The main styles of the modern Russian literary language. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Artistic style: general characteristics

1 . The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.

2 . The concept of stylistic norms.

3 . Scientific functional style, its language features.

4 . Speech norms of educational and scientific fields of activity.

functional styles called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in a particular area, perform certain tasks (functions) and have some features in the selection and use of language means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, and scientific.

Conversational style It is used in the sphere of everyday communication and is realized mainly in oral form. This style is opposed to other styles that are associated with various areas of social activity and are implemented mainly in writing. The main function of conversational style is the function of communication. The conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. A distinctive feature of this style is the use of language tools with colloquial coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.

Journalistic style implemented in the social and political sphere. Its main function is the function of social influence. Initially, it acted as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, i.e. journalism (hence its name), but today an oral variety of journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features of colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions and appeals are actively used. Genres of journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, reportage, commentary, campaign speech, etc.

Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in official business speech is played by the function of communication and social regulation (information-directive function). Style features - impersonality, standard. Typical language tools: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and turns. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them - an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, an explanatory note, a law, a charter, an agreement, etc.

scientific style used in science and technology. the main task scientific style - a message and a logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three sub-styles: proper-scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with a generalized and abstract meaning. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.).

In morphology, the noun predominates above the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called "real timeless" (the Volga flows into the Caspian Sea) is widely used. The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres of scientific speech, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, an annotation, a textbook, teaching aid etc. Importance in the system of these genres, there are annotations and abstracts, the content and construction of which most clearly and clearly reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.

Every functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a particular social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Thus, the selection of specific functional styles takes into account the originality of various areas of application of linguistic phenomena and the specifics of expressiveness (expressiveness) inherent in a particular style.

Keep in mind that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, and fix the deepest style features. Each of them is also subjected to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are subdivided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more particular varieties, and so on. For example, the scientific style, while retaining its basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific and technical. In turn, both of them can have popular science presentation options.

In addition, each of the styles scientific and scientific-technical style can be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). At the same time, differences arise both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even finer differentiation: they take into account the genre and the way of presentation. Depending on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, depending on the author's individuality, bear its features.

As you can see, stylistic differentiation is associated with the action a large number of non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the selection of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors affecting speech can be classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary language means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the possibility of such a choice from the author of a particular statement.

Each functional style has its own norms.. These norms are called stylistic, violation of them is the cause of stylistic errors. (For example: "Girl, what issue are you crying about?")

Functional styles have their own features of the use of the general literary norm, it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often, styles are mapped based on their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. However, grammatical characteristics are also important here, for example, the style of many tabloid press texts should be defined as journalistic largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the field of word usage, we can see both colloquial and non-literary (colloquial, slang) units in general. Therefore, when creating a work related to a particular style, one should observe not only the lexical norms of the style, but also morphological and syntactic norms.

Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers, contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In colloquial style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used. (lay down, blue, house, ground, left), but bookish words are not used. Normative use of words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, lack of time, sort of). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, brag, headless, intrude), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (grandma, daddy, sun, house). Phraseological units are actively used in colloquial style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words are often used that are formed by contracting a phrase into one word or a long compound word into a shortened word. (unsuccessful, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, electric train).

Morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, in oral form, the nominative case prevails - even where it is impossible in writing. (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, so that eh, really). The norm of the use of the verb allows you to form forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of multiplicity (sitting, talking) or, conversely, one-time (pushed, punched). In a colloquial style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of book speech, is inappropriate. More often a prepositional case is formed with the ending -y (on vacation), plural with ending -a (reprimand). For colloquial style syntax, the norm is the use of such sentences in which some component is omitted, but some component is easily restored. (He back to me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptical. . Simple sentences predominate, word-sentences are often used (I see. No. You can. Why?), as well as interjections and interjection phrases (Here's more! Moms! Oh! Oh you!).

Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, diplomatic documents. It is characterized by the ultimate concreteness of the content while being abstract, typified, stamped means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of the prescription, obligation. This determines the language norm of style. Against the background of neutral and general words (worker, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff scale, rent, federal bodies, budgetary institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a drawback, and even less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: appropriate, the foregoing, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, past, bring to the attention. An extremely dry and neutral style of presentation should be free not only from colloquial and especially jargon or dialect layers, but also from literary words that have an emotionally expressive coloring. Compound abbreviated words are often used in official business style (CIS, GKO, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AIC, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.

For formal business style, it is characteristic frequent use of verbs in the form of the imperative mood and in the indefinite form in the meaning of the imperative mood (release from rent, establish a monthly surcharge). If verbs are used in the present tense, they also have a prescriptive character. iwkoh establishes, the exemption does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; proposals complicated homogeneous members, participial and participle turnovers; complex sentences.

The journalistic style is oriented, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other hand, on the impact on the reader or listener. Therefore, it is characterized by a combination expressiveness(for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television shows.

In addition to neutral in a journalistic style, often evaluative and emotional words are used (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully), words in figurative meaning (dirt in the meaning of "immorality", penny's meaning "petty" emphasize meaning "bring to the fore"). “Political” vocabulary can be considered typical for journalism: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: uplift, raise, mark. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, "military" metaphors(mobilize, landing),"building" metaphors (“the building of obsolete politics”, “cellars of culture”, “national apartments”),"road" metaphors (political impassibility", "ship of reforms", "federation train"). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (smear, slouch, hindsight is strong, hang noodles on your ears, with a sin in half).

Morphological norms journalistic style largely determines the possibility of combining book and spoken language. Often adjectives and adverbs are used with evaluative meaning: serious, minor, significant, contemptuously, magnificent). The pronounced personality of style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. Often the present tense of the verb is used (the so-called "present reporting"): "Halfway make a decision climb the other way, "Starting to look neighborhood "Along with the present - the past tense is frequent:" Everything and always wrote only about love and war”, “Offers acted of the most varied nature."

Syntactic norms journalism associated with the need to combine expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used (This is a short-sighted policy).

In modern journalism are extremely frequent borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are rethought, most often economic, political, "computer": wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special expressive means: scoop, hangout, disassembly, rubbish, fan, lawlessness. Religious vocabulary is also becoming an expressive means of journalism: faith, orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that used to be of little use; it is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. However, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is bookish-oriented.

Scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is the message and the logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argued function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles were formed:

1 ) actually scientific (academic);

2 ) scientific and educational;

3 ) scientific and technical;

4) popular science

Academic style is the core of scientific functional style. It has such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, logic. On the academic basis, scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written, discussions are held between specialists.

Scientific and technical substyle used in the manufacturing sector. Abstraction is less characteristic of it, due to the need for a specific description of production processes. In this regard, the scientific and production sub-style is approaching the language of documents, the official business style.

In scientific and educational and popular science substyles the use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. At the same time, the scientific and educational sub-style is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a certain discipline.

The task of the popular science style is to interest the mass reader, to encourage him to raise his cultural level. Among the genres of the scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines, etc.

Neutral words predominate in scientific style and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract subject - “speed”, “time”, “limit”, “quantity”, “regularity”, “development”. Often these words are used in plural, which is not typical for other styles: "values", "private", "forces", "lengths", "breadths", "voids", "speeds". The scientific style actively uses special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.). The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, the impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called “real timeless” is widely spread (for example: “Carbon is the most important part of the plant”, “The sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.”). The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning (hence the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative adjectives in scientific speech).

Scientific speech is emphasized logic and bookishness. Logic is necessarily present at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text.

Consistency is ensured by using the following tools:

1 ) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns(that one, that one, etc.);

2 ) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);

3 ) usage introductory words, expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);

4 ) the use of conjunctions ( because, because, in order to);

5 ) the use of structures and turnovers of communication ( now let's dwell on the properties ...; let's move on to the issue ...; further note... etc.)

Requirements of strict logic scientific text causes the predominance in it of complex sentences with an allied connection, especially complex ones.

The abstract, being summary any information, can be self-sufficient in certain situations and when business communication, because - unlike annotations, abstracts and abstracts - is a complete text. However, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such relevant areas for modern youth as scientific and business, and certain difficulties in mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. Therefore, training in these writing considered separately as an additional, but very important aspect of speech communications.

Word annotation comes from the Latin annotatio- remark, note. Annotation is currently called a brief description of a book (or article), containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues considered in the work. The summary of the book may also include an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an annotation for a book (primarily scientific or educational) answers the questions about what / from what parts? How? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own language means of expression, which are indicated below.

Annotation for the book is placed on the reverse side. her title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the content of the work. Having become acquainted with the annotation, the reader decides how much he needs the book. In addition, the ability to annotate the literature read helps to master the skills of summarizing.

The word abstract comes from the Latin referre. which means "report, inform". Currently, an abstract is primarily a brief, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific works). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its main provisions with argumentation, less often - a description of the methodology and the conduct of the experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. Such an abstract will be called simple, informational. Special abstract journals are published in Russia, which contain abstracts of this kind and thus introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various fields of scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.

Students in Russian universities write essays usually on certain topics that are offered to them in the departments of general engineering and social disciplines. To write such thematic abstracts, it may be necessary to involve more than one source, at least two scientific papers. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also an overview.

simple information abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, called by the author of the refereed work. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.

Quotations may be used in the abstract. from the referenced work. They are always enclosed in quotation marks. Three types of quotation should be distinguished, while punctuation marks are placed, as in sentences with direct speech.

1 . The citation is after the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the compiler of the abstract, and the citation begins with a capital letter. For example: The author of the article claims: "In our country, there has indeed been a rapid growth of national self-consciousness."

2 . The quotation is placed before the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the compiler of the abstract are written with a small letter. For example: “In our country, there is indeed a rapid growth of national self-consciousness,” the author of the article claims.

3 . The words of the compiler of the abstract are in the middle of the quote. In this case, they are preceded and followed by a semicolon. For example: "In our country, - the author of the article claims, - there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousness."

4 . The quotation is directly included in the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case (and it is the most common in the abstract), the quote begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that "in our country there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousness."

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. Their names indicate that the first is a sounding speech, and the second is a graphic design. The oral form is original.

When implementing each of the forms, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character.

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of various language means. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles.

The following functional styles are usually distinguished:

1. official business,

   journalistic,

   colloquial.

Speech cannot be the same for all occasions and different situations. And according to the functioning of speech in one or another socially significant area of ​​social practice, functional styles are distinguished: “these are historically developed in given time in a given language community, varieties of a single literary language, which are relative patterns of a system of linguistic unities, regularly functioning in various fields social activities."

Our speech in a formal setting is different from our speech in an informal setting. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice stylistic devices, speech structure compositions for each specific case.

The term "functional styles" emphasizes that varieties of language are distinguished on the basis of the function that the language performs in a particular case.

The styles of the literary language are first of all compared on the basis of an analysis of their lexical (vocabulary) composition, since it is in the lexicon that the differences between them are most noticeable.

The attachment of words to certain styles of speech is explained by the fact that the lexical meaning of many words, in addition to the subject-logical content, also includes emotional and stylistic coloring. Compare: mother, mother, mommy, mommy. The words of each row have the same meaning, but differ stylistically, so they are used in different styles. Mother is mainly used in an official business style, the rest of the words are used in colloquial everyday.

In addition to the concept and stylistic coloring, the word is able to express feelings, as well as an assessment various phenomena real reality. There are two groups of emotionally expressive vocabulary: words with a positive and negative assessment. Compare: excellent, excellent, marvelous, marvelous(positive assessment) and nasty, nasty, nasty, nasty(negative score).

Depending on what kind of emotional-expressive assessment is expressed in a word, it is used in various styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also characteristic of public style. However, in scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words are usually inappropriate.

If the speaker finds it difficult to determine whether a given word can be used in a particular style of speech, then he should turn to dictionaries and reference books.

In order to more clearly present the features of each functional style of the literary language, let us dwell on the general characteristics of speech styles.

scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them the main ones are: scientific monograph and scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals, etc.), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety regulations, etc.), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures , scientific discussions, and genres of popular science literature.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of funds mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.

The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style. This style is characterized by the use of special terminology, and recently more and more space has been occupied by international terminology.

In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Ratings are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more accessible and understandable, to clarify a thought, to attract attention, and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive: “The widely held opinion is that the achievement of ambient air quality at the level of sanitary and hygienic maximum permissible concentrations guarantees at the same time high quality natural environment, erroneously” (Ekologiya, 1993).

Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistency and objectivity of presentation. Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, chemistry, physics and others. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style.

Formal business style

The main area in which the official business style of the Russian literary language functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need for communication in documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. The texts of this style include: charter, law, order, contract, instruction, complaint, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (for example, an explanatory note, autobiography, statistical report, and others).

Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standardization of presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes requirements for unambiguous interpretation on the corresponding texts.

The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, detention, researcher and others, among them a significant number of professional terms.

The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to simplify them. semantic structure, to the unambiguity of lexical designations, up to narrow terminology.

Typical for business language are compound words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, above and so on. The formation of these words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition leads to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character. Consider an example: A notary engaged in private practice must be a member of the notarial chamber, perform all notarial actions provided for by law on behalf of the state, have the right to have property and personal non-property rights and obligations, hire and dismiss employees, manage income, act in court, arbitration court on behalf of his name and perform other actions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the republics within the Russian Federation"(Consultant. 1997. No. 24).

Business speech is characterized by impersonal presentation and lack of evaluation. Here there is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the 1st person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations between individuals and an organization or the state, for example, when issuing various powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement, etc.

Newspaper-journalistic style

The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory speeches, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage, and others), in journalistic articles, in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features of the newspaper-journalistic style is the combination of two trends - the tendency towards expressiveness and the tendency towards the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of ​​public activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style.

The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve.

The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even jargon elements. It also actively uses foreign words. Thanks to the media, Lately the active vocabulary of foreign words that are part of the Russian language has been significantly replenished: privatization, demonstration, and others.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with generalization, and others. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, etc.

The modern Russian literary language is what in science is commonly called a system of its varieties, or styles. The emergence of such styles is explained by the fact that different kinds social activities of people make different demands on the language. Suppose science as such is in great need of words and sentences that can accurately express strictly defined concepts and judgments that are necessary in various areas of knowledge about the world and man. And fiction requires from the language a large number of words and statements that allow the writer to most vividly, figuratively describe the nature, work and life of people, human feelings, passions, experiences and thoughts; the prose writer and poet “paint with words”, and in order to draw, not only skill is necessary, but also a wide choice of colors; It is precisely such “colorful” words and statements that fiction needs more than, for example, science or politics. So what does the term "language styles" mean?

Language style- this is its variety, which serves any side of public life:

1) everyday communication;

2) official business relationship;

3) propaganda and mass activities;

5) verbal and artistic creativity.

The style of the language is characterized by the following features :

1) the purpose of communication;

2) a set of language means and forms (genres).

Functional style of speech- the style of the literary language is called functional, since it performs certain function in speech.

Conversational style used in everyday speech, in conversation, in a relaxed atmosphere. play an important role in conversational style non-verbal communication: facial expressions, gestures. It takes the form of a dialogue.

book style is the direct opposite of colloquial and is distinguished by an abundance of complex, mostly complex sentences; incomplete, unfinished phrases do not find use here; from one-component, it is possible to use indefinitely personal (Iron is obtained by reducing it from oxides that are part of iron ores; Milk is called "light food"), definitely personal (Let's describe the arc; Calculate the root mean square error); some types of impersonal ones (Builders have to build a complex... The preservation of legal relations by one of the parents should be indicated in the decision on adoption, etc.). However, some types of one-part sentences are uncommon in book speech (It freezes; Can’t sleep; I want to sleep; It hurts; Not a soul; No money; It’s time to go home; If you like to ride, love to carry sleds; You can’t order your heart). This is due to their expressiveness or thematic attachment to everyday speech.

In book speech are used:

1) scientific style;

The scientific style has all the features of the book style and at the same time has a number of characteristic features that deserve to be studied. The specificity of scientific speech is determined to a large extent by factors extralinguisticextralinguistic (extralinguistic) factors: the main purpose of scientific works is the presentation of data obtained through research, acquaintance of the reader with scientific information. This predetermines the monologic nature of the language of science. The informative function of this style is also reflected in its genre originality: it is represented by scientific literature (monographs, articles, abstracts), as well as educational and reference. The content and purpose of these types of literature is diverse, but they are united by the nature of scientific thinking: its main form is the concept, and the language expression of thinking is judgments, conclusions, following one after another in a strict logical sequence. This determines such features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization; it is structurally expressed logical presentation.

The abstractness and generalization of speech is manifested primarily in vocabulary: almost every word in a scientific text denotes not a specific, but a general concept or an abstract phenomenon. For example: Birch tolerates frost well (the word birch here indicates the type of tree, and not a single object, a specific tree).

2) journalistic style;

The journalistic style is also called newspaper-journalistic, because journalistic works are printed primarily in newspapers. This style is also presented in magazines addressed to the general reader, journalistic speeches on radio, television, in the speeches of public and political figures at rallies, congresses, meetings (in this case it is presented orally). Journalism has been called the "chronicles of modernity", as it covers the most important problems of society - political, social, domestic, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical, issues of education, culture, art, etc.; its subject matter is unlimited, as is the variety of genres.

In the journalistic style, two most important functions of the language are connected - the informational function of the language - informational and the influencing function of the language - influencing. A journalist is not an indifferent registrar of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his convictions. Journalism is designed to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, convince, agitate. This determines such important style-forming features of journalistic style as appraisal, passion, emotionality. journalistic style is distinguished by thematic diversity and stylistic richness.

Common, neutral vocabulary and phraseology, as well as bookish and colloquial, are widely represented here. The choice of verbal material is determined by the topic.

3) business style;

The official business style serves legal relations between citizens and the state and is used in various documents - from state acts and international treaties to business correspondence. The most important functions of this style - communication and impact - are implemented in such official documents as laws, decrees, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, business correspondence, statements, receipts, etc. This style is also called administrative, since it serves the sphere of official, business relations, area of ​​law and public policy.

The vocabulary of official business vocabulary of official speech is characterized by the widespread use of thematically determined special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, accounting, sports, etc.). The desire for brevity leads to the appeal to abbreviations, complexly abbreviated names of state bodies, institutions, organizations, societies, parties

Art style.

Artistic style is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its goal is to draw a living picture, depict an object or events, convey the author's emotions to the reader, and influence the feelings and thoughts of the listener and reader with the help of the created images.

Vocabulary and phraseology of active and passive vocabulary; dynamics of active and passive vocabulary in the history of the language. Obsolete words, their types; archaisms and historicisms; types of archaisms. Characteristics of historical dictionaries of the Russian language. Dictionary of obsolete words (structure of a dictionary entry).

Active vocabulary, active vocabulary- part of the lexical and phraseological composition of the language, which is used in a given period in a particular speech sphere. It plays the most important role in the performance of the language of the communicative function. It includes a relatively limited number of lexical units, especially frequently used in speech in connection with the most significant realities for a given society. Contrasted with passive vocabulary.

An active dictionary is characterized by variability: some of its elements, remaining understandable to native speakers, gradually become part of a passive dictionary; on the contrary, newly emerging words (for example, Russian prilunitsya) may eventually enter the active dictionary. In some cases, a unit, having left the active dictionary, later returns to it (for example, Russian minister, sergeant). However, the core of the active vocabulary, consisting of stylistically neutral units with a developed system of meanings, high compatibility and word-formation activity, changes slowly.

Passive vocabulary, passive vocabulary- a part of the vocabulary of the language, consisting of units limited in use by the features of the phenomena they designate (for example, historicisms, proper names) or known only to a part of native speakers (such are archaisms, neologisms, terms). The passive vocabulary can also include lexical units used exclusively in certain functional styles of the language: bookish, colloquial and other stylistically colored vocabulary. The passive vocabulary is opposed to the active one.

A passive dictionary of a living language is considered an open system, since the number of its units is not limited and cannot be strictly and completely determined by the thesaurus of any dictionary. The boundary of the active and passive vocabulary is mobile: so, Rus. airplane, policeman, tutor, servant, petition, revolutionary committee by the middle of the 20th century had gone out of active use, but remained in the passive dictionary. Frequency dictionaries serve to identify the ratio of the active and passive vocabulary of a language at a certain stage of its development.

The passive vocabulary (passive vocabulary) includes words that are rarely used by the speaker in normal speech communication. The meanings are not always clear to the speakers. Passive stock words form three groups:

1. Archaisms- obsolete words or expressions, repressed from active use by synonymous units: neck - neck, right hand - right hand, in vain - in vain, in vain, from ancient times - from time immemorial, the actor is an actor, this one - this one, in other words - that is.

Are divided into:

1) Lexical archaisms- these are words that have completely fallen out of use and have passed into a passive vocabulary: lzya - you can; thief - thief; aki—how; piit - a poet; maiden - teenager, etc.

2) Lexico-semantic archaisms are words that have one or more meanings obsolete:

Belly - “life” (not on the stomach, but to beat to death); Itukan - "statue";

Scoundrels - "unfit for military service"; Shelter - "port, pier", etc.

3) Lexico-phonetic archaisms- these are words in which, as a result of historical development, the sound design (sound shell) has changed, but the meaning of the word has been preserved in full:

Mirror - mirror;

Iroism - heroism;

Eighteen - eighteen;

Passport - passport;

Calm - style (poetic), etc.

4) Accentological archaisms- that is, words that have changed stress (from lat. Accentum - emphasis, stress):

Muses S ka - m At language;

Suff AND ks - s At ffix;

Philos ABOUT f - phil ABOUT sofa;

5) Lexical and derivational archaisms- these are words for which individual morphemes or word-formation model are outdated:

Dol - valley; Friendship - friendship; Shepherd - shepherd; Fisherman - fisherman; Phantasm - fantasy, etc.

2. historicisms – obsolete words, obsolete in connection with the disappearance of the realities that they denoted: boyar, clerk, oprichnik, baskak, constable, crossbow, shishak, caftan, police officer, lawyer.

3. Neologisms- words that have recently appeared in the language and are still unknown to a wide range of native speakers: mortgage, mundial, glamour, inauguration, creativity, extreme, etc. After the word enters into widespread use, it ceases to be a neologism. The emergence of new words is a natural process that reflects the development of science, technology, culture, and social relations.

The dynamics of active and passive vocabulary never stand still. Almost every year new words enter the language. The passive vocabulary is more often replenished with some kind of historical change. The abolition of serfdom, the transition from tsarist power to the power of parties, to the USSR, and, finally, to the Federation - the change of eras affected both the active and the passive vocabulary.

It is characterized by the following features:

1) the emergence of specialized semantics and new compatibility properties: a feeding trough is a place in power structures as a source of wealth accumulation; fried fact - a sensational revealing message, not fully verified;

2) the presence of words with absolute novelty: informal - a member of an informal youth group;

3) the transition of passive, obsolete, borrowed, etc. vocabulary into an active fund: Duma member, shelter, governor;

4) the departure of the former active vocabulary into a passive fund: collectivization, promotion.

Historical dictionary- a lexicographic publication that aims to reflect the history of the words of one language throughout their existence in a given language - from the time of its formation of the first written monuments) to the present, or limited to a certain significant historical period. The historical dictionary registers the phonetic, graphic, morphological variance of the word, the main changes in its semantics and pragmatic characteristics (degree of usage, prevalence in different language subsystems, stylistic affiliation). A dictionary containing the history of words (their appearance, development of meanings, changes in the word-formation structure, etc.).

An example of an article from a historical dictionary:

Laurasia- an ancient supercontinent that unites the territories of North America and Eurasia (with the exception of Hindustan). Formed in the period 0.4-0.38 billion years ago. From the middle of the Mesozoic, the disintegration of L. began in connection with the formation of the village. parts Atlantic Ocean(see Gondwana).

1. Kibitka- a covered cart, a wagon among the nomadic peoples of the Middle and Central Asia. IN Central Asia so often called small houses - adobe or mud brick.

2. Kibitka- (from Turk. kibit - a covered wagon, a shop, a shop), 1) a covered wagon, a dwelling of the nomads of the Eurasian steppes. 2) The same as YURTA. Wed VEZHA.

A dictionary entry consists of a head block - a proper or common noun. On the right is an explanation of the meaning of the word.

Stylistic characteristics of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The concept of stylistically neutral and stylistically marked (colored) vocabulary. The use of neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary in colloquial speech, in oratory, in a literary text.

Stylistically colored vocabulary- these are lexical units (single-valued words or separate meanings of polysemantic words), characterized by the ability to evoke a special stylistic impression out of context. This ability is due to the fact that the meaning of these words contains not only subject-logical (information about the designated subject) information, but also additional (non-subject) - connotations (see). Non-objective information contained in lexical units not only expresses expressive-emotional connotations, but also reflects the influence of various extralinguistic (style-forming) factors, such as: the sphere of communication, the specificity of functions. style, genre, form and content of speech, the relationship between the sender and addressee of the message, the attitude of the author to the subject of speech, etc.

Stylistically neutral vocabulary- words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with eyes. cf. also (a stylistically neutral synonym is given in the first place): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant, etc.

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style.

1. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.

2. The concept of stylistic norms.

3. Scientific functional style, its language features.

4. Speech norms of educational and scientific fields of activity.

functional styles are called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in any field, perform certain tasks (functions) and have some features in the selection and use of language means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, and scientific. Conversational style It is used in the sphere of everyday communication and is realized mainly in oral form. This style is opposed to other styles that are associated with various areas of social activity and are implemented mainly in writing. The main function of conversational style is the function of communication. The conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. A distinctive feature of this style is the use of language tools with colloquial coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.

Journalistic style implemented in the social and political sphere. Its main function is the function of social impact. Initially, it appeared as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, ᴛ.ᴇ. journalism (hence its name), but today an oral variety of journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features of colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions and appeals are actively used. Genres of journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, reportage, commentary, campaign speech, etc.

Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in official business speech is played by the function of communication and social regulation (information-directive function). Stylistic features - insincerity, standardity. Typical language tools: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and turns. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them are an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, an explanatory note, a law, a charter, an agreement, etc.

scientific style used in science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is communication and logical proof of the truth of what is being reported (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three sub-styles: proper-scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with a generalized and abstract meaning. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.). In morphology, the noun prevails over the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called "real timeless" (Volga flows into to the Caspian Sea). The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres of scientific speech, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, etc.
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Abstract and abstract are of great importance in the system of these genres, the content and construction of which most clearly and clearly reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.

Each functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a particular social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the selection of specific functional styles takes into account the uniqueness of various areas of application of linguistic phenomena and the specificity of expressiveness (expressiveness) inherent in a certain style.

It must be borne in mind that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, fix the deepest style features. Each of them is also subject to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are subdivided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more particular varieties, and so on. For example, the scientific style, while retaining its basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific and technical. In turn, both of them can have popular science presentation options.

At the same time, each of the stylistic varieties of the scientific and scientific-technical style must be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). At the same time, differences arise both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even finer differentiation: they take into account the genre and the way of presentation. Given the dependence on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, based on the author's individuality, bear its features.

As you can see, stylistic differentiation is associated with the action of a large number of non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the selection of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors influencing speech are classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary language means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the possibility of such a choice from the author of a particular statement.

Each functional style has its own rules. These norms are called stylistic, violation of them is the cause of stylistic errors. (For example: "Girl, what issue are you crying about?")

Functional styles have their own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. At the same time, grammatical characteristics are also important here, for example, the style of many tabloid press texts should be defined as journalistic, largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the field of word usage, we can see both colloquial and non-literary (colloquial, slang) units in general. For this reason, when creating a work related to a certain style, one should observe not only the lexical norms of the style, but also morphological and syntactic norms.

Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers, contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In colloquial style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used. (lay down, blue, house, ground, left), but bookish words are not used. Normative use of words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, lack of time, sort of). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, brag, headless, intrude), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (grandma, daddy, sun, house). Phraseological units are actively used in colloquial style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words are often used that are formed by contracting a phrase into one word or a long compound word into a shortened word. (unsuccessful, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, electric train).

The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, in oral form, the nominative case prevails - even where it is impossible in writing. (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, so that eh, really). The norm of the use of the verb allows you to form forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of multiplicity (sitting, talking) or, conversely, one-time (pushed, punched). In a colloquial style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of book speech, is inappropriate. More often a prepositional case is formed with the ending -y (on vacation), plural with ending -a (reprimand). It is important to note that for the syntax of the colloquial style, the norm is the use of such sentences in which some component is omitted, but some component is easily restored. (He is back to Me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptical. . Simple sentences predominate, word-sentences are often used (I see. No. You can. Why?), as well as interjections and interjection phrases (Here's more! Moms! Oh! Oh you!).

Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, diplomatic documents. It is worth saying that it is characterized by the utmost concreteness of the content with abstract, typified, stamped means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of the prescription, obligation. This determines the language norm of style. Against the background of neutral and general words (worker, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff scale, rent ͵ federal bodies, budgetary institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a drawback, and even less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: appropriate, the foregoing, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, past, bring to the attention. An extremely dry and neutral style of presentation should be free not only from colloquial and especially jargon or dialect layers, but also from literary words that have an emotionally expressive coloring. Compound abbreviated words are often used in official business style (CIS, GKO, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AIC, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.

The official business style is characterized by the frequent use of verbs in the form of the imperative mood and in the indefinite form in the meaning of the imperative mood. (release from rent, establish a monthly surcharge). If the verbs are used in the present tense, they also have the character of a prescription. iwkoh establishes, the exemption does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; sentences complicated by homogeneous members, participles and participles; complex sentences.

The journalistic style is focused, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other hand, on the impact on the reader or listener. For this reason, it is characterized by a combination of expressiveness (for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs.

In addition to neutral in a journalistic style, evaluative and emotional words are often used. (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully), words in a figurative sense (dirt in the meaning of ʼʼimmoralityʼʼ, penny's meaning ʼʼpettyʼʼ, emphasize in the meaning of ʼʼ to bring to the foreʼʼ). Typical for journalism can be considered ʼʼpoliticalʼʼ vocabulary: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: uplift, raise, mark. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, ʼʼmilitaryʼʼ metaphors (mobilize, landing),ʼʼconstructionʼʼ metaphors (ʼʼbuilding of obsolete politicsʼʼ, ʼʼcellars of cultureʼʼ, ʼʼnational flatsʼʼ),ʼʼroadʼʼ metaphors (political off-road ʼʼ, ʼʼship of reformsʼʼ, ʼʼtrain of the federationʼʼ). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (smear, slouch, hindsight is strong, hang noodles on your ears, with a sin in half).

Morphological norms of journalistic style largely determine the possibility of combining bookish and colloquial. Often adjectives and adverbs are used with evaluative meaning: serious, minor, significant, contemptuously, magnificent). The pronounced personality of style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. The present tense of the verb is often used (the so-called ʼʼpresent reportageʼʼ): ʼʼHalfway make a decision climb the other way, ʼʼLet's start looking around neighborhoodʼʼ Along with the present - often past tense: ʼʼEverything and always wrote only about love and warʼʼ, ʼʼOffers acted of the most varied nature.

The syntactic norms of journalism are associated with the extreme importance of combining expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used. (This is a short-sighted policy).

In modern journalism, borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena are extremely frequent, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are rethought, most often economic, political, ʼʼcomputerʼʼ: wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special expressive means: scoop, hangout, disassembly, rubbish, fan, lawlessness. Religious vocabulary is also becoming an expressive means of journalism: faith, orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that used to be of little use; it is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. At the same time, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is focused on bookishness.

The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is the message and the logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argued function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles were formed:

1) actually scientific (academic);

2) scientific and educational;

3) scientific and technical;

4) popular science

The academic style is the core of the scientific functional style. It has such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, logic. On the academic basis, scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written, discussions are held between specialists.

The scientific and technical substyle is used in the manufacturing sector. It is worth saying that abstraction is less characteristic of it, due to the extreme importance of a specific description of production processes. In this regard, the scientific and production sub-style is approaching the language of documents, the official business style.

In the scientific, educational and popular science substyles, the use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. At the same time, the scientific and educational substyle is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a particular discipline.

The task of the popular science style is essentially to interest the mass reader, to encourage him to raise his cultural level. Among the genres of the scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines, etc.

The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object - ʼʼspeedʼʼ, ʼʼtimeʼʼ, ʼʼlimitʼʼ, ʼʼquantityʼʼ, ʼʼregularityʼʼ, ʼʼdevelopmentʼʼ. Often such words are used in the plural, which is not typical for other styles: ʼʼsizeʼʼ, ʼʼprivateʼʼ, ʼʼstrengthʼʼ, ʼʼlengthʼʼ, ʼʼbreadthʼʼ, ʼʼemptinessʼʼ, ʼʼspeedʼʼ. The scientific style actively uses special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.). The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, the impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called ʼʼpresent timelessʼʼ (for example: ʼʼCarbon is the most important part of the plantʼʼ, ʼʼThe sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuseʼʼ.). The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning (hence the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative adjectives in scientific speech).

Scientific speech is distinguished by emphasized logic and bookishness. Logic is extremely important at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text. Consistency is ensured by using the following tools:

1) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns ( the one given etc.);

2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);

3) the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);

4) the use of unions ( because, because, in order to);

5) the use of constructions and turnovers of communication ( now let's dwell on the properties ...; let's move on to the issue ...; further note... etc.)

The requirements of strict logic of a scientific text determine the predominance of complex sentences with an allied connection, especially complex ones.

An abstract, being a summary of any information, is self-sufficient in certain situations and in business communication, since, unlike annotations, abstracts and abstracts, it is a complete text. At the same time, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such relevant areas for modern youth as scientific and business, and certain difficulties in mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. For this reason, teaching these types of written speech is considered separately as an additional, but very important aspect of speech communications.

Word annotation comes from the Latin annotatio - remark, note. Annotation is currently called a brief description of a book (or article), containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues considered in the work. The summary of the book may also include an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an annotation for a book (first of all, a scientific or educational book) answers questions about what / from what parts? How? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own language means of expression, which are indicated below.

Annotation for a book is placed on the reverse side of its title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the content of the work. After reading the abstract, the reader decides how much he needs the book. At the same time, the ability to annotate the literature read helps to master the skills of summarizing.

Word abstract comes from the Latin referre, which means ʼʼ to report, informʼʼ. Today, an abstract is primarily called a brief, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific papers). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its basic provisions with arguments, less often - a description of the methodology and the conduct of an experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. Such an abstract will be called simple, informational. Special abstract journals are published in Russia, which contain abstracts of this kind and thus introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various fields of scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.

Students in Russian universities usually write essays on certain topics, which are offered to them in the departments of general engineering and social disciplines. It is worth saying that for writing such thematic abstracts, it should be extremely important to involve more than one source, at least two scientific papers. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also an overview.

A simple informational abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, which are called by the author of the work being reviewed. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.

The abstract contains quotations from the work being reviewed. Οʜᴎ are always put in quotation marks. Three types of quotation should be distinguished, while punctuation marks are placed, as in sentences with direct speech.

1. The quote is after the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the compiler of the abstract, and the citation begins with a capital letter. For example: The author of the article claims: ʼʼIn our country, there has really been a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

2. The quotation is before the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the compiler of the abstract are written with a small letter. For example: ʼʼIn our country, there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ, the author of the article claims.

3. The words of the compiler of the abstract are in the middle of the quote. In this case, they are preceded and followed by a semicolon. For example: ʼʼIn our country, - says the author of the article, - there is indeed a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

4. The quotation is directly included in the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case (and it is the most common in the abstract), the quote begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that ʼʼin our country there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style." 2017, 2018.

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Introduction

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is its subsystem, which is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in some area of ​​social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Functional styles are heterogeneous; each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties. The variety of genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, i.e. goals of communication. It is these goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case. In the leading genres of each functional style of speech, the standard of language means finds its most vivid expression. Peripheral genres are more neutral in terms of the use of linguistic means. However, each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of this style. In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic and colloquial-everyday.

1. scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them, the main ones are: a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals, etc.), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety regulations, etc.), annotations , abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech.

The main features of the scientific style are accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style. This functional style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology has occupied more and more space (today this is especially noticeable in economic speech, for example, manager, management, quoting, realtor, etc.). A feature of using vocabulary in a scientific style is that ambiguous lexically neutral words are not used in all of their meanings, but, as a rule, in one (count, body, strength, sour). In scientific speech, in comparison with other styles, abstract vocabulary is more widely used than concrete vocabulary (perspectives, development, truth, presentation, point of view).

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repeated repetition of the same ones. In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Ratings are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable and accessible, to clarify a thought, to attract attention, and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. In the texts of the scientific style, strict definitions of the concepts and phenomena under consideration are given, each sentence or statement is logically connected with the previous and subsequent information. In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author, the objectivity of the information presented is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized-personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is considered, it is known, one can say, one should pay attention, etc. This also explains the use of a large number of passive constructions in scientific speech, in which the real producer of the action is indicated not by the grammatical form of the subject in the nominative case, but by the form of a minor member in the instrumental case, or is generally omitted. The action itself comes to the fore, and dependence on the producer is relegated to the background or is not expressed by linguistic means at all. The desire for logical presentation of material in scientific speech leads to the active use of complex allied proposals, as well as constructions that complicate a simple sentence: introductory words and phrases, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, etc. The most typical compound sentences are sentences with subordinate clauses of reason and condition.

Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information.

2. Formal business style

The main area in which the official business style of the Russian literary language functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, order, contract, instruction, complaint, prescription, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (explanatory note, autobiography, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.). The expression of the legal will in business documents determines the properties, the main features of business speech and the socially organizing use of the language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main implementation of this style is written. Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common style features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standardization of presentation; obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and the language design is impeccable. It is this purpose that determines the actual linguistic features of official business speech, as well as its composition, heading, selection of paragraphs, etc., i.e. standardization of the design of many business documents. The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. These texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring (plaintiff, defendant, job description, supply, researcher, etc.), among them a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation (prohibit, allow, decree, oblige, appoint, etc.). In official business speech, there is the highest percentage of the use of the infinitive among the verb forms. This is also due to the imperative nature of official business texts.

The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of word meanings, to simplify their semantic structure, to the unambiguity of lexical and superword designations, up to narrow terminology. Therefore, quite often in the texts of this style, exact definitions of the words and concepts used are given, i.e. their semantic scope is clearly limited. Polysemy, metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable here, and synonyms are used to a small extent and, as a rule, belong to the same style:

supply \u003d supply \u003d provision, depreciation \u003d depreciation, appropriation \u003d subsidizing, etc.

Compound words formed from two or more words are typical for business language. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language for accuracy and the transfer of meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, a destination, a higher educational institution, a joint-stock company, a housing cooperative, and so on. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the language means used, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character. everything concrete and unique has been eliminated, and the typical has been brought to the fore. For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts, for example, to arrive (arrive, fly in, come, etc.), a vehicle (bus, plane, etc.), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some attitude or action (teacher Sergeeva T.N., witness Molotkov T.P., etc.).

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, which are more in official business style than in other styles, and participles: the arrival of a train, serving the population, taking action; given, indicated, above named, etc.; denominative prepositions are widely used: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, etc.

Usually a sentence contains a large amount of information and is designed for re-reading. Simple sentences are complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; as in scientific speech, a large place is occupied by complex sentences with a subordinate clause.

3. Newspaper-journalistic style

The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory speeches, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage, etc.), in journalistic articles, in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral speech. One of the main characteristic features of this style is the combination of two trends - the tendency to expressiveness and the tendency to the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of ​​public activity is addressed to a wide range of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style. In the newspaper and journalistic style, persuasion is carried out by emotionally influencing the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being reported, but, as a rule, it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example, some party, movement, etc. With the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive character is associated, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information. The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, steady growth, wide scope, official visit, etc. can be attributed to the standard newspaper-journalistic style. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is typical for the artistic style and colloquial speech - the features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech. The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve. The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even jargon elements. Here such lexico-phraseological units and phrases are used that combine functional and expressive-evaluative coloring, for example, goofing off, yellow press, accomplice, etc.; they do not just show belonging to the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, but contain a negative assessment. Many words acquire a newspaper and journalistic coloring if they are used in a figurative sense (This article served as a signal for discussion). Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular the prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra-, etc. It is thanks to the media that the active dictionary of foreign words that make up of the Russian language: privatization, electorate, denomination, etc. The considered functional style not only attracts the entire stock of emotionally expressive and evaluative words, but also includes even proper names, names literary works and so on. (Plyushkin, Derzhimorda, Man in a case, etc.). The desire for expressiveness, imagery and at the same time for brevity is also realized with the help of precedent texts (texts familiar to any average member of a society), which today is an integral part of journalistic speech.

The syntax of the newspaper and journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses (omission of one or another member of the sentence, structural incompleteness of the construction), etc.

4. Art style

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech. Fiction, as well as other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon. For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. World fiction- this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech, the main moment is played by the subjective moment. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, include the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only for artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also various figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech they form an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

5. Conversational style

Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is implemented in the form of unconstrained, unprepared monologue or dialogic speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field mass communication colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc. The form of implementation of colloquial speech is predominantly oral. The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the Russian language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means. Within the limits of the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole (it is called codified speech, because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech.

The main features of the colloquial-everyday style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. In colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

The colloquial-everyday style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. characteristic feature colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse groups of vocabulary in the thematic and stylistic terms: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.

Syntactic constructions have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical. Spoken language is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Wow!"

The use of words in a figurative sense is characteristic, for example: “You have such a mess in your head!”

Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concentrated at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

Conclusion

Thus, each functional style of speech is characterized by its own characteristics. The scientific style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, graphic information, a clear definition of concepts and phenomena, strict logic and consistency of presentation, and complicated syntax. Business style is characterized by professional terminology, the accuracy of the definition of the words and expressions used, the clichéd language means. The main property of the newspaper-journalistic style is its informativeness and expressiveness. Artistic speech uses all the diversity and all the richness of the national language to create a vivid, memorable image. Understanding the features of the artistic style of speech helps a deeper reading of literary works, enriches our practical speech. Main Feature colloquial speech is its ease, unpreparedness. It is characterized by lexical heterogeneity, the use of colloquial and colloquial words, simplified syntax, emotionally expressive appraisal, facial expressions, and gestures.

literary language stylistic genre

List of used lettertours

1. Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya E.I. Russian speech etiquette. M., 1986.

2. Alekseev N.S., Makarova Z.V. Oratory in court. L., 1985.

3. Alshevsky T.V., Piskarev I.K. Samples of court documents on criminal and civil affairs. M., 1983.

4. Boyarintseva G.S. The culture of speech of a lawyer. Saransk, 1987.

5. Velts R.Ya., Dorozhkina T.N. Rhetoric. Ufa, 1995.

6. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988.

7. Golub I.B., Rozental D.E. A book about good speech. M., 1997.

8. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.

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