Artistic originality of Russian folk tales. Russian folk tales and national character. Brief summary of theoretical issues
Fairy tales- one of the main types of oral folk poetry.
“The word “fairy tale” refers to moralizing stories about animals, fairy tales full of miracles, intricate adventurous stories, and satirical anecdotes. Each of these types of oral folk prose has its own distinctive features: its own content, its own theme, its own system of images, its own language ... These fairy tales differ not only thematically, but the whole character of their images, compositional features, artistic techniques ... all their style. 1
characteristic sign of a fairy tale is poetic fiction, and an obligatory element is fantasticness. This is especially evident in fairy tales. The story does not claim to be authentic. The action in it is often transferred to an indefinite "far away kingdom, far away state." This is also emphasized by the replicas of the storytellers themselves, who perceive the fairy tale as a fiction, with all its fantastic images: a flying carpet, an invisible hat, walking boots, a self-collected tablecloth, etc. The storyteller takes the listener to a fairy tale world that lives in its own way. laws. In fairy tales, not only fantastic faces and objects are depicted, but also real phenomena are presented in fantastic lighting. At the same time, moralization, propaganda of goodness, justice, and truth are constantly present in fairy tales.
Fairy tales are distinguished by their national characteristics, but at the same time they have an international beginning. The same fairy tales appear in folklore different countries, which partly brings them together, but they are also different, because they reflect national characteristics life of a particular people.
Like any genre of folklore, a fairy tale retains the features of individual creativity, and at the same time is the result of the collective creativity of the people who carried the fairy tale through the ages. The tales of each nation specifically reflect the reality on the basis of which they existed. The fairy tales of the peoples of the world reflect common themes, plots, images, stylistic and compositional techniques. They are characterized by a common democratic orientation. In fairy tales, people's aspirations, the pursuit of happiness, the struggle for truth and justice, and love for the motherland found expression. Therefore, the tales of the peoples of the world have much in common. At the same time, each nation creates its own unique and original fairy tale epic.
Russian fairy tales are usually divided into the following types: about animals, magical and domestic. The plot is the main feature of a fairy tale, in which dream and reality are opposed. The characters are contrasting. They express good and evil (beautiful and ugly). But good in a fairy tale always wins.
In many proverbs, fairy tales are compared with songs: "a fairy tale is a fold, and a song is a true story", "a fairy tale is a lie, and a song is true." This suggests that the fairy tale tells about events that cannot happen in life. The origin of the term "fairy tale" is interesting. In Ancient Rus', the word “fable”, “tale”, from the verb “bayat”, was used to designate the genre of a fairy tale, and storytellers were called “bahars” 2. The earliest information about Russian fairy tales dates back to the 12th century. In the monument of ancient Russian writing “The Word of the Rich and the Poor”, in the description of a rich man’s going to bed, among the servants around him, there are also those who “beat” and “blaspheme”, that is, they tell fairy tales. This first mention of the tale fully reflected the contradictory attitude towards it. On the one hand, a fairy tale is a favorite entertainment and fun, on the other hand, it is stigmatized and persecuted as something demonic, shaking the foundations of ancient Russian life.
Already in Ancient Rus', the main features of the poetics of fairy tales were formed, which influenced the ancient Russian scribes. In Russian chronicles, one can find many fabulous turns and images. Undoubtedly, the influence of the fairy tale on the well-known monument of the 13th century "The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener", in which the author, along with book quotations, uses fairy-tale elements.
In the historical and memoir literature of the 16th-17th centuries, one can find a number of references to the tale, proving that at that time the tale was widespread among various segments of the population.
“Tsar Ivan IV could not fall asleep without the bahar's stories. In the bedchamber, three blind elders usually waited for him, who in shifts told him tales and fables. Famous storytellers Vasily Shuisky, Mikhail and Alexei Romanov. As it is clear from “Notes on fools, holy fools and others”, cited by I. Zabelin, storytellers were rewarded for the fables that they played, “according to the sovereign, tsar and grand prince of this Rus', named order” either with azure cloth, or with veal boots, or with English cherry coat." 3
Foreign travelers mention that Russians in the 17th century amused themselves by listening to fairy tales during feasts.
types of fairy tales.
fairy tale history
Fairy tale structure
Main heroes
Features of Russian folk tales
Animal Tales.
Household fairy tale
Fairy Tale
A fairy tale as a genre of folklore has its own specific poetics, which A.I. insisted on establishing. Nikiforov and V.Ya. Propp.
The texts of this genre are built using the clichés established by the tradition:
Fairy tale formulas - rhythmic prose phrases:
- « Once upon a time ... "," In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ... "- fabulous initials, beginnings;
- “Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done” - median formulas;
- “And I was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth” - fairy tale ending, finale;
2. "Common places" - whole episodes wandering from text to text of different fairy tales:
- The arrival of Ivan Tsarevich to Baba Yaga, where prose is interspersed with rhythmic passages:
The clichéd description of the portrait is "Baba Yaga, a bone leg";
Cliched formulaic questions and answers - “where are you going, the road”, “stand facing me, back to the forest”, etc .;
A clichéd description of the scene: “on the viburnum bridge, on the currant river”;
A clichéd description of actions: moving the hero on a “flying carpet”;
Common folklore epithet: “beautiful girl”, “good fellow”.
Fairy tale history.
Fairy tale or a fairy tale, a tale, and a fable (its oldest name is a fable - from the word "buy", "speak")- This oral story about fictitious events, the notion of what does not happen.
Fairy tale - a type of narrative, mostly prose folklore (fabulous prose), which includes works of different genres, the texts of which are based on fiction.
Fairy tale history.
Word "fairy tale" attested in written sources no earlier than the 16th century. From the word " say". Mattered: list, list, exact description. Modern meaning acquires from the XVII-XIX centuries. Previously, the word fable was used, until the 11th century - blasphemer.
The structure of a fairy tale.
Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).
Main part.
Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They made a feast for the whole world ...”).
Main heroes.
Favorite hero of Russian fairy tales Ivan Tsarevich, Ivan the Fool, Ivan the peasant's son. This is a fearless, kind and noble hero who defeats all enemies, helps the weak and wins happiness for himself.
Main heroes.
An important place in Russian fairy tales is given to women - beautiful, kind, smart and hardworking.
This Vasilisa the Wise, Elena the Beautiful, Marya Morevna or Sineglazka.
Main heroes.
The embodiment of evil in Russian fairy tales is most often Koschey the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and Baba Yaga.
- Baba Yaga is one of the most ancient characters in Russian fairy tales. This is a terrible and evil old woman. She lives in the forest in a hut on chicken legs, rides in a mortar. Most often, it harms the heroes, but sometimes it helps.
- Serpent Gorynych - a fire-breathing monster with several heads, flying high above the ground - is also a very famous character in Russian folklore. When the Serpent appears, the sun goes out, a storm rises, lightning flashes, the earth trembles.
In Russian fairy tales, repeated definitions are often found: good horse; Gray wolf; red girl; good fellow, as well as combinations of words: a feast for the whole world; go wherever your eyes look; hung his wild head; neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen; soon a fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done; long, short...
Features of Russian folk tales.
In Russian fairy tales, the definition is placed after the word being defined, which creates a special melodiousness: my dear sons; the sun is red; written beauty...
Short and truncated forms of adjectives are characteristic of Russian fairy tales: red sun; hung his wild head; and verbs: grab instead of grabbed, go instead of go.
Features of Russian folk tales.
The language of fairy tales is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with various suffixes, which give them a diminutive - petting meaning: small-boy-y, brother-etc, cockerel-ok, sun-yshk-o ... All this makes the presentation smooth, melodious, emotional. Various reinforcing-releasing particles serve the same purpose: then, here, what a, ka ... (That's a miracle! I'll go to the right. What a miracle!)
Tales about animals.
C fairy tale about animals - This is a collection of works of different genres of fairy folklore (fairy tale), in which animals, birds, fish, as well as objects, plants and natural phenomena act as the main characters. In fairy tales about animals, a person either 1) plays a secondary role (the old man from the fairy tale “The fox steals fish from the cart (sleigh”)), or 2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (the man from the fairy tale “Old bread and salt is forgotten”).
Tales about animals.
Animal Tales - widespread genre. In world folklore, about 140 plots of fairy tales about animals are known, in Russian - 119 and make up about 10% of the fairy tale repertoire, and a significant part of them are original.
The compositional device of fairy tales about animals is associated with deception in its various forms: insidious advice, unexpected fright, voice change, etc.
Tales about animals.
In fairy tales about animals, one can trace the forgotten beliefs, practices, beliefs.
Animal tales speak of habits, tricks and adventures of ordinary, familiar wild and domestic animals, about birds and slaves, the relationship between which is very similar to the relationship between people.
Household stories.
Household fairy tale - it is also called social, satirical or short story.
The everyday fairy tale tells about the life and ideas of the Russian peasant of the last two centuries, although some of its plots also come from very ancient times.
Household stories.
The scene of everyday fairy tales is the Russian often fortress village.
Hero - a rural poor man, a laborer or a soldier; he is at war with a master, a lady, with a rich man and a priest.
Household fairy tales ridicule universal human vices: laziness, stupidity, stubbornness, greed.
Household fairy tales full of humor, they give comical portraits of unrestrained lazy people, fools who do everything at random, grumbling, stubborn wives.
Household stories.
Household fairy tale idealizes activity, independence, mind, courage of a person in his life struggle.
For everyday fairy tales are characteristic brevity, colloquial vocabulary, dialogues. She does not strive for tripling motives and generally does not have large developed plots.
In a household fairy tale colorful epithets and poetic formulas are not used. The artistic framing of a household fairy tale with beginnings and endings is also optional, many of them begin right from the beginning and end with the final touch of the plot itself.
Magic tales.
At the heart of the plot fairy tale located a story about overcoming a loss or lack, with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers.
Fairy tales are consistently present in the exhibition 2 generations - the older (the king with the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan with brothers or sisters. Also in the exposition there is an absence of the older generation. An enhanced form of absence is the death of parents.
The plot of the story is that the protagonist or heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives for the prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent trouble. Here is the beginning of opposition, i.e. sending a hero from home.
Magic tales.
Story development - it is a search for what is lost or missing.
The climax of the fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the battle equivalent is solving difficult problems that are always solved).
Interchange - it is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.
Magic tales.
Main character fairy tales are always young.
In fairy tales, the hero meets with:
- Creatures that you will not meet in life: the water king, mermaids, goblin, Koschey the Immortal, Baba Yaga, the many-headed Serpent, giants and dwarfs.
- Unseen animals: Deer - Golden horns, Mumps - Golden bristle, Heat - Bird.
- Lords of the elements, natural forces: Sun, Month, Wind, Frost.
Magic tales.
Often miraculous objects fall into the hands of the hero:
- gusli - samogudy,
- self-assembly tablecloth,
- invisible hat.
In such a fairy tale, everything is possible. If you want to become young - eat rejuvenating apples, you need to revive the princess or prince, sprinkle them with dead water, and then with living water.
Magic tales.
In a fairy tale, the dreams of the people turned to a brighter future, ideas about a just and joyful life, goodness, truth, and beauty were especially pronounced. In these tales, an optimistic belief in the victory of good over evil persistently sounds.
Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, about justice are connected with them.
Fairy tales are loved by both children and adults. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, performances and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales have come to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, retired soldiers.
A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.
Folk tales are divided into three groups:
- fairy tales about animals- the oldest type of fairy tale. They have their own circle of heroes. Animals talk and act like people. The fox is always cunning, the wolf is stupid and greedy, the hare is cowardly.
- household tales- the heroes of these fairy tales - a peasant, a soldier, a shoemaker - live in the real world and usually fight with a gentleman, a priest, a general. They win thanks to resourcefulness, intelligence and courage.
- fairy tales- heroes of fairy tales fight for life and death, defeat enemies, save friends, encountering evil spirits. Most of these tales are connected with the search for a bride or a kidnapped wife.
Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. But people saw flaws in own life, fairy tales helped him to eradicate them. They scourge, first of all, lazy, stupid and impractical people, empty dreamers, ridicule stubbornness, talkativeness, stinginess. " In them- wrote in the article "On folk tales" V. G. Belinsky, - one can see the way of life of the people, their domestic life, their moral concepts and this crafty Russian mind, so inclined towards irony, so simple-hearted in its cunning.
Such are fairy tales about animals, magical and social fairy tales, which differ from each other in the nature of fiction, and in characters, and in events. But they are all about life common man, about the problems that worried him; they entertained, taught and educated people devoted to their native land, honest and kind people, people who can be relied upon in a difficult time of trials.
Heroes of fairy tales:
The favorite hero of Russian fairy tales is Ivan Tsarevich, Ivan the Fool, Ivan the peasant son. This is a fearless, kind and noble hero who defeats all enemies, helps the weak and wins happiness for himself.
An important place in Russian fairy tales is given to women - beautiful, kind, smart and hardworking. These are Vasilisa the Wise, Elena the Beautiful, Marya Morevna or Sineglazka.
The embodiment of evil in Russian fairy tales is most often Koschey the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and Baba Yaga.
Baba Yaga is one of the most ancient characters in Russian fairy tales. This is a terrible and evil old woman. She lives in the forest in a hut on chicken legs, rides in a mortar. Most often, it harms the heroes, but sometimes it helps.
Serpent Gorynych - a fire-breathing monster with several heads, flying high above the ground - is also a very famous character in Russian folklore. When the Serpent appears, the sun goes out, a storm rises, lightning flashes, the earth trembles.
Fairy tales are works of great art. Getting acquainted with them, you do not notice their complex construction - they are so simple and natural. This is evidence of the highest skill of the performers. Looking at the tales more closely, you discover the virtuosity of their composition (composition), the expressiveness of the language. It is no coincidence that the greatest masters of the word advised young writers to learn their craft from storytellers. A. S. Pushkin wrote: “Read simply folk tales, young writers, to see the properties of the Russian language.
Fairy tales (especially fairy tales) often begin with so-called sayings. Read, for example, the saying to the fairy tale "The Crane and the Heron." She is about an owl. The storyteller himself emphasized that we are dealing with a saying, and "the whole fairy tale is ahead."
The purpose of the saying is to prepare the listener for the perception of the fairy tale, to tune him in the appropriate way, to let him know that the fairy tale will be told further. “It was on the sea, on the ocean, - the storyteller begins. - On the island of Kidan there is a tree - golden domes, the cat Bayun walks along this tree: he goes up - he sings a song, and he goes down - he tells fairy tales. That would be interesting and fun to watch! This is not a fairy tale, but a saying is coming, and the whole fairy tale is ahead. This fairy tale will be told from morning until after dinner, after eating soft bread. Here we will tell a fairy tale ... ".
A saying may also end a fairy tale: in this case, it is not directly related to the content of the fairy tale. Most often, the storyteller himself appears in the saying, hinting, for example, at a treat, as in the fairy tale “The Fox, the Hare and the Rooster”: "Here's a fairy tale for you, and a glass of butter for me." There are also more detailed sayings: “The whole story, more (e) can not be said. Whoever listened, to him a coon, a squirrel, and a red girl, and a black horse with a golden bridle! And in this case, the purpose of sayings is to make it clear to the listener that the fairy tale is over, to distract him from fantasy, to cheer him up.
The traditional element of a fairy tale is the beginning (beginning). The beginning, like a saying, draws a clear line between our everyday speech and fairy tale narration. At the same time, the heroes of the tale, the place and time of the action are determined in the beginning. The most common beginning begins with the words: “Once upon a time...”, “Once upon a time...” etc. Fairy tales have more detailed beginnings: "In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a king..." But often fairy tales begin directly with a description of the action: “I was caught in a trap with a biryuk ...”
The stories also have unique endings. Endings, as their name implies, sum up the development of the fairy-tale action. Here is how, for example, the fairy tale "Wintering of animals" ends: “And the bull with his friends still lives in his hut. They live, live and make good. The fairy tale "Magic Ring" ends like this: “But Martinka still lives, chews bread”. Sometimes the ending is formulated as a proverb in which a general judgment is made about the content of the tale. In the fairy tale “The Man, the Bear and the Fox”, the fox dies, putting its tail out of the hole for the dogs. The storyteller ended the tale with the following phrase: "It often happens: from the tail and the head disappears."
In fairy tales, repetitions (usually not verbatim) are widely used. In each new repetition there are details that bring the fabulous action closer to the denouement, enhance the impression of the action. The repetition is usually three times. So, in the fairy tale "The Master and the Carpenter" a peasant beats the master three times for insult, in the fairy tale "Ivan Bykovich" the hero fights to the death with Serpents for three nights in a row, and each time with a Serpent with a large number of heads, etc.
In fairy tales (especially in fairy tales), so-called constant (traditional) formulas are often found. They move from fairy tale to fairy tale, conveying established ideas about fairy-tale beauty, time, landscape, etc. rapid growth hero say: "Growing by leaps and bounds"; its strength is revealed by the formula used in the description of the battle : "To the right will wave - the street, to the left - the alley." The run of the heroic horse is captured in the formula: “A horse gallops above a standing forest, below a walking cloud, skips lakes between its legs, covers fields-meadows with its tail.” Beauty is conveyed by the formula: "Neither in a fairy tale to say, nor to write with a pen." Baba Yaga for the first time meets the hero of a fairy tale always with the same words: “Fu-fu! Before the village, the Russian spirit was not seen by sight, not heard by ear, but now the Russian spirit appears in mind, rushes about in the mouth! What, good fellow, are you crying out of business, or are you trying business?
In many fairy tales you can find poetic parts. Most of the traditional formulas, sayings, beginnings and endings are created with the help of a verse, which is called a tale. This verse differs from the verse already familiar to us by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov and other poets, with a certain number of syllables and stresses in the verse. A narration verse is constructed only with the help of rhyme; Poems can have different numbers of syllables. For example:
In some kingdom
In some state
On level ground, like on a harrow,
Three hundred miles away
It is in that
in which we live
There lived a king.
In fairy tales we meet with songs. Heroes of fairy tales in songs express grief and joy, songs reveal their characters. In the well-known fairy tale “The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox”, a rooster screams its song in fright, falling into the paws of a fox and calling for help from a cat; the songs of Alyonushka and Ivanushka sound sad in the fairy tale “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”; in the satirical tale "The Illiterate Village", a priest, a deacon and a deacon sing folk songs in an inappropriate place - in a church, during a service.
Widely used in fairy tales is dialogue - a conversation between two or more characters. Sometimes fairy tales are entirely built on dialogue, as, for example, the fairy tale "The Fox and the Black Grouse." Dialogues of fairy tales - living dialogues. They convey the natural intonations of the speakers, perfectly imitating the reckless speech of a soldier, the cunning speech of a peasant, the stupid, arrogant speech of a master, the flattering speech of a fox, the rude speech of a wolf, etc.
The language of fairy tales is rich. Animals in fairy tales have their own names: the cat - Kotofey Ivanovich, the fox - Lizaveta Ivanovna, the bear - Mikhailo Ivanovich. The nicknames of animals are not uncommon: the wolf - “because of the bushes hap”, the fox - “there is beauty on the field”, the bear - “the oppressor of everyone” ... Onomatopoeia is common in fairy tales: "Kuty, kuty, kuty, the fox carries me through the dark forests!" Epithets (definitions), hyperbole (exaggerations), comparisons are actively used in fairy tales. For example, epithets: good horse, valiant, dense forests, tight bow, downy bed, black raven, sword - self-cutting, gusli - samogudy etc.
In Russian fairy tales, repeated definitions are often found: good horse; Gray wolf; red girl; good fellow, as well as combinations of words: a feast for the whole world; go wherever your eyes look; hung his wild head; neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen; soon a fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done; long, short...
Often in Russian fairy tales, the definition is placed after the word being defined, which creates a special melodiousness. : my dear sons; the sun is red; written beauty...
Short and truncated forms of adjectives are characteristic of Russian fairy tales: red sun; hung his wild head; - and verbs : grab instead of grabbed, go instead of go.
The language of fairy tales is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with various suffixes, which give them a diminutive - petting meaning: little-y, brother-etc, cockerel-ok, sun-yshk-o ... All this makes the presentation smooth, melodious, emotional . The same purpose is served by various amplifying-excretory particles: that, that's what, ka ... ( Here is a miracle! I'll go to the right. What a miracle!
As you can see, a fairy tale is a complex, very skillfully constructed work, testifying to the great talent and skill of its creators.
Try now when reading fairy tales yourself to pay attention to sayings, beginnings and endings, to songs, repetitions and constant formulas, try to find poetic places, epithets in the texts of fairy tales - and you will feel how right A. S. Pushkin was, calling on the young writers to learn the Russian language from "common people" fairy tales, which are truly unsurpassed examples of the art of the word. But after all, not only young writers can learn the Russian language from fairy tales, right? A. S. Pushkin accidentally wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!
Fairy tales have been known in Rus' since ancient times. In ancient writing there are plots, motifs and images reminiscent of fairy tales. Telling fairy tales is an old Russian custom. Also in old times the performance of fairy tales was available to everyone: men, women, children, and adults. There were people who cherished and developed their fabulous heritage. They have always been respected by the people.
The word fairy tale has been known since the 17th century. Until that time, the term "tale" or "fable" was used, from the word "bat", "to tell". For the first time this word was used in the charter of the voevoda Vsevolodsky, where people were condemned who "tell unprecedented fairy tales." But scientists believe that the word "fairy tale" was used among the people before. There have always been talented storytellers among the people, but there is no information left about most of them. However, already in the 19th century, people appeared who set themselves the goal of collecting and systematizing oral folk art.
In the first half of the 17th century, 10 tales were written down for the English traveler Colling. In the XVIII century, several collections of fairy tales appeared, which included works with characteristic compositional and stylistic fairy-tale features: "The Tale of the Gypsy"; "The Tale of the Thief Timashka".
In the dictionary of V.I. Dahl's fairy tale is defined as "a fictional story, an unprecedented and even unrealizable story, a legend." There are also several proverbs and sayings related to this genre of folklore: Either do business or tell fairy tales. The fairy tale is a fold, but the song is true. Fairy tale warehouse, the song is red in tune. Not in a fairy tale to say, not to describe with a pen. Before you finish reading the fairy tale, do not throw pointers. A fairy tale starts from the beginning, reads to the end, but does not interrupt in the middle. Already from these proverbs it is clear: a fairy tale is a fiction, a work of folk fantasy is a “foldable”, bright, interesting work that has a certain integrity and a special meaning.
The all-Russian collection of A.N. Afanasyev "Folk Russian Tales" (1855 - 1965): it includes fairy tales that existed in many parts of Russia. Most of them were written down for Afanasyev by his closest correspondents, of which V.I. Dahl. In the late XIX - early XX centuries, a number of collections of fairy tales appeared. They gave an idea about the distribution of works of this genre, about its state, put forward new principles for collecting and publishing. The first such collection was a book by D.N. Sadovnikov "Tales and legends of the Samara region" (1884). 124 works were placed in it, and 72 were recorded only from one storyteller A. Novopoltsev. Following this, rich collections of fairy tales appeared: "Seven fairy tales", "Great Russian fairy tales of the Perm province" (1914). The texts are accompanied by explanations and indexes. In Russian fairy tales, wealth has never had its own value, and the rich man has never been a kind, honest and decent person. Wealth had meaning as a means to other ends and lost that meaning when the most important values of life were achieved. In this regard, wealth in Russian fairy tales was never earned by labor: it came by chance (with the help of fairy-tale assistants - Sivka-Burka, the Little Humpbacked Horse ...) and often accidentally left.
IN Soviet period collections began to appear, representing the repertoire of one performer. The following names have come down to us: A.N. Baryshnikova (Kupriyanikha), M.M. Korgueva (a fisherman from the Astrakhan region), E.I. Sorokovikov (Siberian hunter), etc.
In Russian fairy tales, there are often repeated definitions: a good horse; Gray wolf; red girl; good fellow, as well as combinations of words: a feast for the whole world; go wherever your eyes look; hung his wild head; neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen; soon a fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done; long, short...
Often in Russian fairy tales, the definition is placed after the word being defined, which creates a special melodiousness: my dear sons; the sun is red; written beauty...
Short and truncated forms of adjectives are characteristic of Russian fairy tales: the sun is red; hung his wild head; - and verbs: seize instead of grab, go instead of go.
An important feature of the people's spiritual life is catholicity; it is also reflected in fairy tales. Labor acts not as a duty, but as a holiday. Sobornost - the unity of deeds, thoughts, feelings - in fairy tales opposes selfishness, greed, everything that makes life gray, boring, prosaic. All Russian fairy tales, personifying the joy of work, end with the same saying: "Here, in joy, they all started dancing together ...". The fairy tale also reflects other moral values of the people: kindness, as pity for the weak, which triumphs over selfishness and manifests itself in the ability to give the last to another and give life for another; suffering as a motive for virtuous deeds and deeds; victory of spiritual strength over physical strength. The embodiment of these values makes the meaning of the tale the deepest, as opposed to the naivety of its purpose. The assertion of the victory of good over evil, order over chaos determines the meaning life cycle living being. The meaning of life is difficult to express in words, it can be felt in oneself or not, and then it is very simple.
The images of the Russian fairy tale are transparent and contradictory. Any attempts to use the image of a fairy-tale hero as an image of a person lead researchers to the idea of the existence of a contradiction in a folk tale - the victory of a foolish hero, a "low hero". This contradiction is overcome if we consider the simplicity of the "fool" as a symbol of everything that is alien to Christian morality and its condemnation: greed, cunning, self-interest. The simplicity of the hero helps him to believe in a miracle, to surrender to his magic, because only under this condition is the power of the miraculous possible.
Russian folk tale is a treasure of folk wisdom. It is distinguished by the depth of ideas, richness of content, poetic language and high educational orientation ("a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it"). Russian fairy tale is one of the most popular and beloved genres of folklore, because it has not only an entertaining plot, not only amazing characters, but because the fairy tale has a sense of true poetry, which opens the reader to the world of human feelings and relationships, affirms kindness and justice. , and also introduces to Russian culture, to the wise folk experience, to the native language.
A fairy tale has a special attraction for children. It is impossible to imagine childhood without a fairy tale, V.A. Sukhomlinsky believed, who created the system of raising children with a fairy tale - the school of a fairy tale.
Fairy tales originated in ancient times. For example, the following fact speaks of the antiquity of fairy tales: in the unprocessed versions of the famous "Teremok", the mare's head, which the Slavic folklore tradition endowed with many wonderful properties, acted as a teremok. In other words, the roots of this tale go back to Slavic paganism. At the same time, fairy tales testify not at all to the primitiveness of the people's consciousness (otherwise they could not have existed for many hundreds of years), but to the ingenious ability of the people to create a single harmonious image of the world, linking everything that exists in it - heaven and earth, man and nature, life and death. Apparently, the fairy-tale genre turned out to be so viable because it is perfect for expressing and preserving fundamental human truths, the foundations of human existence.
Telling fairy tales was a common hobby in Rus', they were loved by both children and adults. Usually the narrator, narrating about events and heroes, reacted vividly to the attitude of his audience and immediately made some corrections to his narration. That is why fairy tales have become one of the most polished folklore genres. The best way they also meet the needs of children, organically corresponding to child psychology. The craving for goodness and justice, faith in miracles, a penchant for fantasies, for the magical transformation of the world around - all this the child joyfully meets in a fairy tale.
In a fairy tale, truth and goodness certainly triumph. A fairy tale is always on the side of the offended and oppressed, no matter what it tells. It clearly shows where the correct life paths man, what is his happiness and misfortune, what is his retribution for mistakes and how a man differs from a beast and a bird. Each step of the hero leads him to the goal, to the final success. You have to pay for mistakes, and having paid, the hero again gets the right to good luck. In such a movement of fairy-tale fiction, an essential feature of the worldview of the people is expressed - a firm belief in justice, in the fact that a good human principle will inevitably defeat everything that opposes it.
In a fairy tale for children, there is a special charm, some secrets of the ancient worldview are revealed. They find in the fairy tale narrative on their own, without explanation, something very valuable for themselves, necessary for the growth of their consciousness.
An imaginary, fantastic world turns out to be a reflection of the real world in its main foundations. A fabulous, unusual picture of life gives the baby the opportunity to compare it with reality, with the environment in which he himself, his family, people close to him exist. This is necessary for developing thinking, as it is stimulated by the fact that a person compares and doubts, checks and convinces. The fairy tale does not leave the child an indifferent observer, but makes him an active participant in what is happening, experiencing every failure and every victory together with the characters. The tale accustoms him to the idea that evil in any case must be punished.
Today, the need for a fairy tale seems especially great. The child is literally overwhelmed by an ever-increasing flow of information. And although the susceptibility of the psyche in babies is great, it still has its limits. The child becomes overtired, becomes nervous, and it is the fairy tale that frees his mind from everything unimportant, unnecessary, concentrating on the simple actions of the characters and thoughts about why everything happens this way and not otherwise.
For children, it doesn’t matter at all who the hero of the fairy tale is: a person, an animal or a tree. Another thing is important: how he behaves, what he is - handsome and kind or ugly and angry. The fairy tale tries to teach the child to evaluate the main qualities of the hero and never resorts to psychological complication. Most often, the character embodies one quality: the fox is cunning, the bear is strong, Ivan is lucky as a fool, and fearless as a prince. The characters in the tale are contrasting, which determines the plot: the diligent, reasonable sister Alyonushka was not obeyed by brother Ivanushka, he drank water from a goat's hoof and became a goat - he had to be rescued; the evil stepmother plots against the good stepdaughter... Thus, a chain of actions and amazing fairy-tale events arises.
The tale is built on the principle of a chain composition, which, as a rule, includes three repetitions, again and again providing an opportunity to experience a vivid episode. Such an episode is usually not just repeated - each time there is an increase in tension. Sometimes the repetition is in the form of a dialogue; then children, if they play a fairy tale, it is easier to transform into its heroes. Often a fairy tale contains songs, jokes, and children remember them first of all.
The fairy tale has its own language - concise, expressive, rhythmic. Thanks to the language, a special fantasy world is created in which everything is presented large, convex, remembered immediately and for a long time - the characters, their relationships, the surrounding characters and objects, nature. There are no halftones - there are deep, bright colors. They attract a child to them, like everything colorful, devoid of monotony and everyday dullness.
And yet most of all attracts children fairy tale hero. Usually this is an ideal person: kind, fair, beautiful, strong; he necessarily achieves success, overcoming all sorts of obstacles, not only with the help of wonderful assistants, but primarily thanks to his personal qualities - intelligence, fortitude, dedication, ingenuity, ingenuity. This is what every child would like to become, and the ideal hero of fairy tales becomes the first role model.
A fairy tale is of great social value, consisting in its cognitive, ideological, educational and aesthetic values, which are inextricably linked.
The cognitive significance of a fairy tale is manifested primarily in the fact that it reflects the features of phenomena. real life and gives extensive knowledge about the history of social relations, work and life, as well as an idea about the worldview and psychology of the people, about the nature of the country. The cognitive significance of a fairy tale is increased by the fact that its plots and images contain a wide typification, contain generalizations of phenomena, life and characters of people. So the images of Ivan, the peasant son, give an idea of the Russian peasantry in general, one image characterizes a whole social stratum of people. The ideological and educational significance of the tale is that it is inspired by the desire for good, the protection of the weak, the victory over evil. In addition, a fairy tale develops an aesthetic sense, i.e. a sense of beauty, it is characterized by the disclosure of beauty in nature and man, the unity of aesthetic and moral principles, the combination of real and fiction, vivid depiction and expressiveness.
So, a fairy tale is one of the most developed and beloved genres of folklore by children. It is more complete and brighter than any other kind of folk art, it reproduces the world in all its integrity, complexity and beauty. The fairy tale provides the richest food for children's imagination, develops the imagination - this most important feature of the creator in any sphere of life. And the exact expressive language fairy tales are so close to the mind and heart of the child that they are remembered for a lifetime.