Licensing of wells for water. The depth of the well to be licensed. Construction and rules for arranging an artesian well for water Organization of a well

An equipped water well is an autonomous and reliable source of water supply for a summer house or a private house.

The organization of individual water supply is not always caused by the lack of a centralized water supply, the reason may be the poor quality of water in the main, interruptions in supply, the deterioration of the water canal network, the high cost of water, its shortage, and other factors.

Almost all owners of dachas or country cottages have an autonomous source of water. Another thing is that their choice may differ. Someone prefers a well, someone likes a well.

By the way, it will be useful to know comparative characteristics – .

This article is for those who opted for a well.

It should be noted that wells are divided into two types depending on the depth of drilling.

Types of wells for water

Since do-it-yourself drilling is supposed, we will consider in more detail the arrangement of wells for sand, as the most accessible in terms of independent implementation.

Drilling a well for water - step by step instructions

1. Depth determination

• shallow (up to 3 m) well breaks through if the aquifer is close to the ground surface, and the water is supposed to be used only for technical needs or irrigation. To drill such a well, a drill, a casing pipe and a hand pump are sufficient;

• medium deep (up to 7 m) well provide water suitable for human consumption. In order to drill a well on your own, in addition to the drill, you will need a shovel and time to build a pit. A pit (pit) with dimensions of 1.5x1.5x1.5 is designed to facilitate drilling to great depths. For convenience, it can be reinforced with plywood or boards. After completion of work, the pit falls asleep. Water is supplied by a pump;

• deep (more than 7 m) well, will completely close the need for water for all residents of a private house or cottage. At the same time, there will be enough water not only for individual consumption, but also for technical needs, sanitary requirements, irrigation, maintenance of a pool or pond (reservoir).

In general, the choice of the type of water intake is determined after a geological study of the location of the well organization. We propose to consider the last option - the device of a deep well with your own hands, as the most difficult of those presented.

2. Well drilling methods

The listed types of wells (this does not apply to artesian or lime wells) can be drilled using the following methods (technologies):

Auger drilling using an auger drill.

The photo shows a small-sized drilling rig MGB50P-02S with a movable hydraulic rotator manufactured by Horizontal.

3. Water well drilling project

In the event that the depth of the aquifer is known exactly, it can be drilled directly with the size of the drill for the casing. If not, you will first need to find out at what depth lies aquifer.

Thus, any well is an individual project, which is influenced by the following parameters:

• geological structure of the soil;

• selected drilling method;

• requirements that are put forward to the quantity and quality of water;

• the requirement to maintain the necessary distances to the places of pollution (arrangement of the "sanitary zone");

• depth of the aquifer. Moreover, this does not mean the first vein to which the drill has reached, but the one that will meet the conditions of use in terms of ensuring the debit of the well.

4. Water well drilling tools

Since the shock-rope method of manual drilling is described, its advantages should be noted:

• preservation of most of the useful soil layer in its original state. Those. heavy equipment will not damage the plantings on the site;

• no restrictions on the place of drilling. A hand drill can be drilled in almost any part of the site;

• simplicity of equipment and minimum requirements for the qualification of the driller.

For work you will need:

• shovel;

• drill with a reinforced cutting part. Tip: you can strengthen the drill by welding cutters onto the screw, the role of which can be played by file elements or a metal shank. In addition, cutters can be sharpened using a grinder;

• trolley for the removal of excavated soil;

• pump type "baby" with a hose;

• container with water.

Suitable for furnishing:

• crushed stone or gravel for a pillow;
• steel wire for the filter;
• pipes;
• wire for arranging a bottom filter.

5. Choice of location and arrangement of the pit

With the help of hired specialists or folk methods (dowsing, barometric method, using silica gel, by the amount of dew, exploratory drilling, etc.), we determine the place where the aquifer is closest to the surface.

Next, we dig a hole. This is the development of soil of a certain depth, the purpose of which is to facilitate the process of drilling a well.

The arrangement of the pit is an important stage for two reasons.

Firstly, the depth of drilling with a drill is reduced.

Secondly, the possibility of soil collapse around the well is excluded.

The dimensions of the pit are determined by the driller, but usually they are 1.5x1.5 and 1.5-2.5m. in depth. So that the soil does not sprinkle, the pit is reinforced with plywood, boards or metal.

6. First method: tripod - drilling rig

A tripod is a percussion-cable mechanism for drilling water wells. The support structure will be needed in order to facilitate the drilling process through the use of a drill glass.

Such a drilling rig is compact and has a significant margin of safety. The principle of operation of the installation is simple: a glass falling into the ground absorbs the soil. Depending on the composition of the soil in one stroke, you can choose from 20 cm to 1 m of soil. To facilitate the work, you can fill the drilling site with water. From time to time, the drill glass must be cleaned of soil stuffed into it.

Attention: The cable on which the drill is attached must be longer than the depth of the well. Otherwise, it will break off, and the drill will remain at the bottom.

The casing pipe can be installed simultaneously with the advance to the depth or after all the work has been completed.

7. The second method - casing and drill

During the drilling process, you can immediately install the casing. Then its diameter must be greater than the diameter of the drill, so that the drill can move freely in the pipe.

When performing work, you need to constantly monitor the moisture content of the soil being removed so as not to miss the aquifer (otherwise it can be closed with a pipe). The main features are below.

Material prepared for the site site

If after pumping out 2-3 buckets muddy water, clean still has not appeared, drilling should continue to a more capacious layer.

Important: the pump is not designed for such operating conditions, so after water treatment it may break. It is recommended to use only a high-quality pump.

8. Well casing

Steel or plastic pipes can be used for casing (service life up to 50 years). But the use of galvanized pipes is not recommended, due to the risk of water contamination with zinc impurities.

The meaning of the upset is as follows:

• prevention of shedding of the walls of the well;

• prevention of well silting;

• elimination of the possibility of getting into the well of perched water (water upper layers, melt or rain water);

• eliminating the risk of clogging the well.

The installation of the casing pipe is carried out immediately after the completion of work or directly during the drilling process.

Tip: if the pipes go "creaking" you need to attach a sledgehammer to them.

9. Flushing the well with water after drilling

The installation of a casing pipe does not end there. Now you need to flush the well. To do this, a pipe is lowered into it, through which water is supplied under pressure. Thanks to the pressure of water, a layer of clay and sand will be washed out of the well, which must be pumped out. After the appearance of clean water, it must be handed over for analysis. Requirements for the quality of water from a well are regulated by SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 (Russia) or DSanPіN 2.2.4-171-10 (Ukraine). If the water quality is satisfactory, work can continue.

10. Bottom filter for sand well

The purpose of the filter is to protect the pipe from silting.

How to make a filter for a well?

You can make a slotted filter with your own hands, for this you need to make notches (cuts) with a grinder at the end of the pipe.

Tip: for notches, you need to use a thin disk (0.8mm). Pay attention - many notches will weaken the pipe.

The easiest option is to purchase a ready-made filter.

Important: without a filter, the well will not work for long. Its absence is justified only in deep water wells (more than 40 m)

11. Well debit for water

To get a complete picture of the capacity of the well for sand, you need to wait a day, and then check the level of incoming water. If the incoming water is sufficient for the needs of users, the distance between the soil and the casing can be filled. The pit is also buried.

12. The buildup of a well for water after drilling

This is a required step. To perform buildup or simply final cleaning of the well, you need to install a high-power centrifugal pump and periodically pump out water for 1.5-2 weeks.

Tip: You should decide in advance where the pumped water will be redirected.

13. Drilling a water well with your own hands - video

Manual technology using the shock-rope method of hole punching.

14. Installing a pump for a well for water

Please note that surface-type pumps are not intended for installation in a well. Due to the depth limitation of 8 m. For these purposes, only a submersible pump is suitable - centrifugal or vibration. Each of the subspecies has its own advantages, and the final choice can be made by analyzing the influence of such factors as:

• well depth;
• water level in the well;
• casing diameter;
• well debit;
• water pressure in the well;
• well pump cost.

15. Putting the well into operation

If drilling a well under water was not carried out independently, but with the involvement of a third-party organization, then before accepting work, you need to require the following documents:

• hydrogeological conclusion on the possibility of implementing a water well project;

• well passport;

• permission of the sanitary and epidemiological station (checks the quality of water and the compliance of the sanitary zone with the requirements);

• certificate of completion.

If all the work will be carried out independently, then the main thing is not to rush, but to withstand the technology and observe all the key points in the process of drilling a well for water. At the same time, do not forget that only the use of high-quality materials (in particular, pipes and a pump) will be the key to long-term operation of the well.

Owners of dachas and country houses need to equip their own water supply system. It is not always possible for them to connect to the central highway. In this case, the ideal solution would be to arrange your own source. Before proceeding to action, you should familiarize yourself with the theoretical aspect, find out the principle of operation of the well and options for drilling it.

Before finding out the answer to the question of how a well is arranged, it would be quite logical to study the methods and devices that contribute to its formation. Possible options drilling:

• diamond drilling. Named after the type of working tool. It is rarely used due to its high cost.
• Turbine drilling. Wells for water appear due to the use of a turbodrill. When the turbine turns, it makes translational movements. Drill pipes are used in the process.
• Electric drill. Operation of the device involves its preliminary connection to a power source. The drilling process is easily controlled from the surface.
• Hydrodynamic drilling. Its use is relevant for creating filterless structures. Indispensable in cases where it is important to strictly adhere to the form.
• Auger drilling destroys the rock, which is then raised up. Used when working with soft rocks for shallow wells. This technique is very popular, but completely unsuitable for working with hard areas.
• Pneumatic drilling. Actual for use at shallow depths. It is characterized by high energy consumption, therefore it is rarely used by cottage owners.
• Screw motors. Working with them is like turbine drilling. The relatively small dimensions of the screw make it more comfortable to use. Often used to create water intake systems in suburban areas.

The main stages of drilling in the following video:

The principle of the well

The principle of operation is identical for all types of water wells. What is it?

1. After drilling the well, the casing pipe is installed. It can be steel or plastic, perforated or asbestos-cement. Such a device protects the walls from shedding, as a result of which the water is polluted, and the source ceases to function over time.
2. The primary purification of the liquid from solid particles is performed by the filter. It is fixed to the bottom of the casing string. To do this, burn or drill holes. The perforated part of the device is covered with a filter mesh.
3. A cap is used to seal the mouth
4. The pump lifts water through pipes. It is installed after the installation of the casing string.

Important! Beforehand, a check valve, cable and pressure pipe are connected to the pump. The power of the equipment is calculated based on the data - the distance of the well from the consumer; the distance between the aquifer and the ground.

1. The water pipe is connected to the water pipe.
2. Insulate the well.
3. All the necessary elements for water supply automation are installed, including the pressure control system.

Functional nodes of the well

The well has a lot of elements:

• Water intake. Its device is characterized by the presence of a grid and a check valve.
• Suction line. Through it, water enters the pump housing or pumping station.
• Pump directly. It sucks in liquid and lifts it up under pressure.
• Pressure switch.
• Hydraulic accumulator. Protects against water hammer.
• Electric motor.

Well equipment

To establish the work of the well, you need to use the following elements:

• Safety rope pump and electrical cable for subsequent connection.
• Automatic device, which will regulate the voltage and protect the engine from overheating.
• Hydropneumotank. Its task is to protect against hydraulic shocks, adjust the pressure, and reduce the frequency of the pump on and off. Tank sizes vary from 10 to 10,000 liters. The optimal volume for an average house is 100 liters.
• Caisson. The steel tank serves to protect the equipment needed to lift the water. It is installed at a depth of 0.5-1 m.

Attention! The structure must be insulated and waterproofed.

• Wire (which ensures uninterrupted supply) and water pipes (lead from the caisson to the house).

The sequence of connecting elements

The scheme for connecting a well to water has the following order:

• Outside, the arrangement of the water supply system begins with the determination of indicators: the depth of the source and the power of the pump. Most pump units have a built-in check valve, otherwise it will need to be installed.

Important! check valve holds water under pressure.

• Connecting the pipeline should not cause any difficulties. They are mounted after connecting the casing pipes with a head and a coupling. It is imperative to make sure that the joints are sealed, otherwise the pipe may break during operation. The diameter of the water pipes must exceed 3.2 cm.
• A moat is dug between the well and the house. Pipes are laid at a depth of 0.5-1 m and insulated with mineral wool.
• Having decided to supply water using above-ground communications, you must also take care of their insulation. Sometimes a heating cable is laid for this.
• At the end of the external work, a hole of about 5 cm is punched in the foundation of the building. A sleeve is inserted into it and pipes are inserted. The site is sealed with mounting foam.

The arrangement of a well for water can be viewed on the video:

Well device diagram

The arrangement of the well can have various variations. The scheme depends on the materials of manufacture and the type of well.

In general, the device diagram looks like this:

• The water rises from the aquifer, passes through the filter and ends up inside the working with a circular cross section.
• The switched on pump directs the liquid through the water pipe.
• Water moves up and enters the receiver, and from there into the water supply.

The design of an artesian well is clearly reflected in the photo:

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To organize the water supply of a private house from a well, the equipment installation scheme must take into account daily water consumption, the depth of the aquifer, and the removal of the source from the cottage. The main problems of autonomous water supply are: the stabilization of pressure in pipes, the choice of pumping equipment, its placement at the mouth or inside the dwelling.

House water supply from a well

Features of water supply from a well

The main differences between a well and a well are the following nuances:

• the possibility of taking water from several horizons - perch, sandy, artesian horizons;

• reliable sealing of the mouth - to protect a small hole in the ground from debris, precipitation is much easier;

• greater depths - more powerful volatile equipment is used, in case of an emergency power outage, a backup generator is needed;
• a caisson - a pit with a depth of 1.5 - 2.5 m at the mouth is necessary for inserting a pressure line, which must be located below the freezing mark, for placing equipment.

Related article:

If you plan to supply a private house from a well, the scheme should take into account several factors:

• operating mode- in dwellings of periodic use (cottage), heating is switched on sporadically, therefore it is necessary to provide for a slope for regular draining of fluid from all internal circuits (winter water supply);

• source characteristics- only artesian wells have a maximum resource (50 years), the water from them almost does not require filtration, does not contain sand impurities that are harmful to deep / surface pumps;
• operating conditions- depending on the ratio of well flow rate / daily water consumption, different wiring schemes are used so that there is enough water during peak hours;
• source location- unlike a well, there is experience in operating wells inside the building (ground floor, underground), which simplifies maintenance, reduces the budget for the construction of a water supply system.

Helpful advice! The purchase of filtration, special equipment (softeners, iron removers) without consulting a specialist, laboratory analysis of fluid from a well is a waste of money. In practical conditions, coarse and fine filters are sufficient.

Overview of options, schemes, pros and cons

The principle of home plumbing is extremely simple - a pump is installed in the well or on the surface, supplying liquid to the CHC, hot water systems, for irrigation. However, there are problems:

• to maintain a stable pressure in the pipeline, the pump must operate constantly when any tap inside the house is opened, which causes increased equipment wear;
• when there is a power outage, there is no water supply;
• pump power may not be enough for several consumers;
• pumping equipment must be placed somewhere.

Therefore, the scheme includes the elements:

• source - a well "on sand" or an artesian type;
• pump - deep centrifugal or surface;
• caisson - a pit at the mouth for placing equipment, tie-ins of the pressure line below the level of soil freezing;
• non-return valve - protects against spontaneous flow of water back into the well when the pumping equipment is turned off;
• hydraulic accumulator - an expansion tank with membranes inside it that react to changes in pressure in the pressure line;
• filtration equipment - performs the function of removing impurities to improve water quality;
• automation systems - pressure switches, devices that control the presence of water inside the pump.

System elements

The budget option is the water supply of a private house from a well, the scheme of which includes a storage tank located in highest point buildings (, attic). The best option for most cottages is the use of a pumping station, which also includes a hydraulic accumulator.

If the well flow rate is insufficient during peak loads, it has a depth of more than 50 m, or is located far from the building, you will have to choose a two-stage scheme that has the maximum resource for construction and operation. only on the pressure line after the HC, otherwise the pump may fail if the cartridges become clogged.

tower system

With a tower water supply of a private house from a well, the scheme looks like:

• pump - fills a container located in the attic, the volume of which is sufficient to provide all consumers during peak hours, water enters the taps, the boiler flows by gravity;
• expansion tank - does not have additional equipment or is equipped with a float switch, after filling the pump is turned off, as the liquid is consumed, the level decreases, the equipment turns on again.

This a budget option However, space is required for the tank, head/pressure in internal DHW circuits, cold water are not stable.

Pumping station

The scheme of the water supply system of a private house from a well with a pumping station is more convenient to use:

When the pressure in the pressure line decreases when the tap is opened, the relay is activated, the pump pumps water into the accumulator. After the membrane is stretched, the pump is turned off, the pressure in the cold water and hot water pipes equalizes independently.

Two-stage feed

If the power of the pumping station is not enough during the peak water flow, an expansion tank with a float switch is installed after it. The pump fills the tank, turns off, after the tank the next injection pump is mounted. The accumulator is installed after it in a similar way.

Thanks to the expansion tank, the flow rate of the system is increased to the required level.

Winter plumbing

The problem of draining water is relevant, not only during the periodic operation of the water supply in the home, but also during repair work. Therefore, even in cottages permanent residence a winter plumbing scheme is used.

To do this, all circuits of the system have a slope for gravity draining of the liquid. The non-return valve on the suction pipe prevents water from flowing back. In addition, the volume of the well does not allow a large amount of liquid to be drained into it.

Therefore, a sewer pipe cuts into the lower section of the system, during repair work or conservation of the water supply system between visits to the dacha in winter, the water is drained into or a separate shambo.

Related article:

Plumbing installation technology

After the daily water consumption has been calculated, a water supply scheme has been drawn up in a private house from a well and the pipe section, the characteristics of the pumping station have been selected, and installation is underway. The technology looks like:

• source production - drilling a sand or artesian well inside the house or on the site, installation of a casing pipe;
• construction of a caisson - a well at the mouth with a depth below the freezing mark, with a diameter sufficient to accommodate and maintain equipment, the upper part is covered with a hatch decorated in landscape design;
• equipment installation - pumping station, filters;

On a private lot great importance has its own water source. Having a well in your use, you can organize independent water supply not only at home, but throughout the territory.

The well, which is planned to be made and equipped, will be a more economical option compared to attracting specialists to equip an independent water source on the site. It is a well of small diameter, reaching the aquifer. Equipment for such a pit is not only its organization, but also preparation for subsequent use:

• strengthening walls with casing pipes;
• organizing the delivery of water to the house or to the site in predetermined places by immersing the pump deep into;
• well cleanliness.

Search for an aquifer on the site

The main task in organizing a well will be the question of finding an aquifer in the territory. There are several options for finding a place to drill a hole in the ground. Some are based on actual terrain data: maps that show exactly where groundwater occurs. Others - on observations of plants, as well as natural phenomena. No less often used willow twig method.

Depending on some natural phenomena, as well as from the results of the site inspection, you can roughly guess at what depth the aquifer lies. It determines the choice necessary equipment for the production of water wells.

What to drill

After determining the final location, it is necessary to decide how the water well will be made. Most effective method organization of an independent source on the site is drilling. For self-fulfillment such work can be used as a small-sized drilling rig, having light weight, and suitable for use even by a non-professional, and a home-made tool - a hand drill. The choice of tool depends on the depth of the aquifer.

A garden drill is a rod with the possibility of its extension, at the end of which cutting elements are located. They loosen the soil, allowing it to be more freely picked up by helical plates located on the bar after the cutting elements.

garden drill use :

• When the aquifer is located at a distance of 5-7 meters from the surface.
• It is easy to make as well as to use.
• Drilling can be carried out by one person.

How to work with a garden drill:

• Clearing the area from sod.
• Installing the garden drill in its original position.
• Start drilling in the right direction.
• Periodic extraction of a garden drill from a well to free it from the taken soil.

Small-sized drilling rig (MBU) is used:

• When the aquifer occurs at a depth of up to 10-15 m.
• Requires space for installation and manual assembly, as well as the organization of two small holes in the ground when preparing the MBU for work.
• The organization of a well for water can be carried out in 1 day.

MBU work order:

• Transportation of MBU to the site.
• Assembly of drilling equipment.
• Ensuring the performance of the MBU.
• Monitoring the operation of the drilling rig and the necessary corrections during operation.

Water intake source equipment

A water well needs not only its initial organization, but also subsequent equipment for use. This means that the walls of the hole must be reinforced with pipes so that access to the aquifer is not only unhindered, but also as clean as possible, without including soil elements.

Rules for the location of the pipe in the well:

• The diameter of the pipe should be slightly smaller than the diameter of the drilled hole for its convenient location.
• It is desirable to place a solid pipe. If this is not possible, then select segments of the same diameter with smooth edges, for the minimum possibility of contamination of the water source.
• Each section of the well casing must be carefully secured with special clamps, which will prevent the casing from settling deep into the aquifer.
• Often there is a rise of the casing, so it is necessary to consider its fastening already on the surface.

After equipping the well with a pipe, you need to consider raising water from depth to the surface. The most successful way would be to use a submersible pump directly into the aquifer and run hoses from it to supply both the house and the irrigation tank on the site. The power of the submersible pump is preliminarily calculated taking into account the height to which water will be supplied.

Video

The drilling process (well drilling) includes the following operations: mechanical drilling (destruction of rock); tripping operations associated with the change of worn bits; preparatory and auxiliary work (building tools, electrometric studies, etc.); wellbore casing (casing running and cementing); equipment repair work, elimination of complications, accidents, defects.

All technical and organizational measures in the process of mechanical drilling are primarily aimed at increasing the rate of penetration and construction of a well in a given direction.

Increasing drilling speed is largely dependent on right choice mode, the main parameters of which include the axial load on the bit, the frequency of its rotation, the quantity and quality of the drilling fluid.

Electrometric studies also help determine the azimuth (direction) and curvature of the borehole.

These works are carried out by specialized parties that are part of the geophysical enterprise.

After the casing strings are lowered, cementing is carried out, i.e. pouring cement mortar into the well with raising it to a certain level in the annulus. This operation ensures the integrity of the well-formation system.

Cementing works are carried out by a specialized plugging shop of a drilling enterprise or a plugging department. The main production units are cementing teams.

The drilling of the well is carried out by a drilling team headed by a drilling foreman. Its quantitative composition is determined taking into account the need to ensure the continuity of the process. The drilling crew, as a rule, consists of three main shifts (shifts) and one additional one.

The quantitative composition of a separate watch depends on the type of power drive of the drilling rig. So, with an electrified power drive, the shift consists of four people: a driller and three assistants. In case of a power drive with internal combustion engines, one or two (depending on the number of engines) diesel drivers are additionally added to the watch. When drilling a well with an electric drill, one electrician is included in the watch.

The senior in the shift is a driller of the V or VI category, depending on the category of the well. The first assistant driller has the IV category, the second assistant has the third category. The ranks of the driller's assistants can be increased when drilling wells with a depth of more than 4000 m in particularly difficult geological conditions.

In addition to shift watch personnel, the drilling rig is serviced by an equipment repairman, and when using an electric drive, an electrician is also in addition, both of them work in one shift.

When lowering casing strings, the composition of the watch increases by 2-4 people, depending on the diameter of the strings. When lowering casing strings with butt welded joints, depending on the type of welding (manual or automatic), the required number of electric welders is included in the watch.

It is allowed to introduce additionally into the composition of the drilling team: the positions of the head of the drilling rig, two drilling foremen and an engineer for flushing fluid when drilling wells with a depth of more than 4500 m; positions of senior drilling foreman - head of drilling, drilling foreman and engineer for flushing fluid when drilling wells with a depth of more than 3500 m in complicated geological conditions.

Well productivity testing is the final stage of the well construction cycle, it includes: installation and dismantling of test facilities (if necessary), wellhead equipment, tubing descent, casing string perforation, inflow call and study of the productive horizon, repair isolation work to block formation waters, work to intensify the inflow.

The organization of the well testing process primarily depends on the equipment and technology used. Currently, mobile specialized units are widely used for testing wells. If the process of testing wells for productivity takes little time, then a drilling rig is used.

Organizational forms of work on testing wells in different areas are not the same, they are carried out by both drilling and specialized teams for testing, perforation of the casing string in the well - geophysical parties.

Well testing shifts consist of 4-5 people. They usually work in two shifts. To increase the workload of the crews due to significant technological shutdowns, it is planned to work simultaneously on two wells.

In some areas, the testing is carried out by drilling and oil and gas companies jointly. In this case, drillers run tubing with a filter and flush the well, install and pressure test Christmas trees. The oil and gas producing enterprise mounts tanks, ladders, connects the well to the field collector and calls for the inflow of oil (gas).