Classification of atmospheric vortices. Characteristics of atmospheric vortices. Signs of bad weather

Test on the topic "Climate of Russia" 1 option

Task 1. Finish the sentence:

A. Entry to earth by radiation solar heat and light ____________

B. Change in the properties of VMs when they move above the Earth's surface ___________

B. Vortex air movement associated with a low pressure area _____________

D. The ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation for the same period __________

A. FORM OVER MOST OF OUR COUNTRY?

B. IN THE WINTER PROMOTE A SHARP WARMING, IN THE SUMMER CAUSE CLOUDY WEATHER WITH INTERNATIONAL RAIN?

C. IN WINTER THEY BRING SNOWFALLS AND THAWS, AND IN THE SUMMER REDUCING THE HEAT, BRING PRECITATION?

Task 3. Test

1. The severity of the country's climate is growing in the direction

A)cnorth to south b) east to west c) west to east

2. This type of climate is typical for D.Vostok:

3. This type of climate is characterized by long cold winters and short cold summers, when the July temperature is not higher than +5C

A) arctic B) subarctic c) sharply continental d) monsoon

4.This type of climate features harsh winter, sunny and frosty; summers are sunny and warm, with little rainfall all year round.

A) Moderately continental b) continental C) sharply continental d) monsoon

5. Large volumes of troposphere air with homogeneous properties.

6. The state of the lower layer of the atmosphere in a given place at a given time.

A) atmospheric front b) circulation c) weather d) climate e) air masses f) solar radiation

7. The passage of a cold front is accompanied by weather.

8.WhirlwindsFormed over the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, the movement of air from the outskirts to the center counterclockwise, in the center is an upward movement of air, the weather is changeable, windy, cloudy, with precipitation.

A) Cyclone b) Anticyclone

Task 4.

Find a match: climate type

- climatogram 1 2 3

A) sharply continental b) monsoon c) moderately continental

Task 5. Complete the list

drought, _________, dust storm, _________, frost, _________, black ice, __________

a) radish b) brown bread c) citrus fruits d) tea

Control work on the topic "Climate of Russia" Option 2

Task 1. Finish the sentence:

A. Transitional zone between dissimilar VMs hundreds of kilometers long and tens of kilometers wide.________

B. All varietyair movements ___________

B. Vortex air movement associated with a high pressure area ______________

D.Climate properties that provide agricultural production ____________________

Task 2. Determine the type air masses(VM)

A. ARE FORMED OFF THE COASTS OF OUR COUNTRY OVER THE PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC OCEANS?

B. CONTRIBUTE TO THE FORMATION OF HOT, DRY WEATHER, DROUGHTS AND DRY WINDS?

Q. WHICH VM BRING FROST IN SPRING AND AUTUMN?

Task 3. Test

1. The presence of climatic regions within the belts is explained by the large length of the country

A) a)cnorth to south b)) from west to east

2. This type of climate is typical for Z. Siberia:

A) Moderately continental b) continental C) sharply continental d) monsoonal

3. This type of climate is distinguished by a rather cold winter with little snow; abundance of precipitation during the warm season.

A) arctic B) subarctic c) sharply continental d) monsoon

4. This type of climate is distinguished by mild snowy winters and warm summer:

A) Moderately continental b) continental C) sharply continental d) monsoon

5. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface.

A) atmospheric front b) circulation c) weather d) climate e) air masses f) solar radiation

6. The average long-term weather regime characteristic of any territory

A) atmospheric front b) circulation c) weather d) climate e) air masses f) solar radiation

7. The passage of a warm front is accompanied by weather

A) quiet sunny weather. B) thunderstorms, squally winds, showers.

8. Atmospheric vortices form over Siberia,the movement of air from the center to the outskirts in a clockwise direction,in the center - downward movement of air; the weather is stable, windless, cloudless, without precipitation. warm in summer, cold in winter.

Task 4 .

Find a match climate type

- climatogram 1 2 3

A) arctic b) monsoon c) temperate continental

Task 5. Complete the list adverse climatic events.

Dry wind, _________, hurricane, ______________, hail, ____________, fog

Task 6. What crops are not grown in your area and why?

a) potatoes b) rice c) cabbage d) cotton

The term atmospheric front is understood as transition zone where adjacent air masses with different characteristics meet. Fronts are formed when warm and cold air masses collide. They can stretch for tens of kilometers.

Air masses and atmospheric fronts

The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to the formation of various air currents. Air masses located in the lower layers of the atmosphere are able to combine with each other. The reason for this is general properties these masses or identical origin.

Change weather conditions is due to the movement of air masses. Warm temperatures cause warming, and cold temperatures cause cooling.

There are several types of air masses. They are distinguished by the origin. Such masses are: arctic, polar, tropical and equatorial air masses.

Atmospheric fronts occur when various air masses collide. Collision areas are called frontal or transitional. These zones instantly appear and also quickly collapse - it all depends on the temperature of the colliding masses.

The wind generated by such a collision can reach speeds of 200 km/k at an altitude of 10 km from earth's surface. Cyclones and anticyclones are the result of collisions of air masses.

Warm and cold fronts

Warm fronts are fronts moving in the direction of cold air. The warm air mass moves along with them.

When approaching warm fronts there is a decrease in pressure, thickening of clouds and heavy precipitation. After the front has passed, the direction of the wind changes, its speed decreases, the pressure begins to gradually rise, and the precipitation stops.

A warm front is characterized by the flow of warm air masses onto cold ones, which causes them to cool.

It is also often accompanied by heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. But when there is not enough moisture in the air, precipitation does not fall.

Cold fronts are air masses that move and displace warm air. stand out cold front of the first kind and a cold front of the second kind.

The first genus is characterized by the slow penetration of its air masses under warm air. This process forms clouds both behind the front line and within it.

The upper part of the frontal surface consists of a uniform cover of stratus clouds. The duration of the formation and decay of a cold front is about 10 hours.

The second kind are cold fronts moving with high speed. Warm air is instantly displaced by cold air. This leads to the formation of a cumulonimbus region.

The first signals of the approach of such a front are high clouds, visually resembling lentils. Their education takes place long before his arrival. The cold front is located two hundred kilometers from the place where these clouds appeared.

The cold front of the 2nd kind in the summer is accompanied by heavy precipitation in the form of rain, hail and squally winds. Such weather can spread for tens of kilometers.

In winter, a cold front of the 2nd kind causes a snow blizzard, strong winds, and turbulence.

Atmospheric fronts of Russia

The climate of Russia is mainly influenced by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic and the Pacific.

In summer, Antarctic air masses pass through Russia, affecting the climate of Ciscaucasia.

The entire territory of Russia is prone to cyclones. Most often they form over the Kara, Barents and Okhotsk Seas.

Most often in our country there are two fronts - the Arctic and the Polar. They move south or north during different climatic periods.

The southern part of the Far East is subject to the influence of the tropical front. Abundant precipitation in central Russia is caused by the influence of the polar front, which operates in July.

Atmosphere("atmos" - steam) - the air shell of the Earth. The atmosphere, according to the nature of temperature change with height, is divided into several spheres

The radiant energy of the Sun is the source of air movement. Between warm and cold masses there is a difference in temperature and atmospheric air pressure. It creates wind.

Various concepts are used to indicate the movement of the wind: tornado, storm, hurricane, storm, typhoon, cyclone, etc.

To systematize them, all over the world use Beaufort scale, which estimates the strength of the wind in points from 0 to 12 (see table).

Atmospheric fronts and atmospheric vortices give rise to formidable natural phenomena, the classification of which is shown in fig. 1.9.

Rice. 1.9. Natural hazards of a meteorological nature.

In table. 1.15 shows the characteristics of atmospheric vortices.

Cyclone(hurricane) - (Greek whirling) - this is a strong atmospheric disturbance, a circular vortex movement of air with a decrease in pressure in the center.

Depending on the place of origin, cyclones are divided into tropical And extratropical. The central part of the cyclone, which has the lowest pressure, light clouds and light winds, is called "eye of the storm"("eye of the hurricane").

The speed of the cyclone itself is 40 km/h (rarely up to 100 km/h). Tropical cyclones (typhoons) move faster. And the speed of wind whirlwinds is up to 170 km/h.

Depending on the speed, there are: - hurricane (115-140 km/h); - strong hurricane (140-170 km/h); - hard hurricane (more than 170 km/h).

Hurricanes are most prevalent in Far East, in the Kaliningrad and Northwestern regions of the country.

Harbingers of a hurricane (cyclone): - a decrease in pressure in low latitudes and an increase in high latitudes; - the presence of perturbations of any kind; - changeable winds; - sea swell; - wrong ebbs and flows.

Table 1.15

Characteristics of atmospheric vortices

The damaging factors of the hurricane are given in Table. 1.16.

Table 1.16

Damage factors of a hurricane

Tornado(tornado) - an extremely rapidly rotating funnel hanging from a cumulonimbus cloud and observed as a "funnel cloud" or "pipe". The classification of tornadoes is given in Table. 3.1.26.

Table 1.17

Tornado classification

On the territory of Russia, tornadoes are common: in the north - near the Solovetsky Islands, on the White Sea, in the south - on the Black and Azov Seas. - Small, short-acting tornadoes travel less than a kilometer. - Small tornadoes of significant action travel a distance of several kilometers. - Large tornadoes travel a distance of tens of kilometers.

The damaging factors of tornadoes are given in Table. 1.18.

Table 1.18

Damaging factors of tornadoes

Storm- long, very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m/s, observed during the passage of a cyclone and accompanied by strong waves at sea and destruction on land. Duration of action - from several hours to several days.

In table. 1.19 shows the classification of storms.

Table 1.19

Storm classification

The damaging factors of storms are given in Table. 1.20.

Table 1.20.

The damaging factors of storms

Population actions

Storm- an atmospheric phenomenon, accompanied by lightning and deafening thunder. Up to 1800 thunderstorms occur simultaneously on the globe.

Lightning- a giant electric spark discharge in the atmosphere in the form of a bright flash of light.

Table 1.21

Types of lightning

Table 1.21

Striking factors of lightning

Actions of the population during a thunderstorm.

hail- particles of dense ice falling in the form of precipitation from powerful cumulonimbus clouds.

Fog cloudiness of the air above the Earth's surface caused by the condensation of water vapor

Ice- frozen drops of supercooled rain or fog, deposited on the cold surface of the Earth.

snow drifts- heavy snowfall at wind speed over 15 m/s and snowfall duration over 12 hours.

The classification of any phenomena is an important element of the system of knowledge about them. Each researcher speaks about certain vortex phenomena. A lot of them. What vortex flows are currently named and analyzed?

In terms of scale, this is:

Ethereal whirlwinds at the level of the microworld

On a human level

At the cosmic level.

According to the degree of interconnection with material particles.

IN this moment time unrelated to them.

To some extent, possessing the properties of material particles, as they are carried along.

They have the properties of material particles that move them.

According to the criterion of the ratio of the ether and other structures of the surrounding world

Ethereal whirlwinds that penetrate through solid objects, the Earth, space objects and remain invisible to our senses.

Ethereal whirlwinds that carry away air, water masses and even hard rocks. Like spirones.

“... the entire geosphere has been in the grip of this chiral helical vortex field (SVF) for billions of years, which in fact is a power agent of the solar atmosphere with all the complications due to the manifestations of solar activity. The speed of propagation of the helical vortex field (SVP) depends on the density, structure and overcome mass of matter (from 3-1010 cm s-1 in the core of the Sun to (2 ^ 10)-107 cm-s-1 in terrestrial conditions). In the atmosphere of the Sun, the SVP speed with the primary one is the earth's interior, since, for example, the biosphere is located directly above this source. The temperature in the Earth's core is not high enough (~ 6140K) to generate primary vortex quanta (spirons), however, the Earth, constantly irradiated by SSWI streams (104erg-cm-2s-1), continuously receives a stream of solar vortex energy (~ 1.3-1015W ). Observations indicate that the geoid is a resonator with a low quality factor for SSWI, ~ 0.3-1015 W is delayed in it”

According to the criterion of using gravitational energy

Ethereal vortices are relatively independent of gravitational

Ethereal vortices that convert gravispin energy into electromagnetic. And vice versa.

Ethereal vortices-domains that pump energy from gravitational waves.

According to the criterion of influence on the person as a whole

Ether whirlwinds that give psycho-physiological strength to people.

Ethereal whirlwinds, neutral to the psycho-physiological activity of a person.

Ethereal whirlwinds that reduce the psychophysiological activity of people. The background vortex field can also be such a field. “There is apparently no protection from the impact of the background vortex field, except for the thicknesses of crystalline rocks” A.G. Nikolsky

By time criterion

Rapidly flowing ethereal vortices.

Long-existing ethereal vortices

According to the degree of constancy and sustainability of presence

- "First of all" ... "a background field that is uniform in space, with wave characteristics such as quasi-stationary noise with a random superposition of sinusoidal oscillations of various frequencies (0.1-20 Hz), amplitudes and durations." Nikolsky GA Hidden solar emission and radiation balance of the Earth.

Present depending on cosmic and other factors stretched in time

Ethereal vortices in the form of the same type, one-plane vortex

Ethereal vortices in the form of a torus (a vortex in one plane intersects with a vortex in another plane)

Ethereal vortices in the form of a vacuum domain

According to the degree of uniformity of the density of vortices

Relatively homogeneous

With sleeves of ether of different density

According to the degree of manifestation

Measured and documented

Indirectly measured

Alleged, hypothetical

Origin

From split, decayed particles

From objects, from particles, material objects that had rectilinear motion

From wave energy

By energy source

From electromagnetic energy

From gravispin energy

Pulsating (from gravispin to electromagnetic, and vice versa)

By fractality to the rotation of various geometric shapes

The most not simple, but promising classification of aether vortices is proposed in David Wilcock's book "The Science of Unity". He believes that all vortices to one degree or another approach various geometric shapes. And these forms do not arise by chance, but according to the laws of volumetric propagation of vibration. From here we can talk about vortices that are fractal to the rotation of various geometric shapes. Geometric shapes can be conditionally combined with each other.

As a result, such unions and rotations with different angles of inclination to the plane give rise to the following figures. http://www.ligis.ru/librari/670.htm

At the heart of such figures, as well as at the heart of the vortices that arise during their rotation, are the Harmonic proportions of the Platonic Solids. D. Wilcock referred to such forms:

This approach is an elegant amalgamation of the basic forms of crystals and vortices. As will be shown later, "there is something in this." http://www. www.16pi2.com/joomla/

by cosmic origin

Ethereal whirlwinds coming from under the Earth

Hazardous classification natural phenomena Dangerous meteorological (agrometeorological) phenomena are natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere, which, by their intensity (strength), scale of distribution and duration, have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic objects and environment. These include: - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes (tornadoes), squalls; - heavy precipitation (snowfall, downpour, hail, blizzard, ice); - severe frost; - intense heat, drought, dry wind; - heavy fog; - late frosts Meteorological and agrometeorological dangerous phenomena

H, km t° С 3000 exosphere thermosphere mesosphere-90 55 stratosphere troposphere-60 Atmospheric structure

Gas Molecular weight, g/mol Content, % volume Density absolute, g/m 3 relative to dry air Nitrogen 28.10678.967 Oxygen 3220.105 Argon 39.9440.379 Carbon dioxide 44.010.529 Neon 20.18318.18* .695 Helium 4.0035.24* .138 Krypton 83.71.14* .868 Hydrogen 2.0160.5* .07 Ozone 48(0…0.07)* .624 Dry air 28,

Psychrometric booths high towers and masts balloons, balloons, flying laboratories Space monitoring facilities: meteorological and geophysical rockets artificial satellites Earth spaceships and orbital stations indirect methods The following can be used to study the atmosphere:

The mass of the atmosphere is trillion tons. The mass of pollution is 1/10 thousand % Pollutants in the atmosphere: Accumulate over time Distributed unevenly on Earth Toxic in small concentrations

Sources of air pollution: I - Natural: dust, salt, volcanic. II - Artificial (anthropogenic): Industrial enterprises: - chemical industry enterprises - metallurgical enterprises - thermal power plants - cement plants Road transport Agricultural enterprises - livestock complexes - poultry farms - chemical plant protection products - tillage

The reduction of air pollution is facilitated by: – regulation of transport flows in large cities; – transition of transport to alternative fuel sources (alcohol, gas, etc.) – construction of treatment facilities; – conversion of CHPPs to environmentally friendly fuels; – improvement of production technologies; – centralization of small boiler houses; - the withdrawal of industrial enterprises from the city, etc.

The general circulation of the atmosphere is a system of air currents on a large, planetary scale, carrying huge masses of air from one latitude to another. Rice. Distribution of atmospheric pressure and winds near the earth's surface; on the right - meridional section of the wind direction (according to A.P. Shubaev): 1 - wind direction; 2 - the direction of the horizontal baric gradient

Air mass type Designation Where the Arctic (Antarctic) is formed A Arctic, Antarctic temperate latitudes(polar) P WTemperate latitudes Tropical T SU

Atmospheric eddiesLocal nameCharacteristic Cyclone (tropical and extratropical) - a closed baric system - eddies with low pressure in the center Typhoon (China, Japan) Willy Willy (Australia) Hurricane (Northern and South America) Width km Height 1-12 km Calm area diameter ("eye of the storm") km Wind speed up to 120 m/s Time of day Characteristics of atmospheric eddies Atmospheric eddies

PrimarySecondary - a strong wind carrying large masses water, mud, sand (up to 250 km/h); - sea waves (higher than 10 m); - showers (mm). - heavy objects carried by the wind; - flooding, flooding of the territory; - destruction of buildings and structures; - breakage of power lines; - howled trees, masts, pipes, supports, etc.; - fires, explosions. The damaging factors of a hurricane Primary Secondary - air currents carrying water, dirt, objects, etc. (wind speed in the funnel up to km / h, sometimes up to 400 km / h); - reduced air pressure in the funnel; - spiral or vertical movement of air flows within the funnel; - showers; - thunderstorms. - destruction of objects during side impacts; - detachment of objects and people, lifting up with transfer to hundreds of meters; - absorption of gaseous and liquid masses with their subsequent release; - breakage of power lines; - fires, explosions; - Flooding of the territory. Damaging factors of tornadoes A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth (water), in the form of a cloud sleeve or trunk Tornado (USA, Mexico) Thrombus (West Europe) Height - from a few hundred meters to several km. Diameter - from several hundred meters to 1.5 km or more. The speed of movement is from up to 100 km/h The speed of rotation of vortices in the funnel is up to 300 km/h Hurricane is a wind of great destructive power and a long duration, which occurs mainly from July to October in the zones of convergence of a cyclone and an anticyclone. Typhoon (Pacific Ocean) Wind speed more than 33 m/s Duration 9-12 days Width - up to 1000 km

Atmospheric whirlwindsLocal nameCharacteristic Flurry - short-term whirlwinds that occur in front of cold atmospheric fronts, often accompanied by a shower or hail and occur in all seasons of the year and at any time of the day. Storm Wind speed 25 m/s or more Duration up to 1 hour Storm is a very strong wind, the speed of which is less than a hurricane. Storm Duration - from several hours to several days Wind speed m / s Width - up to several hundred kilometers Bora - very strong gusty cold wind coastal areas, leading to winter time to icing of port facilities and ships Sarma (on Baikal) Baku Nord Duration - several days Wind speed up to m/s Foehn - a hot dry wind blowing from the slopes of the mountains into the valley. (Caucasus, Altai, Central Asia) Velocity m/s, high temperature and low relative air humidity Characteristics of atmospheric vortices (continued)

Storm - a long, very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m / s, observed during the passage of a cyclone and accompanied by strong waves at sea and destruction on land. Duration of action - from several hours to several days. Type of storm Primary factors Secondary factors Storm - high wind speed; - strong sea waves - destruction of buildings, watercraft; - destruction, erosion of the coast Dust storm - high wind speed; - high air temperature at extremely low relative humidity; - loss of visibility, dust. - destruction of buildings; - desiccation of soils, death of agricultural plants; - removal of the fertile soil layer (deflation, erosion); - loss of orientation. Snow storm (blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm) - high wind speed; - low temperature; - loss of visibility, snow. - destruction of objects; - hypothermia; - frostbite; - loss of orientation. Flurry - high wind speed (within 10 minutes, the wind speed increases from 3 to 31 m / s) - destruction of buildings; - windbreak. The damaging factors of the storm

Name of the wind regime Wind speed (km/h) PointsSigns Calm 0 - 1.60 Smoke goes straight Light breeze 3.2 - 4.81 Smoke bends Light breeze 6.4 - 11.32 Leaves stir Light breeze 12.9 - 19 33 Leaves moving Moderate breeze 20.9 - 28.94 Leaves and dust flying Fresh breeze 30.6 - 38.65 Thin trees sway Strong breeze 40.2 - 49.96 Thick trees sway Strong wind 51.5 – 61.17 Trunks of trees are bent Storm 62.8 – 74.08 Branches are broken Strong storm 75.5 – 86.99 Tiles and pipes are torn off Full storm 88.5 – 101.410 Trees are uprooted Storm 103.0 – 120.711 Damage everywhere Hurricane More than 120,712 Major destruction WIND Beaufort scale