What is the lighting - artificial or natural? Artificial lighting Sources of artificial lighting, their advantages and disadvantages

Introduction

1. Types of artificial lighting

2 Functional purpose of artificial lighting

3 Sources of artificial lighting. Incandescent lamps

3.1 Types of incandescent lamps

3.2. Incandescent lamp design

3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps

4. Discharge lamps. general characteristics. Application area. Kinds

4.1. Sodium discharge lamp

4.2. Fluorescent Lamp

4.3. Mercury discharge lamp

Bibliography

Introduction

The purpose of artificial lighting is to create favorable conditions for visibility, maintain a person's well-being and reduce eye fatigue. In artificial light, all objects look different than in daylight. This happens because the position, spectral composition and intensity of radiation sources change.

The history of artificial lighting began when man began to use fire. Bonfire, torch and torch became the first artificial light sources. Then came oil lamps and candles. IN early XIX centuries have learned to emit gas and refined petroleum products, a kerosene lamp appeared, which is used to this day.

When the wick is lit, a luminous flame is produced. A flame emits light only when a solid body is heated by this flame. It is not combustion that generates light, but only substances brought to a red-hot state emit light. In a flame, light is emitted by incandescent particles of soot. This can be verified by placing the glass over the flame of a candle or a kerosene lamp.

Lighting oil lamps appeared on the streets of Moscow and St. Petersburg in the 30s of the 18th century. Then the oil was replaced with an alcohol-turpentine mixture. Later, kerosene began to be used as a combustible substance and, finally, lighting gas, which was obtained by artificial means. The light output of such sources was very low due to the low color temperature of the flame. It did not exceed 2000K.

In terms of color temperature, artificial light is very different from daylight, and this difference has long been noticed by the change in the color of objects during the transition from daylight to evening artificial lighting. First of all, a change in the color of the clothes was noticed. In the twentieth century, with the widespread use of electric lighting, the change in color during the transition to artificial lighting decreased, but did not disappear.

Today, a rare person knows about the factories that produced lighting gas. The gas was obtained by heating coal in retorts. Retorts are large metal or clay hollow vessels that are filled with charcoal and heated in a furnace. The released gas was purified and collected in facilities for storing lighting gas - gas holders.

More than a hundred years ago, in 1838, the St. Petersburg Gas Lighting Society built the first gas plant. By the end of the 19th century, gas tanks appeared in almost all large cities of Russia. The gas illuminated the streets, railway stations, businesses, theaters and residential buildings. In Kyiv, engineer A.E. Struve installed gas lighting in 1872.

Creation of DC electric generators driven by steam engine enabled the use of electricity. First of all, the inventors took care of the light sources and paid attention to the properties of the electric arc, which was first observed by Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov in 1802. The dazzlingly bright light made it possible to hope that people would be able to give up candles, a torch, a kerosene lamp, and even gas lamps.

In arc lamps, it was necessary to constantly move the electrodes placed with their “noses” towards each other - they burned out rather quickly. At first they were shifted by hand, then dozens of regulators appeared, the simplest of which was the Archro regulator. The lamp consisted of a fixed positive electrode, mounted on a bracket, and a movable negative connected to the regulator. The regulator consisted of a coil and a block with a load.

When the lamp was turned on, current flowed through the coil, the core was drawn into the coil and diverted the negative electrode from the positive one. The arc was ignited automatically. With a decrease in current, the retracting force of the coil decreased and the negative electrode rose under the action of the load. This and other systems have not received wide distribution due to low reliability.

In 1875, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov proposed a reliable and simple solution. He arranged the carbon electrodes in parallel, separating them with an insulating layer. The invention was a tremendous success, and the "Yablochkov candle" or "Russian Light" was widely used in Europe.

Artificial lighting is provided in rooms where there is not enough natural light, or to illuminate the room during the hours of the day when there is no natural light.

1. Types of artificial lighting

Artificial lighting can be general(all production facilities are illuminated with the same type of lamps, evenly spaced above the illuminated surface and equipped with lamps of the same power) and combined(local illumination of work places is added to general lighting with lamps located near the apparatus, machine tool, instruments, etc.). The use of only local lighting is unacceptable, since the sharp contrast between brightly lit and unlit areas tires the eyes, slows down the process of work and can cause accidents and accidents.

2. Functional purpose of artificial lighting

According to the functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into working, duty, emergency.

Work lighting mandatory in all premises and in illuminated areas to ensure the normal work of people and traffic.

Emergency lighting included outside of business hours.

Emergency lighting It is provided to ensure minimum illumination in the production room in case of a sudden shutdown of the working lighting.

In modern multi-span one-story buildings without skylights with one side glazing in the daytime, natural and artificial lighting is used simultaneously (combined lighting). It is important that both types of lighting are in harmony with one another. For artificial lighting in this case, it is advisable to use fluorescent lamps.

3. Sources of artificial lighting. Incandescent lamps.

In modern lighting installations designed to illuminate industrial premises, incandescent, halogen and gas discharge lamps are used as light sources.

Naka lamppouring- an electric light source, the luminous body of which is the so-called filament body (the filament body is a conductor heated by the flow of electric current to a high temperature). Tungsten and alloys based on it are currently used almost exclusively as a material for the manufacture of a heating body. At the end of the XIX - the first half of the XX century. The heating body was made of a more affordable and easy-to-process material - carbon fiber.

3.1. Typesincandescent lamps

The industry produces various types of incandescent lamps:

vacuum, gas-filled(filler mixture of argon and nitrogen), coiled, With krypton content .

3.2. Incandescent lamp design

Fig.1 Incandescent lamp

The design of a modern lamp. In the diagram: 1 - flask; 2 - the cavity of the flask (vacuum or filled with gas); 3 - glow body; 4, 5 - electrodes (current inputs); 6 - hooks-holders of the body of heat; 7 - lamp leg; 8 - external link of the current lead, fuse; 9 - base case; 10 - base insulator (glass); 11 - contact of the bottom of the base.

The design of the incandescent lamp is very diverse and depends on the purpose of a particular type of lamp. However, the following elements are common to all incandescent lamps: filament body, bulb, current leads. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of lamp, filament holders of various designs can be used; lamps can be made without a base or with bases of various types, have an additional outer bulb and other additional structural elements.

3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps

Advantages:

low cost

small size

The uselessness of ballasts

When turned on, they light up almost instantly.

The absence of toxic components and, as a result, the absence of the need for infrastructure for the collection and disposal

Ability to work both on direct current (any polarity) and on alternating current

The ability to manufacture lamps for a wide variety of voltages (from fractions of a volt to hundreds of volts)

No flicker or buzz when running on AC

Continuous emission spectrum

Electromagnetic Impulse Immunity

Ability to use brightness controls

Normal operation at low ambient temperature

Flaws:

Low light output

Relatively short service life

Sharp dependence of luminous efficiency and service life on voltage

The color temperature lies only in the range of 2300--2900 K, which gives the light a yellowish tint.

Incandescent lamps are a fire hazard. 30 minutes after turning on the incandescent lamps, the temperature of the outer surface reaches the following values, depending on the power: 40 W - 145 ° C, 75 W - 250 ° C, 100 W - 290 ° C, 200 W - 330 ° C. When the lamps come into contact with textile materials, their bulb heats up even more. Straw touching the surface of a 60 W lamp flares up after about 67 minutes.

The luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps, defined as the ratio of the power of the rays of the visible spectrum to the power consumed from the electrical network, is very small and does not exceed 4%

4. Discharge lamps. General characteristics. Application area. Kinds.

IN Lately It is customary to call gas-discharge lamps discharge lamps. They are divided into high and low pressure discharge lamps. The vast majority of discharge lamps operate in mercury vapor. They have a high efficiency of converting electrical energy into light. Efficiency is measured in Lumens/Watt.

Discharge light sources (gas-discharge lamps) are gradually replacing the previously familiar incandescent lamps, however, the line emission spectrum, fatigue from flickering light, the noise of ballasts (ballasts), the harmfulness of mercury vapor if it enters the room when the flask is destroyed, the impossibility of instant re-ignition for lamps remain shortcomings high pressure.

With energy prices continuing to rise and lighting fixtures, lamps and accessories becoming more expensive, the need to implement technologies that reduce non-manufacturing costs is becoming increasingly urgent.

General characteristics of gas discharge lamps

Service life from 3000 hours to 20000.

Efficiency from 40 to 150 lm/W.

Emitting color: warm white (3000 K) or neutral white (4200 K)

Color reproduction: good (3000 K: Ra>80), excellent (4200 K: Ra>90)

The compact size of the radiating arc allows you to create high-intensity light beams

Areas of application of gas-discharge lamps.

Shops and showcases, offices and public places

Decorative outdoor lighting: building and pedestrian lighting

Artistic lighting of theaters, cinemas and stage (professional lighting equipment)

Types of gas discharge lamps.

To date, the most efficient discharge lamps in sodium vapor. In addition to this type of discharge lamps, there are widespread fluorescent lamps(low pressure discharge lamps), metal halide lamps, arc mercuryfluorescent lamps. Less common xenon vapor lampsA.

4.1. Sodium discharge lamp

Sodium discharge lamp(NL) - an electric light source, the luminous body of which is a gas discharge in sodium vapor. Therefore, the resonant radiation of sodium is predominant in the spectrum of such lamps; lamps give a bright orange-yellow light. This specific feature of NL (monochromaticity of radiation) causes unsatisfactory color rendering quality when illuminated by them. Due to the characteristics of the spectrum, NL are mainly used for street lighting, utilitarian, architectural and decorative. The use of NL for lighting industrial and public buildings is extremely limited and is usually determined by the requirements of an aesthetic nature.

Depending on the magnitude of the partial pressure of sodium vapor, lamps are divided into sodium lampslow pressure(NLND) and high pressure sodium lamps(NLVD)

Historically, the first of the sodium lamps were created low pressure sodium lamps (NLND). In the 1930s this type of light sources began to spread widely in Europe. In the USSR, experiments were conducted to master the production of NLND, there were even models that were mass-produced, but their introduction into the practice of general lighting was interrupted due to the development of more technologically advanced DRL lamps, which, in turn, began to be replaced by NLVD.

NLND differ in a number of features that significantly complicate both their production and operation. First, sodium vapor at high temperature the arcs act very aggressively on the glass of the flask, destroying it. Because of this, NLND burners are usually made of borosilicate glass. Secondly, the efficiency of NLND strongly depends on the ambient temperature. To ensure an acceptable temperature regime of the burner, the latter is placed in an external glass flask, which plays the role of a "thermos".

Creation high pressure sodium lamps(NLVD) required a different solution to the problem of protecting the burner material from the effects of sodium vapor: a technology was developed for manufacturing tubular burners from aluminum oxide Al2O3. Such a ceramic burner made of a thermally and chemically stable and well-transmitting material is placed in an outer flask made of heat-resistant glass. The cavity of the outer flask is evacuated and thoroughly degassed. The latter is necessary to maintain the normal temperature regime of the burner and protect the niobium current inputs from the effects of atmospheric gases.

The NLVD burner is filled with a buffer gas, which is gas mixtures of various compositions, and sodium amalgam (an alloy with mercury) is dosed into them. There are NLVD "with improved environmental properties" - mercury-free.

4.2. Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp-- a gas-discharge light source, the luminous flux of which is determined mainly by the glow of phosphors under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the discharge; the visible glow of the discharge does not exceed a few percent.

Fluorescent lamps are widely used for general lighting, while their luminous efficiency is several times greater than that of incandescent lamps for the same purpose. The service life of fluorescent lamps can be up to 20 times longer than the service life of incandescent lamps, provided that sufficient quality of the power supply, ballast and restrictions on the number of switching are observed, otherwise they quickly fail. The most common type of such sources is a mercury fluorescent lamp. It is a glass tube filled with mercury vapor, with a layer of phosphor deposited on the inner surface.

Fluorescent lamps are the most common and economical light source for creating diffused lighting in public buildings: offices, schools, educational and design institutes, hospitals, shops, banks, and enterprises. With the advent of modern compact fluorescent lamps, designed to be installed in conventional E27 or E14 lampholders instead of incandescent lamps, they began to gain popularity in everyday life. The use of electronic ballasts (ballasts) instead of traditional electromagnetic ones makes it possible to improve the characteristics of fluorescent lamps - to get rid of flicker and hum, to further increase efficiency, and increase compactness.

4.3. Mercury discharge lamp

mercury gazo discharge lamps are an electric light source in which a gas discharge in mercury vapor is used to generate optical radiation. To name all types of such light sources in domestic lighting engineering, the term "discharge lamp" is used, which is included in the International Lighting Dictionary approved by the International Commission on Illumination.

Depending on the filling pressure, there are discharge lampslow pressure(RLND), discharge lampshigh pressure(RVD) and discharge lampsultrahigh pressure(RLSVD).

TO low pressure discharge lamps include mercury lamps with a partial pressure of mercury vapor in steady state less than 100 Pa. For low-pressure discharge lamps, this value is about 100 kPa, and for ultra-high pressure discharge lamps, it is 1 MPa or more.

For general lighting of workshops, streets, industrial enterprises and other objects that do not impose high requirements on the quality of color rendering, high pressure discharge lamps DRL type.

DRL(Arc Mercury Phosphor) - the designation of the RLVD adopted in domestic lighting technology, in which to correct the color of the light flux, aimed at improving color rendering, the radiation of a phosphor applied to the inner surface of the bulb is used.

DRL lamp device

The first DRL lamps were made with two electrodes. To ignite such lamps, a source of high-voltage pulses was required. As it was used the device PURL-220 (Starting Device for Mercury Lamps for a voltage of 220 V). The electronics of those times did not allow the creation of sufficiently reliable igniting devices, and the PURL included a gas discharger, which had a shorter service life than the lamp itself. Therefore, in the 1970s. industry has gradually ceased production of two-electrode lamps. They were replaced by four-electrode ones that do not require external igniters.

To match the electrical parameters of the lamp and the power supply, almost all types of radar with a falling external current-voltage characteristic require the use of a ballast, which in most cases is a choke connected in series with the lamp.

Fig.1 High pressure mercury lamp.

The four-electrode lamp DRL consists of outer glass flask(1) equipped with screw base(2). On the leg of the lamp is mounted on the geometric axis of the external flask quartz burner (discharge tube)(3) filled with argon with mercury addition. Four-electrode lamps have main electrodes(4) and located next to them auxiliary (igniting) electrodes(5). Each ignition electrode is connected to the main electrode located at the opposite end of the discharge tube through current-limiting resistance(6). Auxiliary electrodes facilitate lamp ignition and make its operation more stable during the start-up period.

Recently, a number of foreign firms have been manufacturing three-electrode DRL lamps equipped with only one ignition electrode. This design differs only in greater manufacturability in production, having no other advantages over four-electrode ones.

Operating principle

The lamp burner is made of a refractory and chemically resistant transparent material (quartz glass or special ceramics) and is filled with strictly metered portions of inert gases. In addition, metallic mercury is introduced into the burner, which in a cold lamp has the form of a compact ball or settles in the form of a coating on the walls of the flask and (or) electrodes. The luminous body of the RLVD is a column of arc electric discharge.

The ignition process of a lamp equipped with ignition electrodes is as follows. When a supply voltage is applied to the lamp, a glow discharge occurs between the closely spaced main and ignition electrodes, which is facilitated by a small distance between them, which is significantly less than the distance between the main electrodes, therefore, the breakdown voltage of this gap is also lower. The appearance in the cavity of the discharge tube of a sufficiently large number of charge carriers (free electrons and positive ions) contributes to the breakdown of the gap between the main electrodes and the ignition of a glow discharge between them, which almost instantly turns into an arc discharge.

Stabilization of the electrical and light parameters of the lamp occurs 10 - 15 minutes after switching on. During this time, the lamp current significantly exceeds the rated current and is limited only by the resistance of the ballast. The duration of the starting mode is highly dependent on the ambient temperature - the colder, the longer the lamp will flare up.

An electrical discharge in the burner of a mercury arc lamp produces visible blue or violet (rather than white as is commonly believed) radiation, as well as powerful ultraviolet radiation. The latter excites the glow of the phosphor deposited on the inner wall of the outer bulb of the lamp. The reddish glow of the phosphor, mixing with the white-greenish radiation of the burner, gives a bright light close to white.

A change in the mains voltage up or down causes a corresponding change in the luminous flux. The deviation of the supply voltage by 10 - 15% is acceptable and is accompanied by a change in the luminous flux of the lamp by 25 - 30%. When the supply voltage drops below 80% of the rated voltage, the lamp may not light up, and the burning lamp may go out.

When burning, the lamp becomes very hot. This requires the use of heat-resistant wires in lighting devices with mercury arc lamps, and imposes serious requirements on the quality of cartridge contacts. Since the pressure in the burner of a hot lamp increases significantly, its breakdown voltage also increases. The voltage of the supply network is insufficient to ignite a hot lamp. Therefore, before re-ignition, the lamp must cool down. This effect is a significant drawback of high-pressure mercury arc lamps, since even a very short interruption of the power supply extinguishes them, and a long cooling pause is required for re-ignition.

Traditional applications of DRL lamps

Lighting of open areas, industrial, agricultural and warehouse premises. Wherever it is connected with the need for great energy savings, these lamps are gradually being replaced by NLVD (lighting cities, large construction sites, high production halls, etc.).

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the combined lighting system. Where is it applied?

The combined lighting system, as the most economical, is used, as a rule, for lighting precise and highly precise work:

• 1. In the premises where visual work of the categories 1. Pa and Pb is performed.
• 2. In rooms where visual work is performed with grades 2c, 2d, 3 and 4, associated with the distinction of volumetric objects to create a favorable distribution of brightness on them (assembly of instruments and apparatus, tables of quality control department, etc.), with work on shiny surfaces of metals, glasses to eliminate reflected glare.
• 8. Name the advantages and disadvantages of RL and LL.

Fluorescent lamps have a high luminous efficiency, a long burning time, and a spectral composition of light that is favorable for the eyes.

High-pressure discharge lamps generally have a high luminous efficiency and a long burning time, but the spectral composition of their radiation may differ from LL and LN. So:

In DRL, green and blue tones predominate in the spectrum, which can distort the color rendition of the color; therefore, they are used in workshops where color discrimination is not required (in high rooms of machine-building enterprises), for outdoor lighting;

DRI (MGL) has an improved spectral composition, but a shorter burning time;

In NLVD (DNaT) there are yellow rays in the spectrum, the lamps have a high pulsation of the luminous flux, they have the ability to penetrate dusty environments, fog; used for outdoor lighting, lighting of highways, tunnels; used in workshops with high height and low requirements for light transmission;

DRIZ are close to DRI, provide color rendition, have a high light output, are used for indoor lighting, for slotted light guides, etc.;

HPS has a spectral composition that is closest to natural, has a high power, low light output and a limited burning time; used for lighting high shops, where the correct color reproduction is necessary, as well as for outdoor lighting: squares, stadiums, etc.

A number of LL and RL have such disadvantages as large overall dimensions, duration of warm-up and re-ignition; stroboscopic effect (distortion of visual perception); dependence on medium temperature; twilight; the ability to create radio interference; pulsation of the light flux and its decrease by the end of the lamp life; high frequency noise; danger of mercury vapor poisoning; high cost of some types, etc.

experimental part

Measure the total artificial illumination at 8 points on the working surface. On the floor plan, indicate the named points and the level of illumination in them. Give a conclusion on the compliance of the measured illumination with the norm for a given room (or type of work), as well as on the uniformity of the distribution of E in the room.

Rice. 1.

Settlement part

Make a calculation using the luminous flux method of general illumination on the horizontal working surfaces of the room, illuminated by general lighting lamps. The workshop environment is considered normal. Indicate the characteristics of visual work (category and sub-category), select the illumination norm for it (Table 1 appendix), taking into account the lighting system specified in the task option, the light source and other influencing factors. Select according to the table. 6 app. type of luminaire for general lighting (indicate the luminous intensity curve of the KSS) and local (with combined lighting). Determine hsv, lsv, n, Ф0. Select the lamp power, determine the total power.

Calculation of illumination by the luminous flux method.

Calculate the total illumination of a production room with a normal environment in an artificial lighting system. Initial data: room area - 120x60m 2; light source - LN lamp; lamp suspension height above the working surface hsv = 12 m; placement at the corners of the square. The reflection coefficients of the ceiling, walls, work surface, respectively: 0.7; 0.5; 0.1.

Determine the power of the light source and the total power of the op-amp of the shop. Select the type of luminaire and the power of the IC for MO, taking into account the share of illumination attributable to local lighting. There are no conditions that affect the decrease or increase in the norm.

From Table. 1 app. for the difference object size of 0.6 mm, we select the norm of working artificial lighting in the combined system. It is En=150lx with discharge lamps.

From Table. 8 app. we take the safety factor short circuit = 1.3;

Determine the room index (formula 8.3)

From Table. 9 for the given reflection coefficients (0.7-0.5-0.1), the room index i=3.3 and the type of lamp RSP-17 (G-2), interpolating, we find the value of the OS utilization factor. We accept h=0.98;

We determine the distance between the lamps and on it the number of lamps in the room. From Table. 8.1 for KSS type G recommended ratio. Accept

l=1. Then lsv=1×12=12m. The number of fixtures when placed at the corners of the square. We accept Z=1.1 (formula 8.2);

Determine the luminous flux of one lamp:

lighting lamp luxmeter

According to the table 4. adj. choose a DRL80 lamp with a luminous flux of 41000lm. This is a high-pressure tinder lamp with an improved spectral composition of light, a power of 80W and a burning time of 6000 hours.

Total power of the lighting installation for general lighting

Artificial lighting can be general(all production facilities are illuminated with the same type of lamps, evenly spaced above the illuminated surface and equipped with lamps of the same power) and combined(to the general lighting is added local lighting at work places with lamps located near the apparatus, machine, instruments, etc.). The use of only local lighting is unacceptable, since the sharp contrast between brightly lit and unlit areas tires the eyes, slows down the process of work and can cause accidents and accidents.

According to the functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into working, duty, emergency.

Work lighting mandatory in all premises and in illuminated areas to ensure the normal work of people and traffic.

Emergency lighting included outside of business hours.

Emergency lighting It is provided to ensure minimum illumination in the production room in case of a sudden shutdown of the working lighting.

In modern multi-span one-story buildings without skylights with one side glazing in the daytime, natural and artificial lighting is used simultaneously (combined lighting). It is important that both types of lighting are in harmony with one another. Lighting devices make up the largest group of electrical appliances in every home. Light sources are an important element of everyday life.

Sources of artificial lighting. Their advantages and disadvantages

All modern lamps can be classified according to three main features: this is the type of base, the method of obtaining light and the voltage from which they work. Let's start with the most important thing - the method of obtaining a luminous flux. It is from him that the ability of the lamp to consume a certain amount of electrical energy fully depends. Let us consider in more detail some of the features of these lighting lamps.

Incandescent lamps

Incandescent lamps (Fig. 1) belong to the class of thermal light sources. Despite the introduction of more technologically advanced types of lamps, they remain one of the most popular and cheapest light sources, especially in the domestic sector.

The action of these lamps is based on heating the spiral with a current passing through it to a temperature of 3000 degrees. The flasks of lamps with a power of 40 W or more are filled with inert gases - argon or krypton. Household lamps come in power 25 - 150 watts. Lamps up to 60 watts with a reduced base are called minions. You can check the serviceability of the lamp with a tester, the spiral must have a certain resistance. A luminaire with an incandescent lamp may have only two malfunctions: 1. The lamp burned out 2. There is no contact in the electrical wiring, as a result of which no voltage is applied to the base.

Advantages: Simple in design, reliable, do not have additional devices when turned on, practically do not depend on the ambient temperature, instantly ignite.

Flaws: They do not have a very long service life, about 1000 hours.

Fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent lamps (Fig. 2) are low pressure gas discharge lamps. They can be of various shapes: straight, tubular, curly and compact (CLL). The diameter of the tube is not related to the power of the lamp, which can reach up to 200 watts. Tubular lamps have two-pin base types depending on the distance between the pins: G-13 (distance - 13 mm) for lamps with a diameter of 40 mm and 26 mm and G-5 (distance - 5 mm) for lamps with a diameter of 16 mm.

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) (Fig. 3)- a fluorescent lamp, which has a curved bulb shape, which allows it to be placed in a lamp small sizes. Such lamps may have a built-in electronic choke (electronic ballast), may be different shapes And different lengths. They are used either in special types of luminaires or to replace incandescent lamps in conventional types of luminaires (lamps up to 20W, which are screwed into a threaded socket or through an adapter).

Fluorescent lamps require the operation of a special device - a ballast (choke). Most foreign lamps can work with both conventional (with a choke) and electronic ballasts (electronic ballasts). But some of them are designed for only one type of ballast.

Luminaires with electronic ballasts have the following advantages: the lamp does not flicker, it lights up better, it does not make noise (noise from the throttle), it is lighter in weight, it saves energy (power losses in electronic ballasts are much lower than in ballasts).

By changing the types of phosphor, you can change the color characteristics of the lamps. The letters included in the name of fluorescent lamps mean:

L - luminescent, B - white, TB - warm white, D - daylight, C - with improved color rendering. The numbers 18, 20, 36, 40, 65, 80 indicate the rated power in watts. For example, LDC-18 is a fluorescent lamp, daylight, with improved color rendering, with a power of 18 watts.

A lamp with fluorescent lamps works as follows (Fig. 4) - a tubular lamp is filled with argon and mercury vapor. The starter is necessary to start the lamp, it is necessary to warm up the electrodes for a short time, the current flowing through the choke and the starter increases significantly, heats the bimetallic plate of the starter, the lamp electrodes warm up, the starter contact opens, the current in the circuit decreases, a short-term large voltage is formed on the choke, its accumulated energy is enough to break through the gas in the bulb of the lamp. Further, the current goes through the inductor and the lamp, while 110 volts falls on the inductor, and 110 volts on the lamp. Mercury vapor with the help of a phosphor creates a glow that is perceived by the human eye. The inductor consumes almost no energy, the energy that it takes during magnetization, it returns almost completely when demagnetized, while the wires are uselessly loaded to unload the network, capacitor C is used. Energy is exchanged not between the network and the inductor, but between the inductor and capacitor. The presence of a capacitor reduces the efficiency of the lamp, without it the efficiency is 50-60%, with it - 95%. The capacitor, which is connected in parallel with the starter, is used to protect against radio interference.

A malfunction of a fluorescent lamp may consist in a violation of the electrical contact in the lamp circuit or in the failure of one of the elements of the lamp. The reliability of the contacts is checked by visual inspection and by a tester.

The operability of the lamp or ballast is checked by successively replacing all elements with known good ones.

Typical malfunctions of luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Advantages: Compared with incandescent lamps, it is more economical and durable, has good light transmission. The service life is up to 10,000 hours for imported lamps and up to 5,000-8,000 hours for domestic ones. It is convenient to use where the lamp is on for many hours.

Flaws: At temperatures below 5 degrees, it is difficult to ignite and may burn more dimly.

Discharge lamps DRL

DRL lamps(arc mercury with a phosphor (Fig. 5.6), these are high-pressure discharge lamps. Thanks to additional electrodes and resistors placed in the bulb, the lamp does not need an igniter, is connected to the network with an inductive gear and ignites directly from a voltage of 220 volts, A capacitor is needed to reduce the current.

After the lamp is turned on, it lights up, the luminous flux created by the lamp gradually increases, the ignition process lasts 7 - 10 minutes. When the voltage is interrupted, the lamp goes out. It is impossible to light a hot lamp, it must be completely cooled down, after turning it off it can be re-ignited only after 10-15 minutes. There are power from 80 to 250 watts.

Repair of lamps with DRL lamps consists in identifying a failed element and replacing it with a known good one.

Advantages: much more economical than incandescent lamps, insensitive to temperature changes, so it is convenient to use them in outdoor lighting, service life up to 15,000 hours.

Flaws: low color rendering, pulsation of the light flux, sensitivity to voltage fluctuations in the network.

Halogen lamps

Halogen incandescent lamps(Fig. 7) belong to the class of thermal light sources, the light emission of which is the result of heating the lamp coil by the current passing through it. Filled with a gas mixture containing halogens (usually iodine or bromine). This gives the light brightness, saturation, and they can be used in point light sources.

It is better to use lamps of well-known companies - halogen lamps emit ultraviolet rays, which is harmful to the eyes. The lamps of well-known companies have a special coating that does not transmit ultraviolet light.

If a malfunction occurs, measure the voltage at the lamp base, if the voltage is normal, replace the lamp. If there is no voltage on the base of the lamp, there is a malfunction in the transformer or in the contact part of the electrical fittings.

Advantages: Service life 1500-2000 hours, have a stable luminous flux throughout the entire service life, smaller bulb sizes compared to incandescent lamps. With the same power as an incandescent lamp, the light output is 1.5-2 times greater.

Flaws: Changes in the mains voltage are undesirable, with a decrease in voltage, the temperature of the spiral decreases and the lamp life is reduced.

Energy-saving lamps

Energy saving lamps (Fig. 8) designed for use in lighting fixtures of residential, office, commercial, administrative and industrial premises, in decorative lighting installations.

They can be used in any lamp as a substitute for incandescent lamps. Energy-saving lamps are a type of low-pressure discharge lamps, namely compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs).

The power of energy-saving lamps is about five times less than that of incandescent lamps. Therefore, it is recommended to choose the power of energy-saving lamps based on the ratio of 1:5 to incandescent lamps.

The main parameters of such lamps are color temperature, base size and color rendering index. The color temperature determines the color of the glow of an energy-saving lamp. Expressed on the Kelvin scale. The lower the temperature, the closer the color of the glow to red.

Energy-saving lamps have different glow colors - white warm light, cold white, daylight. It is recommended to choose the right color based on the interior of the apartment or house and the peculiarities of the vision of the people who are there. Cold white light has the designation 6400K. Such lighting is bright white and is better suited for office spaces. Natural white light is labeled 4200K and is close to natural light. This color can be suitable for a children's room and living room. The white warm light is slightly yellowish and has the designation 2700K. It is closest to the incandescent lamp, better for leisure, can be used in the kitchen and bedroom. Most people choose a warm color for an apartment.

If flickering appears in the energy-saving lamp, then this indicates a malfunction of the device, the lamp is either loosely screwed in or is defective and must be replaced.

Advantages: Lasts 8 times longer than conventional incandescent bulbs, consumes 80% less electricity, gives 5 times more light for the same energy consumption, can work continuously in places where lighting is required throughout the day, is less sensitive to shaking and vibrations, slightly heated, do not buzz and do not flicker.

Flaws: Slow warm up (about two minutes), can not be used in outdoor street lamps (do not work at temperatures below 15 degrees C), can not be used with dimmers (dimmers) and motion sensors.

LED bulbs.

LED bulbs(Fig. 9) are another light source of a new generation.

LEDs are used as the light source in these lamps. An LED emits light when an electric current passes through it.

LED main lighting lamps consist of: a diffuser, an LED or a set of LEDs, a housing, a cooling radiator, a power supply, a base. Great importance has a cooling radiator, as the LEDs and the power supply are heated. If the radiator is small or poorly made, then such lamps fail faster (usually the power supply fails). The power supply converts 220V AC to DC to power the LEDs.

Available for cartridges GU5.3, GU10, E14, E27. Soft lamps available warm light(2600-3500K), neutral white (3700-4200K) and cool white (5500-6500K). There are dimmable LED bulbs (using an incandescent dimmer), but they are more expensive.

Advantages: Profitability (energy costs are 10 times less than incandescent lamps), long service life (20,000 hours and more), safe components are used in production (do not contain mercury), resistant to power surges, do not require heating (unlike energy saving lamps).

Flaws: Quite a high price, LEDs gradually lose their brightness, cannot work at temperatures above 100 degrees C (hot ovens, etc.).

Man is not a cat. For a normal life, he needs light. Plenty of light is desirable, day and night. Natural lighting is best, but it is only possible during daylight hours. This article tells about what types of artificial lighting exist, what lamps and fixtures are used in each case, about the advantages and disadvantages of each lighting method.

Types of lighting at the installation site

First of all, lighting is divided into:

production;

decorative or festive.

Industrial lighting

main function industrial lighting is to ensure the work of people indoors or outdoors. Lighting in stores can be attributed to the production. It is carried out by a large number of ceiling lamps of the same type. Outdoors, it is installed on poles or fences (walls) along the perimeter of the working platform. The design of fixtures is usually secondary, the main thing is price and functionality. It is important to ensure uniform illumination.

Indoors, the lamps are energy-saving and, if the ceilings are low, then fluorescent. Recently, LEDs have been widely used. On the street in winter, energy-saving and fluorescent lamps do not work well, therefore, high-power LED lamps and DRL lamps are used. They are less economical than LED, but cheaper. Incandescent lamps of high power fell out of use.

street lighting

Street lighting, as the name implies, is used outdoors. The requirements for lighting in such places are lower than in other places, sometimes lamps are placed only in especially important places, for example, above the path to the house or above the porch of a residential building. If it is necessary to illuminate the protected area, the level of illumination is chosen so that the entire area is clearly visible, and the absence of strangers is controlled.

household lighting

This is the lighting of living rooms and utility rooms in residential buildings and apartments. The main purpose of this type of lighting is to create comfortable living conditions. Luminaire design is as important as functionality. Sometimes they are equipped with dimmers for smooth adjustment of illumination.

It is usually carried out by one lamp (chandelier) in the center of the room in combination with local lighting lamps. Lamps and luminaires are used different types and LED strips. Read more about the use of LED strips in the article.

Decorative (holiday) lighting

The main purpose of decorative lighting is to create a festive atmosphere or decorate the facades of buildings or shop windows and signs. LED lamps of different colors are used, as well as LED strips, both conventional and RGB and (or) with running lights, controlled by controllers.

Types of lighting for premises

According to the purpose, lighting is divided into the following types:

working or permanent;

duty;

emergency.

Work lighting

Working lighting is lighting that is on all the time people are in the illuminated area or room. It should create illumination sufficient for normal operation or comfortable finding of people. The disadvantage of this type of lighting is that it must be on all the time people are at full power and must illuminate the entire area well, which leads to increased costs.

local lighting

Local lighting helps to reduce costs. IN industrial premises it is carried out by lamps installed at workplaces, energy-saving, fluorescent or LED lamps. In workshops, according to the requirements of safety regulations, the voltage supplying the lamps should be no more than 36V.

In everyday life, the role of local lighting is performed by sconces, table lamps and other small lamps, as well as pieces of LED strip glued in the right places.

Emergency lighting

Emergency lighting provides safe passage through the illuminated area. In production, it is performed by turning off part of the working lighting or individual lamps of lower power.

In everyday life, the role of emergency lighting is performed by nightlights and low-power lamps that remain on at night. Emergency lighting can be done with LED strip glued to the plinth.

The disadvantage of this type of lighting is the constant work in the absence of people. This problem is solved with the help of motion sensors.

Emergency lighting can be used as security lighting. This type of lighting provides sufficient illumination for the protection of the object.

Emergency lighting

Used to illuminate rooms and paths in the absence of electricity. For this, lamps with batteries are used. At large enterprises with two inputs, emergency lighting is used on duty.

Emergency lighting can be used as evacuation. In this case, there must be an illumination of the exits and arrows indicating the direction of movement towards them.

track lighting system

This is a lighting system in which luminaires are hung on a special rail on which they can move.

Tire track lighting systems were developed for trading floors and made it possible to quickly move lamps to right places. Now track lighting is actively used in a variety of premises. Track lighting systems for the home allow you to quickly change the light accents and design of the room.

The track lighting system can be installed both on the ceiling and on the walls and use a variety of lamps - from incandescent to LED.

Lighting calculation

The required lamp power in different rooms can be determined from the table.

The data applies to room heights up to 3m. If the ceilings are higher, then the required power is multiplied by 1.5.

For example, to illuminate a living room of 15m2, you need to multiply 15 by 20. The total power of incandescent lamps will be 300W. If you use energy-saving lamps, then the power needed is 5 times less, i.e. 60W, and LED is 8 times less - 37.5W.

This does not mean that it is enough to hang one chandelier in the center. It will be lit too brightly, and the corners will be dark. It is necessary to additionally use a sconce, floor lamp or install spotlights. For example, a central chandelier with a power of 200W and 4 spotlights with a power of 25W each.

A more accurate calculation of household lighting, calculation of street lighting and lighting of adjacent territories requires special knowledge and consideration of various factors. The easiest way to do it is with online calculators.

Lighting at night is very important for a civilized person, and right choice ways to organize it will help create comfortable conditions for work and life, as well as save energy.

Natural lighting is created by natural light sources. Its characteristics primarily depend on the time of day, but are also determined by geographic location terrain, seasons, and atmospheric conditions.

Natural lighting is physiologically necessary and most favorable for a person. However, it cannot fully ensure its normal functioning. Because of this, even in ancient times, people began to look for an addition to it - artificial lighting.

Today, artificial light sources are typically incandescent, fluorescent, or light sources using LEDs.

Types of artificial lighting

Artificial lighting is divided into several varieties. Exists four types of artificial lighting. Usually three of them are installed in residential premises, the fourth is less common.

1. General

With general lighting, there is a uniform distribution of light over the entire area. This is achieved by maintaining the same distance between the lamps, which are evenly scattered.

With a light source localized at one point, there will be a difference in the brightness of the light, but there will be no sharp drops. An example is a chandelier located in the middle of the ceiling.

2. Local

Local lighting is used to highlight the necessary objects or zones. In this case, the light source is placed on a specific area: a stove, a desktop or part of a wall.

According to the designers, local lighting plays an important role in interior design. It gives it completeness and logical completeness. For example, in an office or bedroom, you can generally use only one local lighting, completely abandoning the general one.

The above have their drawbacks. So, general lighting eliminates the possibility of changing the direction of the main light flux, and also has excessive light scattering.

Local lighting, on the contrary, allows you to highlight only a specific area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, which is brightly illuminated by a localized light source.

3. Combined

You can eliminate all these shortcomings by combining local and general light together. Thus, the problem of illumination of a modern dwelling will be solved. That is why, combined lighting, which combines the two previous types, is the most commonly used option.

4. Emergency

The ones described above apply in residential areas. The fourth type of lighting is emergency. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to find it in residential premises.

The light sources of this type of lighting are powered by batteries. Additional low power lamps automatically turn on when the main source is turned off.

Emergency lighting is essential in areas where power outages can cause serious injury.

The simplest example is houses with stairs, in which, in the absence of lighting, it is easy to fall. And emergency lights located on the sides of the steps will protect residents from such troubles.