;
Human organism; Right;
Problem;
Ecological problem;
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution 1 problem.
Wastewater treatment plant Wastewater. Voronezh
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution 1 problem.
The key term of the Thesaurus is the concept of an ecological problem (the definition is given above). From a cognitive point of view future profession, important is also the meaning of the term "Law" - a description of stable relationships in nature between recurring processes under certain conditions in the surrounding world. In the natural science understanding, the term "Theory": a doctrine, a system of ideas or principles, is also an important concept.
NLMK is the largest "exporter" of environmental problems in the Lipetsk region.
The solution of the second task of the study showed that environmental problems are one of the main, difficult to eliminate and most urgent problems of our time. In our country, environmental problems are most pronounced, numerous and topical. Despite the fact that in Lately The Russian government pays great attention to the problems of environmental pollution, their severity and relevance is not decreasing, but, on the contrary, is growing. This greatly complicates their solution, but the search for the most effective ways to eliminate the problems of environmental pollution can bring society, science to a new qualitative level, since the search for a solution to the problem stimulates the development of natural science (ecology), society, and law enforcement practice.
The consequences of the accident at the plant for processing and storing nuclear fuel "Mayak" - an environmental disaster that entailed no less catastrophic consequences
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution 2 of the problem.
And ordinary citizens, including those in power, especially do not feel remorse, in one case - organizing unauthorized dumps, in the other - signing documents establishing a new solid waste landfill or even a repository of any hazardous substances.
One of characteristic features environmental problems is that they not only give rise to a number of other equally important problems, but are also generated by them (a vivid example of the impact on the economy is that due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, our country annually loses about 4-6% from GDP - such a conclusion was made by the minister natural resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy).
CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS NEGATIVELY AFFECTING THE ORGANISM AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTION.
It should be noted that the difficulty of solving environmental problems lies in the fact that they have many of their own, unique features, consisting in the features of the economy, society, culture, worldview, national composition and other spheres of life of Russians. For example, one of the features that complicate the solution of environmental problems is, oddly enough, the vast territory of our country. Strictly speaking, the problem here is not in the area of our country, but in the worldview of the Russians.
The solution of the third problem showed that an unfavorable ecological situation affects the physical and mental performance, a person's resistance to diseases. In adolescents living in conditions of severe environmental pollution, the process of puberty, growth of the body is delayed, they are more likely to get colds, and study worse. Every person should deal with the problem of ecology. Regulations also play an important role. legal acts guarding the health of citizens, including children and adolescents.
CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTION. Solution 3 of the problem.
The only honest and incorruptible defender of the ecological well-being of Russia.
Conclusion
The ongoing study was aimed at identifying the most critical environmental problems for human health and analyzing the consequences of exposure to adverse environmental factors on the human body. The urgency of the problem led to the choice of the research topic in the subject plane of natural science and socio-psychological aspects of the impact of ecology on human health. The study was carried out as part of a creative task in the study of the discipline "Natural Science", as an integral component of the general educational training of a lawyer in the specialty: "Law and organization of social security" and involved the solution of the following tasks: compiling a thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, object and subject of research; determination of the most acute environmental problems according to statistics and theoretical studies; revealing the characteristic features of their solution.
Enterprise for the processing of solid waste (the village of Khlevnoye, Khlevensky district, Lipetsk region).
The tasks were solved using natural science methods of searching, accumulating and systematizing the necessary information.
Scientific analysis practical research on this topic made it possible to identify the distinctive features of environmental problems and the degree of their impact on the human body.
Question 4. Conclusion
President of Russia V.V. Putin not only takes an active part in the creation and provides support in the promotion of NPAs with an environmental focus, but also finds time to provide all possible physical assistance in preserving the ecology of our Motherland. This fact confirms that the environmental problems of Russia are relevant and require utmost attention and urgent solutions.
The urgency of the problem was considered in the subject plane of the natural science aspects of the impact on the human body of adverse environmental environmental factors.
The study was carried out as part of a creative task in the study of the discipline "Natural-Knowledge", as an integral component of the general educational training of a lawyer with a specialty: "Law and organization of social security."
Question 4. Conclusion
Norilsk is the most polluted city in Russia and one of the most polluted cities in the world.
Used Books
1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural science: Textbook. – M.: RAP, 2012. – 463 p. 2. Researched in Russia [Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific magazine / Moscow. physics and technology in-t. – Electron. magazine - Dolgoprudny: MIPT, 1998. -. – Log access mode: http://zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru. - Zagl. from the screen. - No. state. registration 0329900013 (date of access: 03/01/2015). 3. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/r/rossija.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 4. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/i/1-issledovanie.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 5. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/d/dejatelnost.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 6. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/e/ekologija.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 7. Laptukhin M.S. School Dictionary Russian language: A guide for students / M.S. Laptukhin; Ed. F.P. Owl. – M.: Enlightenment, 1981. – 463 p. 8. Linchenko S.N. Ecological state environment and human health. - Krasnodar, 2007. - 126 p. 9. Monitoring, control and management of environmental quality. Environmental control [Electronic resource]: tutorial/ A.I. Potapov [i dr.]. – Electron. text data. - St. Petersburg: Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 2004. - 290 p. - Access mode: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/12504. - ELS "IPRbooks", by password. 10. Morozova L.A. Theory of state and law [Text]: textbook. for university students / L.A. Morozov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Eksmo, 2008. - 15 p.
Used Books
11. Social science: textbook. Handbook for law school applicants / ed. A.V. Opaleva. - 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2013. – 359p. 12. Russian State Library [Electronic resource] / Center inform. RSL technologies; ed. Vlasenko T.V.; Web-master Kozlova N.V. – Electron. Dan. – M.: Ros. state library, 1997. - Access mode: http://www.rsl.ru, free. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (date of access: 03/01/2015). 13. Rumyantsev N.V. Environmental law of Russia: textbook / Rumyantsev N.V., Kazantsev S.Ya., Myshko F.G. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2010. - 431 p. 14. Sarkisov O.R. Ecological safety and environmental and legal problems in the field of environmental pollution: textbook / Sarkisov O.R., Lyubarsky E.L., Kazantsev S.Ya. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2012. – 231 p. 15. Sergeev K. A., Slinin Ya. A. Nature and reason: an ancient paradigm. – L.: LGU, 1991. 238 p. 16. Sizova M.G. Social ecology and human ecology in the light of modern environmental problems // Almanac of modern science and education. 2009. No. 5. 239 p. 17. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on "Akademik" [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/873/definition, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 18. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on "Akademik" [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/psihologic/1415/definition, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 19. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) [Electronic resource] / Results at-a-Glance. Global View – Access mode: http://epi.yale.edu/epi, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (date of access: 03/26/2015).
1 slide
environmental factors. environmental factors. General patterns of action on organisms.
2 slide
PLAN Environment and conditions for the existence of organisms. Classification of environmental factors. Influence on organisms of abiotic factors. Ecological plasticity of organisms. The combined action of factors. limiting factor.
3 slide
The habitat of an organism is a set of abiotic and biotic conditions of life, it is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect effect on them.
4 slide
The environment of each organism is composed of many elements: inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man. At the same time, some elements are partially or completely indifferent to the body. needed by the body. have a negative impact.
5 slide
The living conditions are a set of elements of the environment necessary for the organism, with which it is in inseparable unity and without which it cannot exist.
6 slide
Environmental factors These are elements of the environment that are necessary for the body or adversely affect it. In nature, these factors do not act in isolation from each other, but in the form of a complex complex.
7 slide
A complex of environmental factors, without which the body cannot exist, and represents the conditions for the existence given organism. Various organisms perceive and react differently to the same factors.
8 slide
All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions developed historically. As a result, groupings of plants and animals specific to each geographical area were formed.
9 slide
Classification of environmental factors. Abiotic - a complex of conditions of the inorganic environment (climatic, chemical, physical, edaphogenic, orographic). Biotic - a set of influences of the vital activity of some organisms on others (phytogenic, zoogenic, anthropogenic).
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11 slide
Influence on organisms of abiotic factors. Abiotic factors can have direct and indirect effects. The effect of environmental factors depends not only on their nature, but also on the dose perceived by the body. All organisms have evolved adaptations.
12 slide
Environmental factors can act either in the form of a direct one, or in the form of an indirect one. Each environmental factor is characterized by certain quantitative indicators: strength and range of action.
13 slide
Optimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, the most favorable for the life of the organism. Pessimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, in which the vital activity of the organism is maximally depressed.
14 slide
15 slide
The limit of tolerance is the entire interval of the influence of the environmental factor (from the minimum to the maximum impact), at which the growth and development of the organism is possible.
16 slide
Ecological plasticity (valency) The property of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors. The wider the range of fluctuations of the ecological factor within which a given species can exist, the greater its ecological plasticity.
17 slide
Eurybiont species (widely adapted) - able to withstand significant changes in the environment. Stenobiont species (narrowly adapted) are able to exist with small deviations of the factor from the optimal value.
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Ranges of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions
Environmental factors
- 1. abiotic(factors inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc.
- 2. Biotic(animal factors) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms
- 3. Anthropogenic(human influence factors) - direct human impact on organisms and impact on their habitat
Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)
- 1.temperature
- 2.light
- 3.humidity
- 4.salt concentration
- 5.pressure
- 6.rainfall
- 7.relief
- 8. movement of air masses
Temperature
- There are animal organisms:
- 1. with constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
- 2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).
Light
visible rays infrared ultraviolet
radiation
(main main source wavelength 0.3 µm,
thermal energy light source, 10% radiant energy,
on Earth), 45% of radiant energy in small amounts
wavelength 0.4 - 0.75 µm, required (vitamin D)
45% of the total
radiant energy on earth
(photosynthesis)
Plants in relation to light
- 1. light-loving- have small leaves, strongly branching shoots, a lot of pigment. But increasing the intensity of light beyond the optimum inhibits photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics.
- 2. shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.
- 3. shade-tolerant- plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting, and in conditions of shading.
Plant groups in relation to water
1. aquatic plants
2. water plants ( land-water)
3. land plants
4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate a short drought
5. succulents- juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body
animal groups in relation to water
1. moisture-loving animals
2. intermediate group
3. dry-loving animals
Laws of Action
environmental factors
- The positive or negative impact of the environmental factor on living organisms depends primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both insufficient and excessive action of the factor negatively affects the life of individuals.
Laws of Action
environmental factors
Environmental factors are quantified
Any factor has certain limits of positive influence on organisms.
For each factor, we can distinguish:
-optimum zone (zone of normal activity,
- zone of pessimism (zone of oppression),
- upper and lower limits of endurance of organisms .
Law of Optimum
- The intensity of the environmental factor, the most favorable for the life of the organism, is called optimum.
Laws of Action
environmental factors
Beyond the limits of endurance, the existence of organisms is impossible.
The value of the environmental factor between the upper and lower limits of endurance is called the tolerance zone.
Species with a wide zone of tolerance are called eurybionts,
with a narrow stenobionts.
Laws of Action
environmental factors
Organisms that tolerate large temperature fluctuations are called eurythermal , and adapted to a narrow temperature range - stenothermal.
Laws of Action
environmental factors
Tolerance Curves
The position of the top indicates the optimal conditions for this factor for a given species.
Curves with sharp peaks mean that the range of conditions for the normal existence of the species is very narrow.
Flat curves correspond to a wide tolerance range.
Laws of Action
environmental factors
Towards pressure distinguish:
eury- and stenobate organisms;
Relative to
to the degree of salinity of the environment :
eury- and stenohaline.
Law of the Minimum
In 1840, Yu. Liebig suggested that the endurance of organisms is due to the weakest link in the chain of its ecological needs.
Justus Liebig
(1803-1873)
Law of the Minimum
J. Liebig found that the grain yield is often limited not by those nutrients that are required in large quantities, since they are usually present in abundance, but by those that are needed in small quantities and which are not enough in the soil.
Justus Liebig
(1803-1873)
Law of the limiting factor
Plant growth is limited by the lack of at least one element, the amount of which is below the required minimum.
Liebig called this pattern
the law of the minimum.
"Liebig's barrel"
Law of the Minimum
In a complex of environmental factors, the one whose intensity is closer to the endurance limit (to a minimum) acts more strongly.
Justus Liebig - German chemist and agricultural chemist.
Law of the Minimum
- The general formulation of the law of the minimum has caused much controversy among scientists. Already in the middle of the XIX century. it was known that an excessive dose of exposure can also be a limiting factor, and that different age and sex groups of organisms react differently to the same conditions.
Law of the Minimum
- Thus, not only a deficiency (minimum), but also an excess (maximum) of the environmental factor can be limiting.
- The idea of the limiting influence of the maximum, along with the minimum, has developed
W. Shelford in 1913
Ecological valency of the species
View property
adapt
to this or that
range
environmental factors
called
ecological plasticity
(or ecological valency) .
The ecological valence of a species is wider than the ecological valence of an individual.
Mill moth butterfly - one of the pests of flour and cereals - the critical minimum temperature for caterpillars is 7 WITH,
for adults - 23 C, for eggs - 27 WITH.
Acclimatization -
it's a certain restructuring,
getting used to the new climatic and geographical
conditions.
The position of the optimum and endurance limits can shift within certain limits.
Adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:
- 1 . warm-blooded animals keeping the body at a constant temperature
- 2. hibernation – prolonged sleep of animals in winter
- 3. suspended animation - a temporary state of the body in which vital processes are slowed down and all visible signs of life are absent
- 4. frost resistance b - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures
- 5. resting state - adaptability of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity
- 6. summer calm- adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) of tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.
Temperature. Any organism is able to live only within a certain temperature range. Somewhere within this interval, the temperature conditions are most favorable for the existence of a given organism. As the temperature approaches the boundaries of the interval, the speed of life processes slows down and, finally, they stop altogether - the organism dies.
For most of its history Live nature was represented exclusively by aquatic forms of organisms. Having conquered the land, they nevertheless did not lose their dependence on water. Water is an integral part of the vast majority of living beings: it is necessary for their normal functioning. A normally developing organism constantly loses water and therefore cannot live in absolutely dry air. Sooner or later, such losses can lead to the death of the body. Water
Plants take in water using their roots. Lichens can capture water vapor from the air. Plants have a number of adaptations that ensure minimal water loss. All land animals need a periodic supply of water to compensate for the loss of water. Many animals drink water; others, such as amphibians, absorb it through the integument of the body. Most desert animals never drink.
Importance have so-called secondary climatic factors eg wind, Atmosphere pressure, height above sea level. The wind has an indirect effect: by increasing evaporation, it increases dryness. This action is important in cold places, in the highlands or in the polar regions.
General Laws of the Action of Environmental Factors on the Organism The law of optimum (lat. Optimum - "the best") reflects the reaction of species to a change in the strength of any factor. There are certain limits of action of each factor, within which the viability of organisms increases. This is the optimum zone. With deviations from this zone in the direction of decreasing or increasing the force of the impact of the factor, the viability of organisms decreases. This is a zone of oppression, or pessimum (lat. pessimus - "very bad"). If the action of the factor goes beyond certain, minimum or maximum limits possible for the species, the organisms die. The destructive value of the factor is called the critical point.
The law of optimum is of great practical importance. There are no entirely positive or negative factors, it all depends on their dosage. All forms of influence of the environment on organisms have a purely quantitative expression. In order to control the vital activity of a species, one should first of all prevent the exit of various environmental factors beyond their critical values and try to maintain the optimum zone. This is very important for crop production, animal husbandry, forestry and, in general, all areas of human interaction with wildlife. The same rule applies to the person himself, especially in the field of medicine.
The use of the law of optimum is complicated by the fact that the optimal dosages of factors are different for each species. What is good for one species may be pessimistic or beyond critical limits for another. For example, at a temperature of 20 ° C, a tropical monkey shivers from the cold, and a northern inhabitant - polar bear- languishing from the heat. Moth moths are still fluttering in November (at 6°C) when most other insects go into a torpor. Rice is grown in fields flooded with water, and wheat in such conditions gets wet and dies.
The law of ecological individuality of species reflects the diversity of the relationship of organisms with the environment. It testifies that in nature there are no two species with a complete coincidence of optima and critical points in relation to a set of environmental factors. If the species coincide in resistance to one factor, then they will certainly disperse in resistance to another. Ignorance of the law of ecological individuality of species, for example, in agricultural production, can lead to the death of organisms. When using mineral fertilizers, pesticides, these substances are often applied in excessive amounts, regardless of the individual needs of plants.
The law of the limiting factor The law of the limiting factor is closely related to the law of optimum and follows from it. IN environment there are no entirely negative or positive factors: everything depends on the strength of their action. Living beings are simultaneously affected by many factors, and besides, most of them are changeable. But in each specific period of time, one can single out the most main factor on which life depends to the greatest extent. It turns out to be the environmental factor that deviates the most from the optimum, i.e. limits the life of organisms in this period. Any factor influencing organisms can become either optimal or limiting, depending on the strength of its influence.
The law of indispensability of factors indicates that it is impossible to completely replace one factor with another. But often, with the complex influence of factors, one can see the substitution effect. For example, light cannot be replaced by excess heat or carbon dioxide, but by acting on changes in temperature, photosynthesis can be increased in plants. However, this is not a replacement of one factor by another, but a manifestation of a similar biological effect caused by changes quantitative indicators joint action of factors. This phenomenon is widely used in agriculture. For example, in greenhouses to produce products, they create an increased content of carbon dioxide and moisture in the air, heating, and thereby partly compensate for the lack of light in autumn and winter.
In the action of environmental factors on the planet, there is a periodicity associated with the time of day, the seasons of the year, sea tides and the phases of the moon. This periodicity is due to cosmic reasons - the movement of the Earth around its axis, around the Sun and interaction with the Moon. Life on Earth is adapted to this constantly existing rhythm, which is manifested in changes in the state and behavior of organisms.
The length of daylight is the only accurate signal of the approach of winter or spring, i.e. changes in the whole complex of environmental factors. Weather conditions are deceptive. Therefore, plants, for example, reacting to the length of the day, do not open their leaves during winter thaws and do not turn to leaf fall during short-term summer frosts. Plants also bloom at a certain length of the day. Plant flowering is one of the manifestations of photoperiodism. This is a common problem for growers. Therefore, among plants, it is important to distinguish between short-day and long-day species or varieties. Long-day plants are distributed mainly in temperate and subpolar latitudes, and short-day plants in areas closer to the equator.
Questions 1. What are environmental factors? 2. What groups are environmental factors divided into? 3. What is called environmental conditions? 4. What is the essence of the law of optimum? What value does it have? 5. Why is it necessary to take into account the law of ecological individuality of species? 6. What is the limiting factor? 7. What is the essence of the law of joint action of factors? 8. What is the substitution effect? 9. What is photoperiodism?
