What are the layers of the earth to the water. Map of aquifers - types, the need for compilation and use. Determining the location of aquifers

Knowledge of the hydrogeology of the area where the acquisition is planned land plot under individual construction, this is vital information. It will allow you to determine the possibility of building a residential building and the related features of its design, starting from the type of foundation and the depth of its foundation. An aquifer close to the surface can be a major impediment to site development plans. How to define an aquifer?

It is necessary to find out for sure at what depth the nearest aquifer (perch water) is located and what are the seasonal fluctuations in its level. In addition to traditional folk methods and means of determining the depth of the aquifer for any area, there is a map with data on the depths of water horizons plotted on it. Exploratory drilling gives the most accurate result.

The name of these documents may be different depending on the nature of the data printed on them:

hydroisohypses - lines connecting points in the bowels of the earth, with the same level of the groundwater table relative to the zero mark. It is displayed on the maps as a wavy line formed by connecting points explored during geological research. Hydroisohypses are compiled for free-flowing water-bearing layers and give a general idea of the movement of groundwater. Given the location of the lines on such a map, it is possible to determine the characteristic direction and slopes of fluid flows, the places where the reservoirs are fed and the points of their discharge, as well as the nature of the connection between groundwater and open water bodies - whether they are feeding or draining;
hydroisopieses - lines on the map water resources, obtained by connecting points with the same pressure of groundwater;

maps of groundwater level differences are the most informative in relation to determining the possibility of drilling a well on a site in the surveyed area. Solid lines connect exploited objects with the same level of occurrence of aquifers;

graphs of fluctuations of the water column in wells.

According to the graph in Fig. 4, it is obvious that the water intake is intensively filled in spring during snowmelt and in autumn with heavy precipitation (data for 2004), the low level in 2005 is explained by a dry autumn with little precipitation. Recall that the well level is determined by the distance from its mouth to a stable water surface in the absence of pumping.

schemes of hydrogeological sections - give a clear idea of the presence and location of water horizons in the area under study. The map allows you to know the location of the wells to get a clear picture of the expected depth of drilling. By combining the obtained data with a map of groundwater level differences, you can get all the necessary information about the nature of the future wellbore, the drilling method and the necessary materials.

All the mentioned documentation is compiled on the basis of an analysis of existing water intakes. The piezometric surface index depends on the in-situ water pressure and horizon height. Conventionally, the level can be both above the surface of the earth and in it. In fact, the indicator indicates the height of the rise of water when opening an artesian well. It can be used to preliminarily understand the length of the casing, knowing that it should be above the piezometric level.

Types and characteristics of water-bearing layers

Subsoil

The depth of occurrence is from 2 to 5 meters. Drinking comes from precipitation and melting snow. The water level in such layers is unstable and fluctuates throughout the year, during the dry period it can dry out altogether, and in the full-flowing regime, the insufficient thickness of the soil layer above it does not allow high-quality filtration. Therefore, water quality is adversely affected by the presence of arable land during fertilization, the presence of farms or chemical storage near the site. The presence of bathrooms and country toilets near the water intake is not allowed.

A typical representative of water intakes on subsoil water-bearing layers are wells and wells of the "Abyssinian well" type.

ground water

They are usually located at a depth of up to 10 meters and represent an aquifer with a substrate of clay or shale. The top insulating layer also consists of waterproof clays. Recharge occurs from subsoil waters in the breaks of the upper insulating layer, which are clay-sand filters. It is also possible to recharge from open reservoirs, but cases of a draining connection with them are not uncommon. The quality of the water is not high due to its turbidity with clay.

Water intakes at such depths of occurrence are used various:

wells;
wells "Abyssinian well";
conventional water intakes with domestic electric pumps.

At such a depth, the aquifer is usually free-flowing with a flow rate of 0.5 - 2.5 cubic meters per hour.

Interstratal waters

They are located at a depth of 10 - 100 meters, the water in them, as a rule, is under pressure. It is possible to fill the formation with water-bearing sands or gravel-stone deposits. In the latter, the water is of the highest quality, the wells have a good stable flow rate. The lower insulating layer is shale or rock formations. When drilling, it is undesirable to use flushing with clay solutions, since they actively "clay" the well, after which a long flushing of the trunks will be required.

The water intake is a well with casing up to 219 mm in diameter, a deep-water pump.

Artesian deep water reservoirs

The level of occurrence of such water carriers is usually more than 100 meters, and they are located in fractured limestones. Often there are layers of clear water on a rocky base. The quality of water in such aquifers is exceptionally high, and the flow rate of wells is very significant.

Taking into account the high cost of drilling and strict requirements for the water protection zones of artesian wells, as well as the high productivity of such water intakes, they are equipped for collective use. Their use is also expedient for financial reasons.

The artesian aquifer is taken into account in a special state register as a strategic object.

Use the information available and good luck to you!

To accurately determine the location and depth of groundwater, a special hydrogeological study is carried out. The essence of the study is that test drilling is carried out at the site. The latter shows clearly whether groundwater lies on the site or not, and also allows you to identify the depth of their occurrence.

Before drilling, specialists often carry out a number of fairly simple measures that help to reliably verify the presence and accessibility of the aquifer and not to order expensive drilling of a well without the need. What methods can be used to determine the presence of groundwater in the area and the depth of their location, we will discuss in detail in the following sections of the article.

Natural methods for finding groundwater

To determine whether there is an aquifer on the site, as well as to find out the depth of its location, representatives of the local flora or, more simply, flowers, herbs and trees growing on the site will help.

The growth of some plant species makes it possible to determine with 100% accuracy not only the presence of groundwater, but also the depth of their location. Let's find out which plants can help with the difficult task of determining the depth of groundwater:

if cattail grows in the study area, then it can be confidently stated that the aquifer lies at a depth of one meter from the surface;
growing sandy reeds - a clear evidence of the presence of groundwater, the depth of which can be from one to three meters from the surface;
black poplar can tell you about the location of the aquifer at a depth of up to three meters from the surface. In this case, the upper boundary of the layer can be located at a distance of 50 centimeters from the surface;
if reed grows in the area, then it is worth talking about two levels of groundwater flow. The first layer is located no deeper than one and a half meters from the soil surface, and the second is located at a depth of three to five meters;
a growing sucker will help you find water at a depth of one to three meters from the surface. Less often, the waters lie a little deeper - up to five meters from the ground level.

See also: How to make a polypropylene pool

The following types of plants can also tell about the close location of groundwater to the surface of the soil: sarsazan, some varieties of wormwood, whose brilliant, licorice, alfalfa.

Folk ways to find the aquifer and determine its depth

There are many folk methods that allow you to determine the presence of groundwater in a particular area, as well as draw conclusions about the depth of their location. Most of these methods are not very reliable: the use of a barometer or silica gel gives guaranteed results. Let's talk about these two methods in more detail.

As for the use of silica gel in the study, it should be noted right away that this method is only good for determining the presence of an aquifer. It is impossible to make exact conclusions about the depth of its occurrence, however, if the method gives positive results, it means that the layer is not too far from the surface.

To conduct a study, you will need to prepare silica gel granules in advance, which are poured into a small clay pot (the product must be made from unglazed clay). The pot is wrapped in a piece of natural fabric and buried in the soil to a depth of no more than one meter. The container must remain in the ground for at least 24 hours, after which it is dug up and the result is evaluated.

The heavier the dug out container, the more moisture it has absorbed. A significant increase in the weight of the pot indicates the unambiguous presence of an aquifer on the site, which means that it is possible to drill a well in the selected zone. If there were no changes in the weight of the container, therefore, there is no groundwater on the site.

The barometric method allows not only to establish the presence of a water carrier in the area, but also to determine the depth of its location. However, this method can only be applied if the site on which it is planned to drill a well is located near a natural reservoir.

To conduct a barometric study, first measure the indicators on the shore of a pond, lake or river located next to the site. Then measurements are made in the zone of the site itself. The readings are checked, and the difference between the values \u200b\u200bwill help determine the depth of the aquifers. Let's explain how the method works with a simple example:

Let's say on the shore of a reservoir you get a value of 646.5 mm.
On the site, you received indicators of 646.1 mm.
From the readings on the shore, you need to subtract the readings on the site, we get a value of 0.4 mm.

Since 0.1 millimeter of mercury corresponds to a height difference of one meter, it can be concluded that the aquifer in the area lies at an approximate depth of four meters. This method can be used to determine a place under a well or under a sand well, but the barometric method is not suitable for identifying the location of an artesian source.

Geophysical method

The geophysical method of searching for water carriers and determining the depth of their occurrence is an excellent alternative to traditional methods and expensive test drilling.

Most often, this option is used to study a large area, and its essence lies in the use of a special electromagnetic probe. The device gives complete information about the presence of aquifers, about the depth of their occurrence, and will also allow you to find out what rocks lie in the area, what is their thickness and composition.

See also: How to install a dishwasher yourself

The data obtained will allow not only not to drill a well in vain in areas where there are no aquifers at all, but also to carry out the drilling process correctly, at no extra cost.

However, there may not be an urgent need to apply all the methods described above: for large areas, maps have long been drawn up indicating the depth of aquifers and indicating their exact location. There are such cards for Moscow, Ivanovo, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Vladimir and many other regions of the country.

https://youtu.be/6_3P27-K700

canalizacii.ru

Varieties of cards

The name of these documents may be different depending on the nature of the data printed on them:

hydroisohypses - lines connecting points in the bowels of the earth, with the same level of the groundwater table relative to the zero mark. It is displayed on the maps as a wavy line formed by connecting points explored during geological research. Hydroisohypses are compiled for free-flowing water-bearing layers and give a general idea of the movement of groundwater. Given the location of the lines on such a map, it is possible to determine the characteristic direction and slopes of fluid flows, the places where the reservoirs are fed and the points of their discharge, as well as the nature of the connection between groundwater and open water bodies - whether they are feeding or draining;
hydroisopieses - lines on the map of water resources, obtained by connecting points with the same pressure of groundwater;

maps of groundwater level differences are the most informative in relation to determining the possibility of drilling a well on a site in the surveyed area. Solid lines connect exploited objects with the same level of occurrence of aquifers;

graphs of fluctuations of the water column in wells.

schemes of hydrogeological sections - give a clear idea of the presence and location of water horizons in the area under study. The map allows you to know the location of the wells to get a clear picture of the expected depth of drilling. By combining the obtained data with a map of groundwater level differences, you can get all the necessary information about the nature of the future wellbore, the drilling method and the necessary materials.

Types and characteristics of water-bearing layers

Subsoil

The depth of occurrence is from 2 to 5 meters. Recharge comes from atmospheric precipitation and melting snow. The water level in such layers is unstable and fluctuates throughout the year, during the dry period it can dry out altogether, and in the full-flowing regime, the insufficient thickness of the soil layer above it does not allow high-quality filtration. Therefore, water quality is adversely affected by the presence of arable land during fertilization, the presence of farms or chemical storage near the site. The presence of bathrooms and country toilets near the water intake is not allowed.

A typical representative of water intakes on subsoil water-bearing layers are wells and wells of the "Abyssinian well" type.

Water intakes at such depths of occurrence are used various:

wells;
wells "Abyssinian well";
conventional water intakes with domestic electric pumps.

At such a depth, the aquifer is usually free-flowing with a flow rate of 0.5 - 2.5 cubic meters per hour.

Interstratal waters

The water intake is a well with casing up to 219 mm in diameter, a deep-water pump.

Artesian deep water reservoirs

The artesian aquifer is taken into account in a special state register as a strategic object.

Use the information available and good luck to you!

oburenie.ru

What is an aquifer map

Hydrogeological study of soils allows you to determine the types and characteristics of soil layers in a small area or a large area, as well as the level of groundwater. Based on the study and analysis of the results, a number of documents are compiled. As a rule, the local archives of settlements have long had geological sections and maps of aquifers. But outside the city or on newly developed sites, it is required to excavate soil samples and determine the location of the underground levels of water mirrors.

An aquifer map is a diagram of the occurrence of all types of groundwater in a longitudinal geological section, with the designation of soil layers and aquicludes, or a plan indicating the levels and directions of free flows.

Underground, water behaves somewhat differently than in a container, where there is no doubt about the horizontal level of its level. In the thickness of the soil, the line of the water mirror can bend under the influence of many factors:

terrain;
shape and placement of water-resistant layers;
make-up and reset options;
carrying capacity and density of soil layers;
proximity to water bodies, etc.

When compiling maps, they use GWL measurements in accessible natural and artificial sources. These can be wells and workings, wells and pits, water bodies and water metering posts. For the "purity" of the data obtained, measurements at points located close to each other are performed on the same day due to the fact that the level of groundwater under the influence of external influences can change significantly. In this regard, maps of aquifers must be dated.

If, during the construction of a site, groundwater can be detected during the construction of a pit, then when performing a shaft well or an artesian well, specialists will need to look at a map of aquifers. Its absence in most cases leads to unforeseen situations. For example, in the process of lowering the well rings, it may turn out that the water is much deeper than the expected mark. Meaning in further work will fall off by itself, and the rings will most likely remain in the ground. In this case, it would be more profitable to immediately stop at the well device.

Experienced craftsmen recommend not neglecting familiarization with maps of aquifers or conducting reconnaissance drilling. By the way, it is possible to determine the proximity of the aquifer using folk methods, but this does not always lead to the discovery of drinking water.

Varieties of cards

Measured groundwater levels are plotted on charts or graphs. The title of the documents depends on the information they contain. The most common cards are:

hydroisogypsum;
hydroisopiesis;
changes in groundwater levels;
fluctuations in water depth in wells;
hydrogeological sections, etc.

Maps of hydroisogypsum and hydroisopiesis are performed according to the available data. The piezometric surface is characterized by the pressure of pressure waters and the height of their horizon. The term itself does not have a specific meaning, and the conditional level of the water surface can be located both above and below the ground. In other words, this is the height to which water rises in opened artesian wells. This indicator affects the length of casing pipes, the upper edge of which should rise above the piezometric surface.

For non-pressure conditions, a hydroisogypse map is created. They characterize a single system of water movement in aquifers. By the location of the lines on the graphic plans, you can determine:

features of the direction and slope of flows;
the level and nature of the location of free surfaces;
places of feeding layers and centers of unloading;
the connection of groundwater with open water bodies - drained or fed by river flows.

It should be noted that the upper level of free water remains almost horizontal. However, several curved lines are drawn on the plan of aquifers connecting the same marks of groundwater mirrors.

Often, hydroisobath lines are plotted on hydroisohypse maps, which are built on the basis of interpolation.

Groundwater classification

Grouping of groundwater is carried out according to the nature (hydrodynamics) and depth of occurrence. First of all, there are:

non-pressure waters - "lean" on the first aquifer from the surface of the earth. Their upper level is unstable and depends on the presence in certain period the time of precipitation, intense snowmelt or drought. The permeable layer is partially saturated with groundwater, and their surface remains free;
pressure water - located at a greater depth, between two aquifers.

According to the depth of placement in the soil, groundwater is divided into four types.

Verkhovodka - depth up to five meters. Recharging is done by atmospheric precipitation. For the construction of wells, perched water is considered far from the best option, since during the dry period the water may simply disappear, and during the rainy period it may not have time to be filtered.

Groundwater - up to ten meters deep. Clay serves as a water-resistant layer, so the source should not be used as drinking water. In addition, if the soil thickness above the aquifer is less than six meters, sufficient water filtration will not occur, but the risk of contamination with technical fluids will be too great.

Interstratal waters - depth from 10 to 100 meters. As a rule, they are located between horizontally impervious layers, although the layer above may be permeable. Interstratal waters are considered the most optimal option for well construction. Sufficient depth provides good filtration and uninterrupted water supply using household pumping equipment.

Artesian waters are the deepest occurrence (more than a hundred meters underground). Water is maximally purified from contaminants in a natural way, therefore it does not require additional filtration. But the composition may contain an unacceptable concentration of mineral inclusions. An artesian well is being drilled for collective use, since the volume of incoming water is incommensurable with the needs of one private household, not to mention the high cost of works on a deep water intake.

It should be noted that for foundations, the main factor is not the purity of groundwater, but their level. It is he who influences the decision design features foundation, as well as the list of measures for its hydroprotection.

semidelov.ru

Location of water layers

The main condition for finding underground water in the soil at different levels of its occurrence is the presence of water-resistant layers there. That is, peculiar natural pockets that hold water and do not let it through either up or down. The main components of such waterproof layers are clay and limestone. Clay is additionally assisted by sand, which is located inside between the clay walls of aquifers. The sand thus holds the water in its place. It is in him that you need to rest for a high-quality and uninterrupted supply of water to the site, regardless of its depth.

Important: the thickness of the water-resistant vein of clay filled with sand varies depending on the relief of the clay layer. In places where its turns or breaks, falls or rises in height, there are the thickest sand-water layers. These are also called underground lakes. There is a lot of water here.

When searching for water, it is always worth remembering that a layer of water can occur at different depths from the surface of the earth. At the same time, the closer the vein is to the top of the soil, the less quality the water will be. For example, the closest aquifers are veins at a depth of 2-3 meters from the surface of the earth. Such groundwater is called perched water. Negative sides ground top water in that such a vein is affected by seasonal or waste water. Snow and rainfall, sewerage diverted to a septic tank, possible waterlogging of the area - all this reaches the high-water groundwater, saturating them with chemicals that have fallen into precipitation and runoff. Thus, high water is not suitable for consumption in most cases.

In addition, closely spaced aquifers are subject to seasonality. That is, in heat and drought, water goes to the lower layers or simply evaporates. And in the seasons of snow and rain, it is saturated with harmful elements.

Water that is located in an aquifer at a depth of at least 15 meters is considered suitable for household and everyday use. And the deeper, the better the water quality will be.

Looking for water: old-fashioned ways

If you do not know how to find water on the site, then first try using all the proven old methods. After all, a long time ago, our forefathers used observations of nature and could accurately determine the location of water in a dacha or plot with their own hands and eyes. And the wells built by our grandfathers still serve in some cases.

plant observation

To begin with, it is worth taking a closer look at the vegetation on the site. As a rule, if there is water in the soil and it is located at a depth of 3 to 15 meters, the dacha site will be rich in juicy and bright greenery.

So, if the groundwater-top water in the area runs high (close to the surface), then the main plants here will be horsetail, wormwood, sedge, coltsfoot, nettle, etc. At the same time, the earth will look quite wet even in summer in the heat. Also, for the proximity of groundwater in the country, the presence of such plants as poplar, reeds, and reeds is characteristic.
If there is licorice on the territory of the site, then the water here has gone to a depth of up to 5 meters.
Trees are also indicators of the depth and presence of water in the area. So, you should know that birch, alder, maple and willow always grow along the aquifer. Moreover, the bias is always done in her direction.
Oak is always located only at the intersection of aquifers.

Important: observations on plants are best done in the summer. Especially when it comes to herbs.

By the way, pine and others coniferous trees, growing on the site in a chaotic manner, on the contrary, indicate that the groundwater here has gone deep.

Watching insects

These winged little specimens are also excellent at reporting the presence of water in the ground. If you decide to discover the vein yourself with your own hands, then take a closer look at the site carefully during the day and evening. Where the water is located underground, the accumulation of flying midges or mosquitoes will be unchanged. There will always be an impression that a peculiar cloud of midges hangs above the ground.

Watching animals

Pets can also give clues on how to find water on the site. So, the dog will most often choose a more humid place in the heat. That is, where the dog digs and lays down, there is a vein. In turn, the horse will also kick in the heat at the location of the aquifer.

Not stupid were in this matter and chickens with geese. The chicken moves away from moisture, and will never rush over an aquifer, especially if it is located high. Goose de, on the contrary, loves wetter places.

Watching the weather

You can try to determine the location of groundwater and fog. So, after a hot sultry day or after heavy rain in the late afternoon, as well as at dawn, fog will begin to creep and swirl over the aquifer. This earth gives off excess moisture. At the same time, the thicker and more fog, the closer to the surface the water is located.

Getting to know the neighbors

Information from neighbors can also become a completely reliable source about the location of the water layer. You can walk and find out the level of the water mirror in the wells of your dacha comrades. In addition, perhaps one of them did a geodetic examination, has a ready-made map of the site and will share their knowledge. By the way, the map in this case is a reliable source of information.

Mechanical methods of finding water

Do-it-yourself water search can also be carried out using mechanical methods. The easiest is to use a clay pot. To do this, take a pot and dry it well in the sun for several days. After that, the vessel-device is installed upside down at the intended location for the well or well. If in the morning the pot-device fogs up from the inside, then water is close. And the stronger the perspiration on the walls of the pot, the closer the moisture is.

Silica gel weighing

And you can build a kind of search load-device with your own hands. To do this, take a sufficient amount of dry silica gel (about 1 kg) and wrap it in a rag. All this is buried in the ground to a depth of 50 to 80 cm. Before burying, the material must be weighed.

A day later, all this is dug up and weighed again. If the mass of silica gel has increased several times, then the water is somewhere close and there is a lot of it.

Important: you can bury several of these instrument bags at once or install several clay pots. The result will allow us to determine the most optimal location for the device of a well or a well with your own hands.

Drilling of the wells

And it is possible to drill several test wells along the perimeter of the site. To do this, it is enough to use a simple garden drill. Wells are drilled at several points on the site until a water-resistant layer appears. By comparing the water mirror in several wells, the optimal location for the well is determined.

Important: test drilling is best done in early spring or early autumn.

Dowsing

And this method of studying aquifers in the soil was used long ago by our great-great-grandfathers. At the same time, the method to this day has an efficiency of 60-65%.

To study the soil on the site, it is necessary to make a special location frame (research device) with your own hands, which will respond to the magnetic field of water underground.

To create a frame, you need to take two cuts of aluminum wire, 40 cm each. At the same time, 10 cm from the edge of each piece should be bent at a right angle. The long part of both cuts is inserted into the branches of elderberry, willow or viburnum. These branches are picked up and begin to move with a frame around the site.

Important: you need to look for water, moving strictly from north to south, and then from east to west, holding the device in your hands without tension.

The movement should be slow and easy. In the place of the alleged location of the water layer, the pieces of the frame will begin to move and form a crosshair.

troubled earth

Searching for water on the site is not always advisable. So, there are such areas where it makes no sense to search for water due to their geographical location, regardless of the depth of the water layer. The most unsuccessful for finding groundwater are:

Plots located near the river and especially those standing on a steep cliff;
Land plots on a relief elevation (mountains, hills, etc.);
Plots that grow a lot of acacia or beech;
The area next to the quarry.

In this case, water is unlikely to be found on close range to the surface of the earth. It is quite possible that it will be necessary to drill an artesian well with the involvement of special equipment and reconnaissance instruments to a depth of 50 meters or more.

vodakanazer.ru

Groundwater is most often used for water supply to the private sector. For this purpose, wells and captages are built. Wells are drilled to interlayer. The first aquifer is formed by groundwater. From above, they are not protected by a water-resistant layer, and the earth layer is half filled. Unlike top water, they are common everywhere. Depending on the precipitation and the time of year, their level varies. In summer and winter it is less than in spring and autumn.

The level exactly repeats the relief, so the thickness differs in different areas. Depth of occurrence 1-10 m. Mineral and chemical composition depends on the depth of the layer. If there is a river, lake or other source near the layer, then it can be used for drinking and other domestic needs. But first you need to clean up.

Water from interstratal layers is cleaner than from ground. Depth of detection - from 10 m. There are pressure and non-pressure interlayer waters. The latter are very rare and are found in geological sections. According to their characteristics, they are suitable for water supply.

Pressure (artesian) are more common. Their chemical composition is constant and rich in mineral supplements. The layer is protected from above and below. The quantity is always constant. Depth of occurrence from 100 m and more. For getting artesian water wells are being drilled.

Aquifer depth and quality

The deeper the aquifer is located, the higher its quality. During the construction of wells, the first water occurs starting from 3 m from the surface. This is the first aquifer. The water there is polluted with organic matter and chemicals coming from the surface. Wastewater easily seep into the first horizon. For the construction of a well, the optimal depth is 15–20 m. Interlayer and groundwater lie here. Artesian springs are much deeper.

The construction of a well is justified if, according to geological exploration maps, the upper edge of clean water is located no deeper than 15 m. Digging wells to a great depth is not profitable. At the cost of work, the well will cost less than the well. But apart from the cost water properties must be taken into account.. The deeper the fence is, the better it is. Decide for yourself what is more important to you, quality or price. And only after that choose a well or well.

Well

The well is built by digging to a depth of 15 m. To fix the walls, they use wooden frame, brickwork, reinforced concrete rings of the required size. The use of the latter significantly speeds up the construction process.

Advantages:

Low price.
Possibility of manual lifting without using a pump. In places with frequent power outages, this is important.
If the well is cleaned regularly, it will last more than 50 years.

Flaws:

When debris enters the surface, the quality of the water deteriorates.
The supply of water is limited. The opinion that there is more water in a well than a well is erroneous. This is due to the visual perception of the larger diameter of the well.
The walls of the well require regular repair and cleaning.

If you need a limited supply of water, then pay attention to the Abyssinian well (needle well). The design is a pipe with a tip, which is hammered into the ground. The depth of the well does not exceed 8 m, therefore it is used at a shallow location.

Advantages:

Quick and easy installation.
Low price.
Good quality water, thanks to the design that prevents access to the perch.

Flaws:

Due to the small diameter, suction is only possible with a pump, with a suction depth of 8 m.
At certain intervals the well must be completely excavated to prevent silting.
The soil of the site must be soft, do not hammer the well pipe into the rock.

Advantages of wells:

The quality of the well and the life of the well directly depend on the drillers. With any mistake and violation of technology, the quality and debit are reduced.

When choosing a design for water supply, pay attention to all aspects, and not just the price. The best option will hire a professional who will select the optimal solution according to your needs and possibilities. Considering all the features of the soil on the site.

stoki.guru

Aquifers of the earth

In the thickness of the earth there are several aquifers. Water accumulates in the ground due to the presence of water-resistant layers. The latter are formed, to a greater extent, by clay. Clay practically does not let water through, thereby protecting aquifers from pollution. Less often, stones can be found in the water-resistant layer. An interesting fact is that between the clay layers there are almost always layers formed by sand. It is known that sand retains moisture (water), as a result of which water accumulates and thereby forms the aquifers of the earth. It is necessary to know that aquifers can be protected by aquifers on both sides or only on one side.

The deepest aquifer, which is used in modern times for water consumption, is formed by artesian waters. It can be located at a depth of more than 100 meters. Artesian waters do not lie in the thickness of the sand, but in a layer formed by limestone. Because of this, they have a special chemical composition. There are also more accessible aquifers. These include the top. Great importance has the fact that it is not protected from above with a waterproof layer, therefore it is not suitable for drinking needs. Aquifers can be thin in some areas and very large in others. This is observed as a result of a fracture of water-resistant layers. Such areas have a large debit.

Verkhovodka and its features

The very first aquifer is called perch. Such water got its name due to the fact that the layer is located very close to the surface. The depth at which it can be detected is from 1 to 4 meters. Verkhovodka refers to non-pressure groundwater. Such water is not everywhere, therefore it is a non-permanent aquifer. Verkhovodka is formed as a result of filtering surface water or precipitation through the soil. Because of this, it has not found wide application for drinking needs. There are several reasons for this:

low flow rate and its volatility;
the presence of a large number of pollutants;
inability to fully meet the needs of the population.

Verkhovodka is formed periodically. It depends on the presence of precipitation, floods. In the warm season (summer) it is very difficult to find this source of water. Often it is located on the first water-resistant layer, therefore, when this layer emerges, a wetland may form. The water of this aquifer is characterized by the fact that it is fresh and has low salinity. Plus it's dirty. organic matter. In some cases, it contains a lot of iron. It can be suitable for household needs as an additional source of water for watering or irrigating plants.

Groundwater characteristics

Determining the level of standing groundwater in private construction is observed very often. They are most often used for water supply of the residential sector. Wells or dams are built to collect groundwater. Wells are more often drilled for interstratal waters. Groundwater forms the first permanent aquifer, which lies on the first impervious layer of the earth. They are pressureless. This indicates that they are not protected from above by water-resistant rocks of the soil, while the earth layer itself remains half-filled.

They are distributed almost everywhere, in contrast to perched water. It is important that groundwater is largely dependent on precipitation, so its debit may vary depending on the time of year. It is larger in spring and autumn than in summer and winter. The level of this layer repeats the configuration of the relief, so the thickness of this layer is different in different territories. The water that accumulates in the alluvial bowels is widely used for drinking. Groundwater occurs at levels ranging from a few meters to tens of meters. The chemical composition and mineralization are determined by the location of the layer. If there are surface sources nearby (rivers, lakes) with fresh water, then the underground layers can be used for drinking, washing and other purposes. But this requires their purification (boiling or filtering).

When choosing an aquifer for a future well or well, you need to know that interstratal waters are of better quality (cleaner) than groundwater.

Interstratal waters are characterized by the fact that they are surrounded from above and below by water-resistant layers.

The depth at which they can be found is from 10 meters or more. There are non-pressure and pressure interstratal waters. The first are not so widespread, they are very difficult to find. They are found in layered sediments, at the top of the geological section. According to their chemical composition, they are more balanced and pure, therefore they are used for water supply.

The most popular are pressure waters, called artesian. It is established that their chemical composition is constant. They are rich in various minerals. Such water can be drunk even without pre-treatment. This aquifer is protected from above and below. Their debit is always large, and it is constant. The depth of their location is about 100 meters or more. It is for obtaining artesian water that a well is drilled. Artesian waters are among the minerals of great value.

How does water quality depend on the depth of the aquifer?

In the location of aquifers, water quality is considered to improve as depth increases. It really is. During the private construction of wells or wells, the first water begins to appear already at a depth of 2-3 meters from the surface. This is the water of the first aquifer. It is contaminated with chemicals, organic matter that comes from the surface. Of great importance are wastewater, which easily penetrates into the first aquifer. When building a well, the optimal digging depth is 15-20 meters.

Groundwater and interstratal waters occur here. To find an artesian vein, you need to dig further. In this case, it is better to use drilling. Thus, the occurrence of aquifers is of great importance for the water supply of the population. Many regions are experiencing a shortage of clean water, which is the reason for the search for new sources.

If residents of city apartments are initially provided with water, then the owners of private houses often have to deal with the supply of water resources on their own.

Drilling a well and determining a suitable place for it is not a cheap pleasure. You can save in this situation if you independently find water for a well on your site. And to solve this problem, you need to know the location of the aquifers of the earth and several methods for finding water.

Location of aquifers in the earth

In the soil of the earth, there are so-called aquifers, which are formed after the filtering of precipitation from the atmosphere. The liquid is clamped by water-resistant layers, which consist of clay and stone, while the sizes of such layers have a different value. Also, the location of such layers will not necessarily appear in strict horizontality.

Most often, due to their bends, the areas filled with water resemble the shape of a lens, while the volume of each of them is the most diverse. While one water area can be located on several cubic meters, each reaches kilometer volumes in size.

When looking for a source of water, it is desirable to have at least the slightest idea of their occurrence in order to facilitate the search for a source:

The first in proximity to the earth's crust, just 2-4 meters from the surface, is the layer " perch". The reservoir is replenished with liquid due to melt water and precipitation. The source for drinking water is not suitable. For irrigation - a problem may arise in dry weather, due to which the "top water" will become empty.
The second layer, which may be of interest to a person, is most often located at a depth of 7-10 meters (and below). The water in these springs is quite suitable for economic use, but not always for drinking (an analysis for quality will be required).
The best is considered to be water extracted from a well with a depth of at least 40 meters. At this depth, it is enriched with salts and minerals.

Water quality and pressure depending on the depth of the well

The great depth of the well is not yet an indicator that the liquid produced with its help will be perfectly clean and saturated with the necessary trace elements.

The composition of aquifers plays an important role in water quality. The strong pressure under which the liquid is located contributes to an increase in the solubility of all useful and harmful microelements in it. Therefore, the environmental situation in the region plays a big role in quality.

Poor-quality connection of pipes with your own hands when installing a well will make it possible for contaminants that are in the upper layers to enter the water. These can be various nitrates, pesticides, pesticides, etc. This error will spoil the quality of water extracted at a depth of even more than 500 meters.

Pressure and non-pressure type of water in the well:

Non-pressure the type of water is placed in the upper layers of the soil and after the arrangement of the well, its level remains in the same place. In natural natural processes, when a layer of earth is removed, such waters form springs.
pressure head species, located in deeper layers of the soil. The water here is under pressure due to the clamping of two water-resistant layers. As a rule, it is this type of water that, after opening the layer, begins to rise above the level at which it was.

Various methods for finding water on your own

Do-it-yourself to find a suitable place under the help of several of the most common ways:

Application of silica gel

Silica gel granules are a substance that has high qualities to absorb and subsequently retain moisture. Therefore, it is successfully used to find a suitable site for a well or well. Having purchased silica gel granules, they need to be dried thoroughly.

You can dry it in the oven. After that, the granules are poured into a clay (non-glazed) pot, wrapped with a dense cloth and weighed.

Without water modern man cannot exist. It is applied not only in the drinking sphere, but also in the economic one. For those who live far from the city, a well and a well are the only sources of water. Before performing work on laying water on the site, you need to know exactly where the aquifer is located. And its quality directly depends on the depth of occurrence. Aquifers are different from each other.

Types of underground veins:

Ground.
Interstratal.
Verkhovodka.

Interlayers are divided into:

non-pressure
pressure

Knowledge of the hydrogeological features of the site is necessary not only for plumbing, but also during the construction of a house. The groundwater level is of particular importance. This data must be mapped on the site before construction.

Water is stored in the ground thanks to water-resistant layers. Which consist of clay that prevents water from flowing out and protects against pollution. Very rarely, a water-resistant layer consists of stones. Layers of sand are located between clay and retain moisture forming water bowels. Waterproof layers can be on both sides, and only on one.

Artesian waters - the deepest (more than 100 m), are used for water supply. They lie not in sand, but in limestone. Due to this, they have an unusual chemical composition.

A more accessible aquifer is the perch. But it is not protected by a waterproof layer and is therefore unsuitable for drinking.. In different areas, the thickness of the layers varies. This is due to the fracture of the layers. Most upper layer It is called perched water because of its proximity to the surface. It lies at a depth of up to 4 m. Such a layer is not everywhere, it is formed due to the filtration of precipitation passing through the soil.

Reasons for the unsuitability of perched water for drinking needs:

Volatility and low debit.
Big pollution.
Unsuitability to meet the needs of the population.

The presence of perched water directly depends on the amount of precipitation and floods. In the hot season it is very difficult to find. Often it is located on the upper water-resistant layer, at the exit of which a swamp is formed. The water from this aquifer contains iron. It is used as an additional source for household needs.

The level exactly repeats the relief, so the thickness differs in different areas. The depth of occurrence is 1-10 m. The mineral and chemical composition depends on the depth of the layer. If there is a river, lake or other source near the layer, then it can be used for drinking and other domestic needs. But first you need to clean up.

Water from interstratal layers is cleaner than from ground. Depth of detection - from 10 m. There are pressure and non-pressure interstratal waters. The latter are very rare and are found in geological sections. According to their characteristics, they are suitable for water supply.

Aquifer depth and quality

The deeper the aquifer is located, the higher its quality. During the construction of wells, the first water occurs starting from 3 m from the surface. This is the first aquifer. The water there is polluted with organic matter and chemicals coming from the surface. Wastewater easily seeps into the first horizon. For the construction of a well, the optimal depth is 15–20 m. Interlayer and groundwater lie here. Artesian springs are much deeper.

Well

The well is built by digging to a depth of 15 m. To fix the walls, a wooden frame, brickwork, and reinforced concrete rings of the required size are used. The use of the latter significantly speeds up the construction process.

Advantages:

Low price.
Possibility of manual lifting without using a pump. In places with frequent power outages, this is important.
If the well is cleaned regularly, it will last more than 50 years.

Flaws:

When debris enters the surface, the quality of the water deteriorates.
The supply of water is limited. The opinion that there is more water in a well than a well is erroneous. This is due to the visual perception of the larger diameter of the well.
The walls of the well require regular repair and cleaning.

Advantages:

Quick and easy installation.
Low price.
Good water quality, thanks to the design that prevents access to perched water.

Flaws:

Due to the small diameter, suction is only possible with a pump, with a suction depth of 8 m.
At certain intervals the well must be completely excavated to prevent silting.
The soil of the site must be soft, do not hammer the well pipe into the rock.

Advantages of wells:

The quality of the well and the life of the well directly depend on the drillers. With any mistake and violation of technology, the quality and debit are reduced.

When choosing a design for water supply, pay attention to all aspects, and not just the price. The best option would be to hire a professional who will select the optimal solution according to your needs and possibilities. Considering all the features of the soil on the site.

Providing the site with enough water for a comfortable stay is one of the first tasks to be solved after acquiring a country house or cottage. The presence of a centralized water supply does not always cope with the tasks set, water can be supplied intermittently, and its quality often does not meet the requirements of sanitary standards. In addition, old, worn pipes can give the water an unpleasant metallic taste.

The best solution for a private house is the construction of a well

The organization of individual water supply solves the listed problems, and sooner or later the owners of the site come to the decision to drill a well or. At the same time, a considerable part makes a choice in favor of the well, because it is easier to maintain and clean, it is independent of the power supply, and a beautifully designed well house will serve as an additional decoration for the local area. After the decision to build, questions immediately arise: is there water on the site, what is its quality, how deep is the aquifer and how to find it?

At what depth is the aquifer

Water reserves are stored in the bowels of the earth at a certain level due to the presence of water-resistant layers. Constant replenishment of reserves is ensured by precipitation, snowmelt, infiltration (leakage) of water from nearby surface water bodies (lakes, swamps, rivers). The waterproof layer consists of clay or stone and prevents the penetration of moisture to the depth, and also protects it from pollution. located on top of or between two such waterproof layers. Depending on the location and depth of occurrence, the following aquifers of the earth are distinguished:

"Verkhovodka". It is located no deeper than four meters from the surface. The accumulation of moisture occurs due to the filtration of precipitation and melt water through the upper layers of the soil. Such sources of moisture are not able to provide a constant water level in the layer, so in winter the level drops, and in the dry season, the reserves can completely dry out. Due to the shallow depth of occurrence, contaminants on the surface get into such sources along with incoming precipitation, a thin layer of soil is not able to provide high-quality filtration. The quality of such water is not suitable for drinking, moreover, it can pollute the well.
Groundwater is located at a depth of several tens of meters, but in some places (lowlands and depressions) they come close to the surface. The aquifer is located above the first waterproof layer, the presence of water in it is permanent, but the level depends on the intensity of precipitation and the distance to the nearest open water bodies. During construction, the depth of the well is determined taking into account seasonal fluctuations in the level of groundwater. It is not recommended to dig a well in the area in early spring, when the abundance of melt water helps to raise the level to a maximum mark. The best time is the second half of summer and early autumn, when the level drops to a minimum. Water quality depends on the depth of occurrence, filtering abilities and the level of pollution of the rocks located above it. Groundwater is the first aquifer, the water from which meets sanitary and hygienic standards and is suitable for drinking. This aquifer supplies the well with moisture, ensuring the productivity of shaft structures at a level of 1 m³ to 10 m³ per day.
The interstratal aquifer is located between the impermeable layers and is protected from contamination from the layers above and from the surface. The taste and environmental properties of water from such veins are at a height, however, drilling a well will be required to take it.

For most populated areas, a map of aquifers is created, indicating the depth of water in various areas. Before carrying out reconnaissance work, it is worth asking if it is freely available on the Internet.
Water quality depends on the depth of the aquifer

"Grandfather" methods of finding water

Long before the advent modern methods search using technical means, our ancestors were able to accurately determine the location for the well. At the same time, the quality of well water was considered unsurpassed and was repeatedly sung in folklore. Some traditional methods apply now:

Dowsing. Previously, this activity enjoyed honor and respect; images of people of this profession are found in medieval engravings and paintings. Their work was shrouded in mystery, and the dowsers were credited with magical properties. Now, having familiarized with the special literature, everyone can try to search for water for a well on the site using a vine or a dowsing frame. The effectiveness of the method has been proven by centuries of practice, but success depends on the experience and observation of the dowser.
Inverted vessel. Previously, a clay dry pot was used for this method. However, you can search for water for a well in this way using any vessel. To do this, the vessels are placed upside down in different areas and left for a while. You can determine where to dig a well by the amount of accumulated condensate. There is another option: an absorbent is poured into the vessel, wrapped in cloth and buried. After 10-12 hours, the vessels are dug out and with the help of scales they check where the absorbent has absorbed more water.
Plants. The accumulation of moisture-loving plants in certain places will tell you where to look for water for the well. Willow and alder grow only on moist soils, while some fruit trees(apple, cherry) do not tolerate excessively moist soil.
atmospheric phenomena. It is worth watching the fog early - it will be especially dense in wet lowlands, in addition, abundant dew falls in such places.

In wet lowlands, fog always gathers and dew falls.

There are also a number of signs based on the fact that animals, birds and insects are able to feel the aquifer. Following them, you can try to find a place for the well:

Ants build dwellings at a distance from underground sources.
Mosquitoes and midges, on the contrary, love moisture, in such places their accumulation is observed.
IN hot weather over the source, the horse beats with its hoof, and the dog digs a hole.
Cats do not like excessive dampness and settle down to rest away from wet places.
Ducks and geese lay their eggs above the spring, but chickens prefer to rush in dry places.

Folk methods are not always effective, but they should not be neglected.

Often, the results of observations are used in the subsequent exploration drilling to reduce the amount of work - the search for water in predetermined areas.

Professional Water Finding Methods

Modern methods allow you to determine the location for the well with greater accuracy. Some of them are performed on their own, without resorting to specialists and without purchasing expensive equipment.

Exploration drilling. This method is simple and, at the same time, gives accurate results - the thickness of aquifers, the depth of occurrence, the presence of obstacles in the form of stones are determined, and it is possible to take a water sample for analysis. For work, a manual garden drill is used with the possibility of extending the handle up to 10 m. When drilling, the drill is removed from the pit after passing every 15-20 cm, this will protect the drill from breakage and help determine the aquifer in the well.
difference in atmospheric pressure. This method allows you to find water for a well using a barometer. The choice of location for the well is made based on the difference atmospheric pressure at different heights. With the help of this device, measurements are made at the water level of a nearby open reservoir and on their own site. After that, two numbers are compared and calculations are made. At the same time, it is taken into account that 1 mm of mercury column is equal to 13.6 mm of water column and indicates a height difference of 13-14 m. So, with a difference of 2 mm, the depth of the aquifer is 26-28 m.
electrolytic sounding. Probes are immersed in the ground, and the presence of water is determined by measuring the resistivity. Water-bearing sand can be determined by a change in resistance up to 50-200 ohms. The presence in the immediate vicinity of the place of work of metal structures greatly distorts the results of the research, so this method is used extremely rarely.

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