Modern methods of processing household waste. We recycle waste, but we get ... energy resources. Efficient waste recycling methods. Modern technologies for the disposal and processing of solid household and industrial waste

Waste recycling is one of the ways to dispose of it. The most promising and rational. Meanwhile, neutralization and disposal and incineration are actively used (albeit due to savings on disposal, as well as due to the waste itself).

All waste is divided into 5 hazard classes. Grade 1 is the most harmful. To obtain the right to work with waste, you must obtain a license. The main classical methods of waste disposal are incineration and burial. We single out recycling as the most interesting and promising way of waste disposal.

Disposal of household waste - ways

Recycling

Recycling is a growing and most promising method of waste disposal, both industrial and domestic. Hundreds of types of waste are recycled. Eg:

• Waste car tires are crushed into crumbs using a crusher, then rubber coatings, decorative mulch, etc. are produced in special reactors at a temperature of 4500 C. Rubber is also processed into fuel.
• Lamps are mostly mercury-containing lamps, so they require special processing.
• On the processing and disposal of construction waste, sand recycling.
• Waste disposal + non-woven fabric recycling.
• Paper waste: in hydrothinners, they are dissolved into fibers, cleaned of impurities by filtration, precipitation, thermomechanical treatment. Then there is discoloration and the formation of paper pulp. way reuse they make cardboard, toilet paper, fuel briquettes, etc. A separate procedure is provided for the disposal of official documents.
• Waste oils (motor, hydraulic, compression, etc.) are cleaned and regenerated using industrial plants. It is possible to obtain both oil and diesel fuel. However, waste is little used in special furnaces for heating + filter recycling.
• Metal waste is collected, sorted (large parts are cut and pressed) and re-melted into production.
• Waste batteries: first cut the case, then drain the electrolyte. Metal and plastic are separated by melting, with further use of the components.
• Recycling of polymers, plastic waste - processed into granules, which are used in further production (plastic bottles, film).

Working in a plastic recycling shop. coming manual sorting: mountains of plastic bottles were brought in and sorters manually divide them, remove the caps.

• Household and office equipment is sorted, parts containing drag are separated. metals, plastic, metal. How to order the disposal of office equipment. Special attention is paid to cable recycling.
• Old furniture is dismantled and parts are sorted by materials.
• Wood waste, shavings, sawdust are processed into pellets or heating briquettes.
• Batteries are disassembled into components, each of which has its own prospects for further use.
• Electroplating waste requires special care due to its toxicity.
• Glass is crushed and melted down.
• Fat waste is processed into a solid mass.
• Solvents and paints and varnishes can be used as fuel (after treatment and only in some cases, since the material is very toxic).

Waste disposal equipment

Disposal of waste that cannot be recycled and further used occurs in various ways.

Waste incineration equipment

Combustion is carried out in special furnaces, which are of several types.

For burning solid household waste solid waste installations are used, for agricultural waste, for example, sunflower seed husks, waste heat boilers.

In medicine, a small apparatus is used - a needle burner. It is used to ensure that used syringes are not reused. Such an incinerator is powered by an electrical network and burns a needle in 2-3 seconds.

Recovery plants are widely used in industry. These are entire complexes that destroy sludge, cellulose waste and oil refining industry in large volumes. The heat generated during combustion is used for space heating and other technical needs.

Waste disposal equipment

Waste is buried in special landfills. They are located outside settlements, in places where groundwater does not approach the surface of the earth and there are no reservoirs.

The main equipment for waste disposal is bulldozers and compactors. This technique allows you to use the space as rationally as possible, compacting the debris.

Wastes that cannot be recycled or disposed of in other ways are subject to burial. It can be construction waste, waste from the woodworking industry, as well as hazardous materials containing mercury, lead, sublimate and other chemicals. Radioactive substances are subject to disposal at separate landfills, where strict safety control is carried out for environment.

Burial should be carried out according to a strictly defined technology, which requires special equipment. The disposal plant is a technique for transporting waste, a unit for placing them in a container, and then placing them in a pit. There is equipment for solid, liquid and dry waste.

Certain chemicals must be decontaminated prior to disposal. Decontamination is done by chemical reactions in special bunkers or thermally in thermal chambers. Such chambers do not burn waste, but make it safe for humans and nature with the help of high temperature.

Purification of industrial emissions

Industry processes a wide variety of raw materials in huge volumes. At the output of technological processes, not only the final product appears, but also waste - liquid, solid and gaseous.

The main requirement for technologies and equipment for waste processing is to prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment in quantities above the permissible concentration. Almost all enterprises for waste treatment use complex sequential treatment methods, including mechanical, physico-chemical, electrochemical, chemical and biological components.

Cleaning of drains

Wastewater treatment from insoluble impurities is carried out by hydromechanical means - filtration, settling, trapping, filtering, processing of suspended particles in centrifuges.

These processes are provided by fairly easy-to-use equipment - settling tanks, nets, gratings, sand traps, centrifuges, hydrocyclones (or sand separators). Design features such devices are associated primarily with the volume of water discharge. According to these volumes, sewage tanks are designed to be used to ensure a closed production cycle.

Wastewater treatment from soluble impurities is carried out by chemical methods - neutralization (for example, acids are mutually neutralized with alkalis with the precipitation of a solid less dangerous precipitate), coagulation, when emulsions and dispersed substances are precipitated by salts of certain metals, oxidation by oxidizing agents - oxygen, ozone, potassium permanganate and etc. to reduce the harmfulness of substances, flocculation - the deposition of flakes of substances using starch.

Finely dispersed impurities and dissolved gases are removed from water by physical and chemical methods - saturation of wastewater with water, the use of absorbents, ionization.
Wastewater may contain impurities that are a valuable raw material for other industries. Such impurities are isolated by the electrochemical method by means of electrolyzers. Also, sea water is desalinated by such methods, radioactive water is purified.

Biological purification is carried out by bacteria living in an oxygen or anoxic environment.

Purification of atmospheric emissions

Purification of atmospheric gaseous and dust-containing industrial emissions takes place in several stages. The main components of such emissions are dust (suspended solid particles), fog (suspended particles of liquids), smoke (gases, extremely fine particles of matter or condensate aerosols), mixed aerosols (consisting of the three previous components. Cleaning occurs sequentially - from larger particles - dust, to the smallest - smoke.

At the first stage of cleaning, dust collectors are used, at the next stage, dry mechanical cleaning of emissions takes place in the so-called cyclones or dust settling chambers. The next step - wet mechanical cleaning - takes place in scrubbers of various designs, operating on different absorbents. The choice of active substance depends on the properties of the substance to be extracted. For example, carbon dioxide is absorbed by an ammonia solution. The last step is dry filtration. It uses tissue, biological and electrical filters. Electrostatic precipitators deposit the smallest smoke particles on the electrodes due to their ionization by a corona discharge.

Solid Waste Treatment

Depending on the nature and physical properties of recyclable waste, they are burned, processed in special biogenerators by means of microorganisms, hydrolysis and fermentation - for example, ethanol is obtained from cellulose waste. by the most effective way purification is pyrolysis - high-temperature decomposition of a substance into components with a lack of oxygen. For industrial pyrolysis, tubular pyrolysis reactors are used.

Emission recovery

An important aspect of waste treatment, often used on an industrial scale, is recovery, that is, the inclusion of production waste in a closed production cycle after appropriate treatment. Structurally, heat recovery plants vary significantly depending on the industry.

Every year the problem of garbage accumulation becomes acute. Today it poses a great threat to nature and man. This is due to the emergence of new industrial enterprises and the increase in the volume of their products. According to statistics, annually the number solid waste consumption and production increases by an average of 10-15%.

A few decades ago, garbage was simply taken to landfills and remained untouched. However, the situation has changed dramatically in better side. Scientists came to grips with solving environmental problems and developed special waste recycling technologies. These innovations reduce the cost of waste disposal and even extract economic benefits from the remaining raw materials. As a result, recycled materials receive new life. They can be reused in different areas of human activity, for example, in construction or in agriculture.

Target setting

Since recycling technologies are a way to save natural resources, many countries are developing and subsidizing special programs return of waste to the production cycle.

To successfully implement them, the authorities often involve ordinary citizens who can help in collecting household waste. necessary for several reasons:

• it allows the preservation of limited natural resources and gives time and opportunity to replenish them;
• used products are the strongest source of ecosystem pollution;
• secondary and tertiary materials are cheaper and more accessible than natural sources.

Subsequent processing of waste, or recycling, is associated with technogenesis. It is ideal for printing and organic waste, as well as for rubber, plastic products, glass and.

Profits and costs

Each recycling technology is viewed through the lens of capital investment.

This approach involves the division of secondary raw materials into types:

• High quality products such as scrap metal or glass. They do not contain impurities, so their processing does not require huge amounts of costs.
• Medium quality materials require the use of special technologies and capital comparable to the profit from the sale of processed products. This group includes textiles and waste paper.
• Hard-to-recycle waste - polyethylene, broken glass and leftovers. In the process of their processing, valuable substances are extracted, and this requires certain costs.
• Hazardous secondary waste is treated with special treatment methods and technologies. This is an expensive business from an economic point of view.

Solid Waste Processing Technology

Different variants

Each type of raw material has its own processing technology:

• Sorting waste into fine fractions precedes waste disposal and recycling. This process can be carried out manually or on special machines. Consumed materials are reduced in size as their constituent components are crushed and sieved.
• One of the most common methods is incineration. It allows to obtain additional products necessary for the production of electricity and heat supply. The fire method reduces the amount of waste used by 10 times. Since innovations are aimed at the renewal of resources, the government of many civilized countries encourages their implementation, abandoning the usual waste incineration. Scientists have recognized that this method is costly and adversely affects human health. During combustion, toxic substances are released into the atmosphere that can provoke cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Therefore, the processing of waste by incineration should be carried out on special installations or at incineration plants, taking into account all the rules and requirements. Waste incineration plants, depending on the type of furnaces, use different technologies waste treatment, such as stratified combustion, fluidized bed method, pyrolysis, gasification.
• Composting technology is used in agriculture and animal husbandry. It is based on natural reactions. Microorganisms living in the soil and in organic waste processing the source material. As a result, a new product is formed - compost, which can be used as a fertilizer. Composting is useful way recycling, as it retains moisture, saturates the soil beneficial substances and improve her condition. Over time, it improved: in practice, heated hermetic installations began to be used to speed up the decomposition process.
• Earthen backfilling of animal waste involves obtaining it for further use as organic fuel. This process is carried out at special landfills. Processing takes place in the depths of the earth, where ideal conditions for the growth of microscopic bacteria. An industrial installation with ventilation pipes, gas collectors, boilers and tightly closed containers is built in there. The decomposition of biomass occurs in stages and over a certain period.

Keep up with the times

Not so long ago, new technologies for the further use of industrial and household waste have appeared. They allow you to extract economic benefits, therefore, they attract the attention of businessmen and public figures.

The thermal method consists in the fact that solid household waste is burned, freed from organic compounds and neutralized for subsequent disposal and disposal.

As a result, the original material is significantly reduced in volume, and some types of raw materials can be reused. The thermal method is suitable for, as it destroys pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms.

is a unique and promising waste recycling technology.

The process is carried out at very high temperatures ah melting, resulting in the gas required to generate electricity and heat. This method is environmentally friendly. It allows you to achieve good results.

"3R" technology acquired the right to life in 2000. Specialists from various fields are involved in its implementation using the latest equipment - a pyrolysis plant.

The innovative method involves the phased implementation of production tasks. First, the waste to be recycled is analyzed and classified. Then, their payback and efficiency of use are calculated.

At the next stage, the collected material is automatically sorted, crushed and cleaned. This is a complex technological process that can be subjected to any type of waste.

Scientists have proved that 96 kg of ready-made high-quality raw materials are produced from 100 kg of waste. "3R" technology was tested by German engineers. Today they are ready to share their experience with specialists from other countries.

A look into the future

The modern waste disposal technologies used make it possible to simultaneously solve problems aimed at the elimination and processing of waste, saving natural resources and obtaining additional energy sources.

Science does not stand still. Scientists and environmentalists work together to decide ecological problems world level. Today, in many laboratories, they are researching new methods of recycling and disposal of waste using advanced equipment.

Who knows, maybe very soon traditional list innovations will be added, and humanity will receive the greatest benefit from this.

Askarova Ekaterina

Abstract with presentation

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Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 6"

ABSTRACT ON TECHNOLOGY on the topic

"New household recycling technology

And production waste in the modern world»

(school scientific and practical conference"_Live the Earth")

10th grade students

Askarova Ekaterina Sergeevna

Head E.V. Shirokov

Pelagiad

2013

R E C E N Z I A

on the essay of a 10th grade student Ekaterina Askarova on the topic "New technologies for processing household and industrial waste in the modern world."
Reviewer teacher of technology Shirokova E.V.

The abstract submitted for the preparation of feedback and review corresponds to the level of educational and research work of the student in the subject area of ​​technology. The topic of the abstract is relevant and is devoted to one of the important research problems - the creation of safe waste-free technologies in the modern world.

Based on the study of a fairly large amount of research literature, the abstract summarizes the results of a study of environmental problems of human technogenic activity. The ways of solving environmental problems of environmental pollution by production waste in Russia and in the world are considered.

The undoubted advantage of the abstract is the study of promising technologies for secondary production. Since an intensive way to solve the global environmental problem is the reduction of resource-intensive production and the transition to low-waste technologies.

In general, the work complies with the requirements for the design of a student essay.

1. Introduction. Ecological problems of modern civilization ………. 3

2. Do not turn the planet into a dump……………………………………………..

3. Disposal of waste from medical institutions …………...

4. Modern technologies for the processing of municipal solid waste ...

5. Creation and development of non-waste production in Russia……………..

6. Perspective technologies of secondary plastics……………………….

7. World experience of secondary production resources……………………….

8.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...

9. References……………………………………………………………

Introduction

Ecological problems of modern civilization

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of air and environmental pollution. Large quantities of gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment. Various chemicals that are in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, and eventually enter the human body. On the globe it is impossible to find a place where pollutants were not present in one concentration or another. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small stations, scientists have found toxic substances of industrial origin. Streams bring them here atmospheric air. Even a short-term effect of some of them on the human body can cause dizziness, cough, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting. Ingestion of toxic substances in high concentrations can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action is smog formed in large cities or accidental emissions toxic substances industrial enterprises into the atmosphere.

The technologies used by mankind are focused primarily on the use of non-renewable natural resources. These are oil, coal, ores, etc. At the same time, their use technologically entails disturbances in the surrounding world: soil fertility and the amount of fresh water the atmosphere is polluted.

For a year, only 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. As a result, thinning ozone layer, ozone holes appear. Ultraviolet rays rush into these holes, from which people develop cancer. There is less and less oxygen on Earth. And the exhaust gases of the plants of the black and chemical industries, boiler houses, and transport are more and more.

Scientists have calculated that every year around the world so many harmful substances get into water bodies that they could fill 10 thousand freight trains. Even washing powder has been found in Arctic waters.

The soil is formed slowly: it takes hundreds and even thousands of years for this. But it can be destroyed very quickly. Over the past hundred years, approximately 1/4 of all fertile soils have been destroyed on Earth.

Let's not turn the planet into a dump

Today, using the established technologies, humanity has a diverse structure of all kinds of waste of domestic and industrial origin. These wastes, gradually accumulating, turned into a real disaster.The most commonUntil recently, the method of dealing with household waste in cities - taking them to landfills - does not solve the problem, but frankly, it exacerbates it. Landfills are not only an epidemiological hazard, they inevitably become a powerful source of biological pollution. The main component of biogas - methane - is recognized as one of the culprits of the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and other global disasters. In total, more than a hundred toxic substances enter the environment from waste. Landfills often burn, releasing toxic smoke into the atmosphere.

Huge territories have been alienated for decades as landfills for garbage, they, of course, could be used with greater benefit. And, finally, in order to equip the landfill and keep it up to modern environmental requirements, large funds are needed. The reclamation of closed (no longer active) landfills is very expensive. This is a whole range of measures, the purpose of which is to stop harmful effect landfills on the environment, including soil and groundwater. The reclamation of just one hectare of landfill today costs 6 million rubles. Transportation costs for transporting waste are also high, since landfills are usually located far from the city.

The amount of accumulated garbage is constantly growing. Now it is from 150 to 600 kg per year for every city dweller. Most garbage is produced in the USA (520 kg per year per inhabitant), in Norway, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands - 200-300 kg, in Moscow - 300-320 kg.

In order for paper to decompose in the natural environment, it takes from two to ten years, a tin can - more than 90 years, a cigarette filter - 100 years, plastic bag- more than 200 years, plastic - 500 years, glass - more than 1000 years. Think about this before throwing an old plastic bag or bottle into the woods.

Modern household and industrial waste contains a lot of extremely slowly decomposing plastics (polymeric materials). With new polymeric materials, the situation is better - they contain light-sensitive molecular groups that are easily absorbed by microorganisms. The rate of decomposition of such polymeric waste

increases many times over, there is no need to burn them in high-temperature furnaces.

The United States remains one of the most "littered" countries in the world; up to 160 million garbage is generated there annually. A column of ten-ton trucks loaded with this garbage would stretch from the Earth to the Moon, and the 18 billion disposable diapers that Americans throw away every year can be stretched from the Earth to the Moon 7 times.

The porous styroform used to make disposable cups is environmentally hazardous. If you arrange the glasses used in a year in a row, they will encircle the Earth at the equator 463 times. This plastic does not decompose in nature, and during its production from expensive oil, chlorocarbons are released into the atmosphere, which destroy the ozone layer.

In the US, only 20% of the garbage is recycled, the rest is concentrated in landfills. Up to 1/3 of this waste is containers. Americans spend 75% of their glass, 50% paper, 40% aluminum, 40% plastic, 8% steel on packaging. Every hour Americans use 2.5 million plastic bottles. The governments of developed countries are beginning to pay more and more attention to environmental issues and encourage the creation of appropriate technologies. Systems for cleaning territories from garbage and technologies for its incineration are being developed. However, there are plenty of reasons to believe that waste incineration technologies are a dead end. Already at present, the cost of burning 1 kg of garbage is 65 cents. If you do not switch to other waste disposal technologies, the costs will increase. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that such new technologies are needed that, over time, could provide, on the one hand, the consumer needs of the population, and, on the other hand, the preservation of the environment.

Disposal of waste from medical institutions

Unfortunately, in our country, 90% of waste is buried (deposited) at landfills, although this is associated with transportation costs and the alienation of large territories. In addition, polygons are often not

meet elementary sanitary and hygienic requirements and are secondary sources of environmental pollution. But

while most waste can still be disposed of relatively safely by depositing, some types, such as medical

waste must be recycled. They differ significantly from other wastes and require special attention. They contain a danger to humans, primarily due to the constant presence in them

composition of pathogens of various infectious diseases, toxic, and often radioactive substances.

By 2005, according to generalized data, about 1.8 billion tons of them had already accumulated in the world, which is approximately 300 kg per inhabitant of the planet.

Injection needles and syringes are of particular concern because improper handling after use can lead to reuse. According to WHO, in 2000 only as a result of the reuse of syringes were infected:

• 21 million people - hepatitis B virus(HBV) (32% of all new infections);
• two million people with hepatitis C virus(HCV) (40% of all new infections); And
• at least 260,000 people have HIV (5% of all new infections).

Modern technologies for the processing of municipal solid waste

The most promising way to solve the problem of urban landfills is waste recycling. The following main directions in processing have been developed: organic matter is used to produce fertilizers, textile and paper waste is used to produce new paper, and scrap metal is sent for remelting. The main problem in recycling is waste sorting and development of technological processes for recycling.

The proposed modern technologies allow us to simultaneously solve the problem of waste disposal and create local energy sources. Thus, the garbage will return to us not in the form of sprawling landfills and polluted water, but in the form of electricity through wires, heat in radiators or vegetables and fruits grown in greenhouses.

Pre sorting.This technological process provides for the separation of municipal solid waste into fractions at waste processing plants manually or using automated conveyors. This includes the process of reducing the size of waste components by shredding and sifting them, as well as the extraction of more or less large metal objects, such as cans. Their selection as the most valuable secondary raw material precedes the further disposal of MSW (for example, incineration).

Sanitary earth filling.Such a technological approach to the disposal of municipal solid waste is associated with the production of biogas and its subsequent use as a fuel. For this purpose, household waste is covered by a certain technology with a layer of soil 0.6 m thick in

compacted form. Biogas landfills are equipped with ventilation pipes, blowers and tanks for biogas collection.

high temperature pyrolysis.This method of disposal of solid waste, in essence, is nothing more than gasification of garbage. Technology system this method involves obtaining secondary synthesis gas from the biological component (biomass) in order to use it to produce steam, hot water, electricity. An integral part of the process of high-temperature pyrolysis are solid products in the form of slag, i.e., non-pyrolyzable residues.

Burning. This is a widespread method for the destruction of municipal solid waste, which has been widely used since the end of the 19th century. The complexity of direct disposal of MSW is due, on the one hand, to their exceptional multicomponent nature, on the other hand, to increased sanitary requirements for the process of their processing. In this regard, incineration is still the most common method of primary treatment of household waste. Incineration of household waste, in addition to reducing the volume and weight, allows you to get additional energy resources that can be used for district heating and electricity generation.

Processing of combustible waste.The proposed gasification technology makes it possible to process combustible waste in a closed reactor to produce combustible gas. The following types of waste can be recycled:

• combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) isolated during sorting;
• solid industrial waste - non-toxic solid waste produced by industrial, commercial and other centers, for example: plastic, cardboard, paper, etc.;
• solid combustible products of automotive processing: most automotive plastics, rubber, foam, fabric, wood, etc.;
• wastewater after drying (the most efficient wastewater treatment is achieved using biothermal technology);
• dry biomass such as wood waste, sawdust, bark, etc.

The gasification process is a modular technology. A valuable product of processing is combustible gas produced in volumes from 85 to 100 m 3 in a minute. The gas can be used to produce heat/electricity for related industries or for sale.

Processing of rotting waste.The organic fraction of MSW obtained as a result of sorting, as well as waste from farms and sewage treatment plants, can be anaerobically processed to produce methane and compost suitable for agricultural and horticultural work.

Organic processing takes place in reactors, where methane-producing bacteria convert organic matter into biogas and humus.

Recycling of used tires.Tires are processed using low-temperature pyrolysis technology to produce electricity, a sorbent for water treatment, or high-quality carbon black suitable for the production of tires.

Dismantling lines for old cars.For the recycling of old cars, the technology of industrial dismantling is used, which allows the reuse of individual parts. The economic efficiency of the enterprise is ensured by the sale of automotive parts and sorted materials. For efficient operation of the plant, depending on transport tariffs, 25,000 skeletons of old cars should be available within a radius of 25-30 km from the plant. In general, the plant requires a site of at least 20,000 m 2 . Delivery of the industrial dismantling line includes training of operating personnel at the customer's site and in Western Europe, enterprise management training and training in organizing the collection of old cars and the sale of spare parts and materials.

Disposal of medical waste.The proposed medical waste treatment technology sterilizes such types of medical waste as needles, lancets, medical containers, metal probes, glass, biological cultures, physiological substances, medicines, syringes, filters, vials, diapers, catheters, laboratory waste, etc. Medical waste treatment technology grinds and sterilizes waste so that it turns into a dry, homogeneous, odorless dust (granules with a diameter of 1-2 mm). This residue is a completely inert product, does not contain microorganisms and does not have bactericidal properties. The rest can be disposed of as normal municipal waste or used in landscaping.

The proposed modern technologies allow us to simultaneously solve the problem of waste disposal and create local energy sources. Thus, garbage will return to us not in the form of sprawling landfills and polluted water, but in the form of electricity through wires, heat in radiators, or vegetables and fruits grown in greenhouses.

Creation and development of non-waste production

What are the ways to solve the global environmental problem of environmental pollution with industrial waste?The creation of even the most advanced treatment facilities cannot solve the problem of environmental protection.An intensive way to solve the global environmental problem is the reduction of resource-intensive production and the transition to low-waste technologies.

Waste-free production is such a production in which all the raw materials are eventually converted into a particular product and which, at the same time, is simultaneously optimized in terms of technological,

economic and socio-ecological criteria. The fundamental novelty of this approach to further development industrial production due to the inability to effectively solve the problems of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources only by improving the methods of neutralization, recycling, processing or disposal of waste. The concept of non-waste production provides for the need to include the sphere of consumption in the cycle of using raw materials. In other words, products after physical or obsolescence must be returned to the sphere of production. Thus, non-waste production is a practically closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical cycle of matter.

Waste-free production involves the cooperation of industries with a large amount of waste (the production of phosphate fertilizers, thermal power plants, metallurgical, mining and processing industries) with the production - consumer of these wastes, for example, enterprises building materials. In this case, the waste fully meets the definition of D. I. Mendeleev, who called them "neglected products of chemical transformations, which eventually become the starting point of a new production."

Secondary production resources in Russia

Waste generation in the Russian economy is 3.4 billion tons per year, including 2.6 billion tons / year - industrial waste, 700 million tons / year - liquid waste from poultry and livestock, 35-40 million tons / year - solid waste, 30 million tons / year - sediments from treatment facilities. The average level of their use is about 26%, including industrial waste is recycled by 35%, MSW - by 3-4%, the rest of the waste is practically not recycled.

The low level of waste utilization (with the exception of their individual types - scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as fairly high-quality types of waste paper, textile and polymer waste in terms of raw materials) is mainly due not to the lack of technology, but to the fact that the processing of most of the waste into as secondary raw materials is characterized by low profitability or is generally unprofitable.

According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, 2.4 thousand hazardous waste disposal sites have been taken into account. The conditions for the disposal of such waste in many cases do not meet the environmental requirements in force in Russia and the standards accepted in the world. As a result, the impact of waste accumulation and disposal sites on the environment often exceeds the establishedMPC . There are many examples when such an excess is tens and hundreds of times.

Many different types of waste can be recycled. For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology. Various types of waste are used to separate waste into different materials.separation , for example, to extract metal - magnetic.

Most metals are expediently recycled. Unnecessary or damaged items, the so-called scrap metal, are handed over to recycling centers for subsequent remelting. The processing of non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminium, tin), common technical alloys (win) and some ferrous metals (cast iron) are especially advantageous. a significant amount of waste generation in Russia;

Paper recycling is possible: old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to obtain fibers -cellulose . Further, the process is identical to the process of making paper from timber.

Currently, the government is considering proposals to create Russian system secondary resources.

"Vtoravtoresursy" - ensuring the collection and acceptance of decommissioned vehicles, their disaggregation, primary processing and marketing of the resulting secondary raw materials, as well as the collection and primary processing of waste resulting from the operation of vehicles - tires, batteries and battery electrolytes, oily filters , plastic parts;

"Vtortekhresursy" - providing collection and reception of obsolete complex household appliances and radio-electronic equipment (computer equipment, copiers, faxes, TVs, washing machines

etc.), their degassing, primary processing and marketing of the resulting secondary raw materials;

"Vtorresursy" - providing the procurement of waste paper, packaging waste from laminated paper, polymer film and other polymer waste, PET bottles, textile waste, cullet and other types of traditional secondary raw materials.

In addition, production links or partnerships should be established with Rtutservice (fluorescent lamps and other mercury-containing waste), Vtornefteprodukt, Vtorchermet and Vtortsvetmet systems already operating on the secondary raw materials market.

The implementation of the proposal to create a Russian system of secondary resources will fundamentally change the organizational, legal and economic conditions for the procurement and processing of secondary raw materials in Russia. The level of use of the main types of secondary raw materials will increase 5 years after the commissioning of the system by at least 30%, for a number of positions by 1.5-2 times, the loss of natural raw materials contained in waste will decrease. Significantly reduce the level of environmental pollution natural environment.

New jobs will be created, which will have a positive impact on the socio-economic indicators of most regions of Russia.

One of the conditions for Russia's accession to the WTO will be fulfilled (in terms of ratification of EU Directive No. 62 of 1994 "On packaging and packaging waste").

Promising technologies for recycled plastics

The main mechanical method of recycling PET waste is shredding, which is subjected to substandard tape, molding waste, partially drawn or undrawn fibers. Such processing makes it possible to obtain powdered materials and chips for subsequent injection molding. It is characteristic that when grinding physicochemical characteristics polymers remain virtually unchanged.

The proposed technologies make it possible to process only uncontaminated technological waste, leaving food packaging unaffected, as a rule, heavily contaminated with protein and mineral impurities, the removal of which is associated with significant capital investments.

costs, which is not always economically feasible for processing on a medium and small scale.

Technology of casting products from mixtures of secondary polymers.Shredded polymeric wastes are mixed to homogenize the composition of the mixture. At the mixing stage, the necessary ones are added (light and heat stabilizers, dyes, etc.). The prepared mixture is fed into the extruder. The technology is based on filling a special injection mold due to the pressure created by the extruder. Today, such equipment is used to manufacture decorative fencing elements (bollards, decorative fencing details, etc.), which are beginning to be used in the city improvement program. For example, columns made of polymer waste molded “for iron casting” are much cheaper than cast iron ones. The range of products can be very diverse.

Pressing technology.This technology involves a polymer melt, its dosing into a mold mounted on a vertical hydraulic press, pressing the product and cooling it in the mold.. The advantage of this technology is the use of relatively inexpensive equipment and molds. However, this technology makes higher demands on the initial secondary raw materials, namely, on itssorting. Using this technology, boards are made from recycled materials. floor covering and shipping pallets.

Nonwoven materials.Western experts estimate that 60 to 70% of recycled PET is used to produce fibers and nonwovens. In Russia today, no more than 15% of the collected recycled PET is processed into products, the bulk of which is sold in the form of “flexes” outside the country, mostly to China. The low level of processing is associated with the high cost of imported equipment for the production of fibers and nonwovens.
Today, equipment is being produced for the manufacture of non-woven bulk materials from thermoplastic fiber-forming polymers (including recycled PET) using the technology of aerodynamic melt spraying. The air flow forms a fiber from the melt and sprays it onto a rotating collector-collector, on which the fibers are thermally bonded, and a non-woven bulk material is formed.

Materials obtained by this technology can be used for the manufacture of sorbents for petroleum products, various filters for liquids, gases and aerosols, as well as insulation for clothes, fillers for furniture and soft toys.
Thus, all of the above indicates that today

There are and are already used in the production of domestic technologies and equipment that make it possible to produce highly profitable products from polymer waste.

World experience of secondary production resources

In economically developed countries, less and less household waste is disposed of in landfills and more and more is recycled industrial ways. The most effective of them is thermal. It makes it possible to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills by almost 10 times, and the unburned residue no longer contains organic matter, causing rotting, spontaneous combustion and the danger of epidemics.

Against the backdrop of a decline in the last 10 years of the role of the state in the management of waste processing in Russia, in the developed countries of the world, on the contrary, the degree of state influence in this area has increased. In order to reduce the cost of products using waste, tax incentives have been introduced. To attract investment in the creation of waste processing facilities, a system of soft loans has been created, including partially reimbursable and non-reimbursable loans in case of unsuccessful decisions. In order to stimulate demand for waste-based products, a number of countries impose restrictions on the consumption of waste-free products and increase the use of the system of city and municipal orders for waste-based products.

There is a company in Europe that recycles processors and extracts gold from them. This is done something like this: processors are removed from computers and other equipment and immersed in a chemical solution (in which nitrogen is present), resulting in a precipitate that is subsequently melted down and becomes gold bars.

Scientists from the Netherlands presented the latest developments in the field of waste processing - an improved technology that, without pre-sorting, within one system, separates and purifies all the waste that enters it, to the original raw materials. The system completely recycles all types of waste (medical, household, technical) in a closed cycle, without residue. Raw materials are completely cleaned of impurities (harmful substances, dyes, etc.), packed and can be reused. At the same time, the system is environmentally neutral.

In Germany, a TUV plant was built and tested, which has been successfully operating on this technology for 10 years in a test mode. For now

The Dutch government is considering building a similar plant in their country.

Accumulators and batteries.To date, all types of batteries produced in Europe can be recycled, whether they are rechargeable or not. For recycling, it does not matter if the battery is charged, partially discharged or fully discharged. After the batteries are collected, they are sorted and then, depending on what type they are, the batteries are sent to the appropriate recycling plant. For example, alkaline batteries are recycled in the UK, while nickel-cadmium batteries are recycled in France. About 40 companies are involved in battery recycling in Europe.

Textiles and footwear.In many European countries, in addition to containers for collecting metal, plastic, paper and glass, containers for collecting used clothes, shoes and rags appeared at the garbage collection sites of sleeping areas.All rags go to the sorting center. This is where clothing that may still be usable is selected, which subsequently goes to charitable associations for the poor, churches and the red cross. Unsuitable clothes are carefully selected: all metal and plastic parts (buttons, snakes, buttons, etc.) are separated, then they are divided by type of fabric (cotton, linen, polyester, etc.). For example, denim goes to paper mills, where the fabric is shredded and soaked, after which the production process is identical to pulp. The method of making paper from cloth has remained unchanged for many centuries and was brought to Europe by Marco Polo when he first visited China. The result is two types of paper: 1. "Artistic" for watercolor or engraving with its own texture, strength and durability. 2. Paper for the production of banknotes.

Shoes undergo a similar sorting process: the sole is separated from the upper, the components are sorted by material type, and then sent to rubber, plastics, etc. discount, leaving your worn-out sneakers.

Conclusion

The true prospect of overcoming the ecological crisis is in changing the production activity of a person, his way of life, his consciousness. Scientific and technological progress creates not only overloads for nature; in the most advanced technologies, it provides a means of preventing negative impacts creates opportunities for environmental cleaner production. There was not only an urgent need, but also the opportunity to change the essence of technological civilization, to give it an environmental character. One of the directions of such development is the creation of safe industries. Using the achievements of science, technological progress can be organized in such a way that production waste does not pollute the environment, but re-enters the production cycle as a secondary raw material. Nature itself provides an example: the carbon dioxide emitted by animals is absorbed by plants, which release the oxygen necessary for the respiration of animals. If we take into account that modern industry converts 98% of the feedstock into waste, then the need for the task of creating waste-free production becomes clear.

Some alternative (in relation to thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants) energy sources are also environmentally friendly. Required fastest search ways of practical use of the energy of the sun, wind, tides, geothermal sources.

The ecological situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any activity related to interference with the natural environment.

Even F. Joliot-Curie warned: “We must not allow people to direct those forces of nature that they have managed to discover and conquer to their own destruction.”

Time does not wait. Our task is to stimulate by all available methods any initiative and entrepreneurship aimed at creating and implementing the latest technologies contributing to the solution of any environmental problems. Contribute to the creation of a large number of control bodies, consisting of highly qualified specialists, on the basis of clearly developed legislation in accordance with international agreements on environmental issues. To constantly convey information to all states and peoples on ecology through radio, television and the press, thereby raising the ecological consciousness of people and contributing to their spiritual and moral revival in accordance with the requirements of the era.

Mankind has come to understand that the further development of technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the ecological situation. The new connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariability of those basic parameters of the planet Earth that affect its ecological stability.

In conclusion, I would like to recall the saying of Saint-Simon: "Happy will be the era in which ambition begins to see greatness and glory only in the acquisition of new knowledge and leaves the impure sources with which it tried to quench its thirst." These were the sources of disasters and vanity, quenching the thirst of only the ignorant, the heroes of the conquerors and the destroyers of the human race.

Bibliography:

1. Gorshkov S.P. Exodynamic processes of developed territories. – M.: Nedra, 1999.

2. Grigoriev A.A. Cities and the environment. Space research. – Thought, 2002.

3. Nikitin D.P., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and man. – 2007.

4. Odum Yu. Fundamentals of ecology. – Mir, 2004.

5. Radzevich N.N., Pashkang K.V. Protection and transformation of nature. – Enlightenment, 2005.

6. Samsonov A. L. Journal "Ecology and Life" - G. D. Syunkova, 2000.

7. Mirkin B. M, Naumova L. G. Ecology of Russia, 2006.

1. Modern technologies for the disposal and processing of solid household and industrial waste

According to experts, since the beginning of the twentieth century. 80 billion tons of solid waste have accumulated in Russia, and another 7 billion tons are added to them annually. The annual amount of municipal solid waste is 130-140 million m 3 , most of which are toxic and especially toxic.

Solid waste disposal.

The proportion of waste that is buried or disposed of in landfills is currently very high. Special landfills, which have been operating for 25 years, alienate significant areas. After the landfill is fully loaded, it is covered with vegetative soil, the surface of which can later be used for parks, gardens, and playgrounds. An anaerobic process occurs in the closed from contact with air household and food industrial waste located in the embankments of the landfill, and biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) is released, which under certain conditions can be used as fuel. There is such an experience. At a height of backfilling of waste of 7 m or more, this gas is taken using pipes. Additional devices required for biogas extraction and utilization quickly pay for themselves.

Solid Waste Incineration

In the 70-80s, thermal processing of waste was developed by burning them in furnaces at waste incineration plants. Such factories operate in many countries of the world, in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Murmansk and other cities of the country. Existing incineration systems provide a high degree of waste destruction (up to 99%) and allow waste heat to be recovered. However, the disadvantages of such systems are more significant. Firstly, the cost of the incineration process is quite high compared to traditional methods (dumping, dumping into the sea, burial in exhausted mines). Secondly, waste incineration plants are sources of emissions of zinc, tin, cadmium, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. Among the toxic metals, mercury is especially dangerous, which, due to its increased volatility, easily passes into a vapor state during combustion and is released into the atmosphere. Only appropriate careful sorting and preparation of waste, as well as effective cleaning of flue gases (using electrostatic precipitators) can reduce the level of air pollution.

Solid Waste Recycling

The cycle of substances in nature is an excellent example of waste-free production. Wastes of natural processes (dead wood, leaves, etc.) rot, rot and fertilize the earth in a natural way. Aerobes are microbes that breathe oxygen and convert easily rotting substances into organic fertilizers rich in nitrogen, i.e. - in compost. In this case, thermal energy is released. Nature suggested to people a scheme for the technology of composting household waste.

In 1970, a pilot plant for the mechanized processing of household waste was put into operation in Leningrad. On initial stage processing, ferrous metal was separated from the mass of waste by electromagnetic separators. Further, the waste was crushed in crushers and entered the rotating drums - fermentors, in which the waste was processed into compost. However, in the processed mass there were also non-compostable elements (polyethylene films, glass, cans, etc.). contaminating fertilizer. It was necessary to learn how to clean the compost.

In the late 70s and early 80s, the second generation of waste treatment plants appeared with improved and improved technology. There are currently nine specialized solid waste processing plants in Russia. A similar plant for the city of Omsk is being designed in St. Petersburg.

The technology of waste processing is as follows. On a wide overpass, garbage trucks drive up to the reception area and unload waste onto eight platforms. Then the waste is loaded into eight heat-insulated drums up to 60 m long, into the inner cavity of which air enriched with oxygen is supplied with the help of fans. When the drums rotate, the waste is mixed and crushed, their specific surface area increases. Constant aeration (0.2-0.8 m 3 of air is supplied per 1 kg of waste) awakens the aerobic microflora to life. Microorganisms (mesophiles) enter the work, heating the mass to 50 0 C. At the same time, another type of microflora actively reproduces - thermophiles, due to which the temperature reaches 70 0 C. An avalanche-like biothermal process disinfects waste for two days. Neutralized waste through a perforated nozzle at the end of the drum is evenly fed to the belt conveyor. But this is not yet compost - there are impurities in the form of glass, pieces of wood, plastic, stones, cans, etc. Next comes cleaning. First, ferrous metal is separated using an electromagnetic separator, which is mounted above the conveyor. This scrap metal enters the storage hopper, is pressed into briquettes weighing 80 kg and sent for remelting. Freed from ferrous metal, the mass continues on its way. From the conveyor, it falls on a cylindrical sieve (screen) with cells with a diameter of 45-60 mm. The screen rotates quite quickly, at 15 rpm, so that the fine particles fall through. and large ones remain above the bars. Both products - above and below the grate - are freed from non-ferrous metal using special installations that create an electromagnetic field, under the influence of which non-ferrous metal objects are thrown to the side. Ballistic glass separators are used to isolate glass from compost. The release of compost from the polyethylene film is carried out by a strong air jet. The resulting compost is used in agriculture. But at first, the compost is still immature and for a long time the biothermal process continues in it and the temperature is high. Such compost can be used as a biofuel for soil heating in greenhouses. The cooled and ripened compost is reused in open ground in fields or in urban gardening as an organic fertilizer. For the processing of non-composting fractions, pyrolysis is used - heat treatment without oxygen access. In the process of pyrolysis, a vapor-gas mixture is formed, as well as a solid carbonaceous residue - pyrocarbon, which is used in metallurgy as a substitute for graphite. The economic feasibility of the considered process is obvious, because 20 kg of ferrous metal, 2 kg of non-ferrous metal, 200-250 kg of non-composting fractions and 600-700 kg of compost are allocated from one ton of solid waste. About 200 kg of oil-like oils, 190 kg of gaseous products, 330 kg of pyrocarbon are obtained from one ton of non-compostable fractions.

According to data for Russia as a whole, only about 5% of waste is processed by the industrial method (at waste incineration and waste processing plants), and the rest is taken to landfills and landfills (authorized and unauthorized). Recently, the problem of processing sludge from water and sewer water treatment plants has arisen.

Methods for recycling waste from polymeric materials.

Waste from polymeric materials is not amenable to natural decomposition and therefore they are strong environmental pollutants. Most polymers burn well, releasing a significant amount of heat and consuming a large amount of air. The energy released can be used. However, when burned, many polymers form harmful gases such as ammonia, nitrogen oxides, cyanide compounds, hydrogen chloride and other substances, which requires additional devices for cleaning and processing gas emissions.

The most common way to dispose of waste from polymeric materials is to bury and dispose of them in landfills. Currently, special polygons for polymeric materials are increasingly being used.

There is experience in processing old polyethylene film and turning it into a new one, as well as obtaining pipes that are not subject to corrosion. The creation of polymers with a controlled service life is an effective, promising way to protect the environment. In a number of countries, special, self-destructing types of packaging have been developed and are already being produced. These are photo- or biodegradable polymers that, under the action of light, heat, atmospheric oxygen or microorganisms, decompose to low molecular weight products without polluting the soil.

As the world's population grows, the level of consumption inevitably rises. Every day new products, technologies appear, production facilities open. All this leads to an increase in the mass of waste produced by civilization: there are so many of them that the problem of garbage, in particular its disposal, has become one of the most important for the world community.

The concept of recycling includes the entire list of actions necessary for the most environmentally friendly release from waste from human life and the production sector:

• collection, sorting and removal from places of residence and work activities of a person;
• storage in landfills or burial in quarries, special landfills, as well as in insulators and underground storage facilities;
• physical destruction with the help of modern technologies;
• recycling of waste materials in order to obtain new useful to man products and goods.

Popular methods of waste disposal are conventional incineration under different thermal conditions and pyrolysis technology, when the decomposition of a mass of raw materials occurs under the influence of very high temperatures in an oxygen-free environment.

Of course, the best way out for humanity is the recycling of waste materials, but, unfortunately, today only a small part of it is exposed to it.

Types of waste and disposal problems

Garbage to be disposed of is divided into household - MSW (municipal solid waste) - and industrial.

Containers for the collection of solid waste are located in the courtyard of each residential building. Their main subgroups are:

• paper;
• glass products;
• remnants of food and products;
• plastic and all kinds of plastic.

Industrial waste is divided into:

1. Biological. This, for example, includes the remains of tissues, organs of people and animals: animal corpses, waste from the production of meat products, as well as biomaterials from the work of hospital departments, microbiological laboratories and veterinary institutions.
2. . These are objects, liquids or gases containing radioactive substances in quantities higher than those established by safety standards.
3. Construction. They appear as a result of the construction of houses and other structures, repairs and decoration, as well as during the production of building materials.
4. . All sorts of garbage from the activities of medical institutions.
5. Transport complex waste. They arise as a result of the work of motor transport enterprises, as well as places of repair, maintenance and long-term parking of automotive equipment.

Of course, only the main types of waste from economic and industrial activities are listed, but their complete classification is much more extensive.

The main problem of recycling is the need for impressive primary financing for organizing the production of destruction or processing of waste materials that meets modern environmental requirements.

For example, conventional incineration of many types of waste results in the release of highly toxic substances into the atmosphere and is therefore prohibited. Due to the lack of funds and qualified personnel, there are not enough processing (utilization) enterprises or resources to create industries that independently carry out the secondary processing of waste materials produced.

What is the danger to the Earth is the waste?

Ecologists around the world have been sounding the alarm for a long time: our planet is dying from poisonous garbage that has flooded it and emissions of harmful substances into the biological environment.

Note! As a natural part of the ecosystem, humans are already getting the negative results of polluting the planet with waste. The list of allergic, endocrine, viral and infectious diseases is growing every year.

Waste disposal in Russia

Unfortunately, the problem of environmentally friendly and legal disposal in our country is still acute, as violations of the current legislation by enterprises and an irresponsible attitude towards this problem on the part of ordinary citizens flourish.
For example, a system of separate waste collection from the population is being introduced. For this, sites near residential buildings are supplied with special containers with the appropriate marks: “glass”, “plastic”, “paper”, etc. For violations of the principles of such sorting, in Europe, for example, the perpetrator will have to pay an impressive fine. In our country, it is not uncommon for residents to ignore these rules with impunity, or the contents of all containers are unloaded by the same machine, and all the efforts of citizens come to naught.

The official statistics read:

1. Up to four billion tons of waste is generated in Russia annually, of which: more than two and a half billion are the remains of industrial activities, seven hundred million are manure, dung from poultry and livestock complexes, up to forty million are solid waste, about thirty million are waste water and three million tons of salvage from medical institutions.
2. The country has accumulated more than eighty billion tons of waste (of which at least one and a half billion are classified as especially dangerous, as they are toxic).

Today, huge areas are allocated for landfills and for waste disposal. And at the same time, hundreds of unauthorized dumps and "burial grounds" operate in Russia, illegal emissions of harmful substances into the air and water are made, soils are polluted, as a result of which the animal and plant world is dying.

Waste management experience abroad

In the modern world community, there are many examples of a decent level of waste management, including recycling, which can and should be equaled.

In the EU countries, separate collection of waste from the population has been put on stream (paper, glass, plastic, etc. are separated), for violation of the rules when throwing garbage into sorting containers, an impressive fine threatens.

In European stores selling household goods, there are collection points where you can turn in your old and obsolete household appliances(from a battery to a large refrigerator), while receiving an impressive discount on the purchase of a new one.

For example, in Sweden up to 80% of household waste is recycled, about 18% is disposed of in environmentally friendly ways. And only a small residue is taken out for burial outside the country.

All Swedish recycling companies, in accordance with the law, are equipped with special alarm sensors that monitor the level of concentration of harmful substances. In case of violation allowable rate the signal goes directly to the regulatory authorities, and the violator faces a fine and administrative sanctions.

The Swedish television journalists talk about the unprecedented recycling of waste in Sweden in the following video.

Among the countries of the East, Japan is a good example of waste management. According to statistics, almost half of all generated waste materials are recycled here, more than thirty-five percent are recycled, and only a fifth end up in landfills and landfills. And the authorities are constantly concerned about how to reduce this part to a minimum, because the country's territory is too small to load it with landfills.

At the end of the 20th century, Japan passed a law on compulsory recycling all types of packaging and cans for drinks and food, which is respectfully observed by both enterprises and ordinary citizens. As a result, Japan is rightfully considered a highly cultured and very “clean” country.

Of course, the situation is by no means so optimistic everywhere. Unfortunately, countries with increased level pollution of the natural environment, and, accordingly, the level of diseases and mortality of people, in the world is much more than the "islands of civilization". Today, among the most "dirty" places on the planet are India, China, Egypt, Iraq, etc.

Of course, the movement to preserve the purity of natural resources does not stand still. In Russia and the world, state and regional waste disposal programs are being developed and implemented. New production facilities for the processing of waste materials are being opened, as well as points for receiving them from the population.

However, the solution to the problem of waste management is possible only through the joint efforts of state control bodies, and each individual citizen of the country and the world community.