Preservation of steam and hot water pipelines. Requirements for the manufacture and installation of steam and hot water pipelines. Difference of pipelines according to design schemes
clause 4.1. The manufacture, installation of pipelines and their elements must be carried out by specialized enterprises that have permission from the Gosgortekhnadzor bodies to perform the relevant work.
During the manufacture and installation of pipelines, a quality control system must be applied to ensure the performance of work in accordance with 573 Rules and RD.
clause 4.2. Welders who have been certified in accordance with PB 03-273-99 "Rules for the certification of welders and welding production specialists" and who have a certificate for the right to perform these works are allowed to perform work on welding pipelines.
Welders can only perform the types of welding that are specified in their certificate.
A welder who starts work in this organization for the first time must, before being admitted to work, regardless of whether he has a certificate, make control connections and only after positive results of mechanical tests begin to perform welding work.
Welded joints of elements of pipelines operating under pressure, with a wall thickness of 6 mm or more, are subject to marking, which makes it possible to establish the name of the welder.
Welding consumables must comply with the requirements of standards and specifications.
Revision, repair, rejection, testing of process pipelines in accordance with PB 03-585-03 "Rules for the design and safe operation of process pipelines", RD 38.13.004-86 "Operation and repair of technological pipelines under pressure up to 10.0 MPa (100 kgf / cm 2 )»
Pipeline revision
clause 9.3.PB 03-585-03.
p 13.13.RD 38.13.004-86.
The main method of monitoring the reliable and safe operation of technological pipelines is periodic revisions, which are carried out by the technical supervision service together with the mechanic and the shop manager.
As a rule, revisions of pipelines are timed to coincide with the shutdown of individual units, sections or workshops.
The deadlines for the inspection of pipelines are established by the administration of the enterprise, depending on the rate of their corrosion and erosion wear, operating conditions, the results of previous external inspections and revisions.
When conducting an audit, attention should be paid to areas operating in particularly difficult conditions, where the maximum wear of the pipeline due to corrosion, erosion, vibration, etc. is most likely. Such areas include those where the direction of flow changes (elbows, tees, tie-ins, drainage devices) and where accumulation of moisture, corrosive substances is possible (dead ends and temporarily non-operating areas).
It is allowed to carry out ultrasonic thickness measurement on operating pipelines, subject to safety measures.
When auditing technological pipelines, it is necessary:
conduct an external inspection of the pipeline;
tap with a hammer and measure the wall thickness of the pipeline using ultrasonic or radiographic methods, and, if necessary, through drilling with subsequent welding of the hole.
The wall thickness is measured in areas operating in the most difficult conditions, as well as in straight sections of intra-shop and inter-shop pipelines.
The number of measurement points for each section determines the RTR.
On straight sections of intra-installation pipelines with a length of 20 m or less, wall thickness measurements should be performed at least in three places;
if necessary, conduct an internal inspection of the pipeline by disassembling or cutting the pipeline - check for corrosion, cracks, reduction in wall thickness;
if necessary, perform radiographic and ultrasonic flaw detection of welded joints, metallographic studies and mechanical tests (when working in high-temperature or hydrogen-containing media, and also if corrosion can change the mechanical properties);
check the condition and working conditions of supports, fasteners and gaskets;
pressure test the pipeline.
If the results of the audit are unsatisfactory, it is necessary to determine the boundary of the defective section of the pipeline and make more frequent measurements of the wall thickness of the entire pipeline.
The main causes of pipeline failures are defects in their manufacture and installation, hydraulic shocks.
I. At the CHPP, there was a rupture of the lower outlet of the main steam pipeline of the PK-10-2 boiler operating with steam parameters
110 kgf/cm2 and 540° C. The destruction occurred in the zone of the neutral generatrix of the bend. During the rupture, a part of the pipe turned out to be bent, and therefore it was impossible to determine the shape of the pipe section in the bend. In the area adjacent to this section, the ovality turned out to be 17%, which is more than twice the allowable one.
Studies of the metal of the damaged pipe showed that its chemical composition, mechanical properties and microstructure meet the requirements of the technical delivery conditions (MRTU 14-4-21-67).
It is known that the destruction of bends is caused by a complex of reasons, both technological and operational. And in this case, the state of the metal and the nature of the damage made it possible to establish that the stresses in the bend metal at the fracture site significantly exceeded the calculated ones, not only due to additional efforts associated with the uneven distribution of stresses from internal pressure along the perimeter of the oval section, but also due to significant compensation stresses.
The route of the steam pipeline was performed with a deviation from the design, as a result of which the number of bends in the section of the damaged steam pipeline decreased from three to two and the compensation load on the remaining bends increased compared to the calculated one. Deviations from the project were also made during the implementation of the fastening system for this section of the steam pipeline and its adjustment.
When dismantling the damaged section of the steam pipeline, it was revealed that it consisted of pipes of two sizes - 325X26 and 325X X32 mm. The torn lower bend was made from a pipe with a smaller wall thickness. Comparison of the moments of inertia of the pipe section in the lower and upper bends, without taking into account the distortion of the section shape during bending, showed that the compensation stresses in the lower bend were */z higher than the stresses that would have been with bends of equal compliance.
(From express information of SCNTI ORGRES, 1972).
2. At the CHPP of an automobile plant, a rupture of the compensator of the supply pipeline with a diameter of 219 mm occurred at a pressure of 150 kgf / cm2 and a water temperature of 150 ° C.
The workers on duty heard a strong thud from the impact, followed by a sharp decrease in feed water pressure and a drop in the water level in four operating boilers.
The audible signaling devices of the limit positions of the water level and the light panels were turned on, showing that the boilers were in a dangerous position.
The boiler room operators were informed by radio about the emergency situation in the boiler room and at the same time the backup feed pumps were turned on with a total flow of 580 t/h. As the water level in the boiler drums continued to decrease, all boilers were shut down. After the location of the damage was found, the defective pipeline was disconnected and an hour later the boilers were put back into operation. During the inspection at the place of bending of the compensator, a through crack 560 mm long with a maximum opening of 85 mm was found. Continuous corrosion erosion and longitudinal cracks were clearly visible on the inner surface of the pipe in the rupture zone. The depth of the cracks ranged from 0.1 mm to through to the entire thickness of the wall. Mechanical tests of the pipe metal gave satisfactory results.
According to the conclusion of the metal science laboratory of the automobile plant, the rupture of the pipe occurred as a result of corrosion fatigue of the metal. The commission did not agree with this conclusion, motivating its disagreement by the fact that corrosion fatigue is possible only with variable thermal stresses of the metal, and the supply pipeline worked with a constant regime. In this regard, the materials of the investigation of the accident were transferred to another metal laboratory.
In this laboratory, a series of samples taken from an intact section of the pipe after heating at temperatures of 600, 700, 850 and 950 ° C were subjected to metallographic examination and the conditions were established under which a Widmanstatt structure appears in the metal. On this basis, the laboratory concluded that the cause of the accident was overheating of the metal, which was allowed during the manufacture of the compensator.
The Central Boiler and Turbine Institute (CKTI), to which the commission addressed, having received two conflicting conclusions, confirmed the opinion of the laboratory of the automobile plant.
Calculation of compensation for the thermal expansion of the pipe at TsKTI showed that the greatest compensation stresses occurred in the area near the broken elbow. It is very likely that the ovality in the elbow was higher than the permissible one, which caused significant additional stresses on the outer part of the pipe, along which the bend collapsed. At high total static stresses from internal pressure and thermal expansion under corrosive environment conditions, even relatively small cyclic changes in any of the acting stresses (for example, compensatory ones due to water temperature fluctuations) could lead to fatigue failure of the metal after an appropriate period.
3. In the steam pipeline operating with a steam pressure of 20 kgf / cm * "and a temperature of 270 ° C, during the operation period, defects were detected in two sections - pipe metal delamination. The defective sections were removed and replaced with new ones.
After the repair, the steam pipeline was put into operation contrary to the requirements of the Rules for the Arrangement and Safe Operation of Steam Pipelines and hot water, providing for the presentation of the pipeline to the inspector of the boiler supervision after the repair associated with the welding of joints, for external inspection and hydraulic testing.
A few days after the steam pipeline was put into operation, due to a hydraulic shock, the trestle over which the steam pipeline was laid was shaken, and an hour later it broke. The compensator and part of the steam pipeline 40 m long fell from the trestle to the ground, and the other part 30 m long was thrown to the top of the trestle.
The rupture of the steam pipeline occurred at the welded joint of the replaced section of the pipe, which was unsatisfactorily completed by welders. After the repair, the quality of the welds was not checked.
4. At one of the thermal power plants, the steam pipeline of a boiler operating under a pressure of 32 kgf / cm2 at a steam temperature of 400 ° C was torn. swaged to a diameter of 219/200 mm and welded by electric arc welding with longitudinal butt seams.
The reason for the rupture of the conical transition was continuous deep lack of penetration at the tops of the longitudinal seams along the entire length. When ruptured, three petals opened by 140-180 ° and a slight opening at the seams of the remaining petals occurred. Depth of lack of penetration
longitudinal and circumferential welds amounted to 80% of the pipe wall thickness. The displacement of the edges of individual welds was 40% of the pipe wall thickness at a rate of not more than 10%.
The audit found that after the repair of the steam pipeline using welding, it was not presented to the inspector of the boiler supervision for technical examination. The cord books of the steam pipelines were not kept satisfactorily: the necessary records of repairs made, welding data, pipe certificates and the necessary steam pipeline diagrams were missing. Hydraulic testing of steam pipelines after their repair was not carried out.
5. During the operation of the power unit, which operated at a pressure of 100 kgf / cm2 and a steam temperature of 540 ° C, the engineer noticed the formation of lead in one of the main steam pipelines. Approximately 3 minutes later, the pipeline ruptured. Measures were taken immediately to unload the CHP and stop the operation of the boilers.
When inspecting the damaged section of the steam pipeline, a pipe rupture was found at a length of 1.25 m s characteristic features creep of the metal at the point of rupture. The unruptured part of the pipe had a bulge of up to 365 mm in diameter against the original diameter of 325 mm. At one welded joint, the pipe is torn off along the entire circumference from the adjacent section. The remaining whole section of the pipeline is bent towards the turbine.
The rupture of the pipe occurred due to the fact that the workers of the installation site installed a pipe made of steel 20 intended for the supply pipeline instead of a pipe made of steel grade 12KhMF. Installation of pipeline parts was carried out without reconciliation with the drawings.
Steeloscopy was performed after the installation of the steam pipeline. Due to the negligence of the steeloscopist of the welding laboratory of the assembly trust, the pipe made of steel 20 was not identified and a positive conclusion was given for all the details of the pipeline.
6. At the state district power plant, during the overhaul of the boiler, a branch pipe was cut out of the control pipe of the steam pipeline, made of steel 12Kh1MF, to conduct studies of the structure and mechanical properties of the metal, provided for by the "Instruction for Monitoring and Controlling the Metal of Pipelines and Boilers". An insert (coil) was welded in place of this pipe. The metal certificate data of the pipe from which the coil was cut has not been verified. And only during the operation it turned out that the insert was made of carbon steel.
According to clause IV-8 of the specified instruction, for welding control sections, instead of cut out pipes, spare pipes must be used, left during the installation of steam pipelines and transferred to safekeeping. The order of such pipes is provided for the delivery of steam pipelines. These pipes must be preliminarily examined in the initial state in full scope of the requirements for control pipes.
However, at the state district power plant, inserts (coils) were inserted from a pipe that was available, which did not pass the necessary studies of the structure and mechanical properties of the metal.
A mistake made when welding an insert could cause an accident with serious consequences.
The Main Technical Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Energy proposed to the chief engineers of power plants that have power plants with a working environment temperature of 450 ° C and above:
Check the availability of spare pipes at the power plant, their condition and storage conditions, as well as the compliance of the certificate data of spare pipes with the requirements of the technical specifications MRTU 14-4-21-67;
Ensure strict compliance with the requirements of the "Instructions for monitoring and monitoring the metal of pipelines and boilers" when monitoring and monitoring steam pipelines.
(Operational circular of the Main Technical Directorate of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR No. T-4/73)
7. In February 1977, on one of the TGM-96 boilers with a steam capacity of 480 t/h and medium parameters of 140 kgf/cm2 and 570°C, a pipe with a diameter of 133 mm of the bypass line of the boiler feed broke in a straight section located behind the control valve. The pipeline operated at a pressure of 230 kgf/cm2 and an ambient temperature of 230°C.
Boiler TGM-96 single-drum with natural circulation is made according to the U-shaped scheme. The combustion chamber with balanced draft is completely shielded. The boiler is equipped with a radiative-convective superheater, a water economizer and regenerative rotary air heaters. The processes of feeding the boiler, regulating the temperature of superheated steam and combustion are automated, the necessary means of thermal protection are provided.
The lowered boiler power unit, where the pipeline ruptured, is located in front of the boiler front at a distance of 10 m from the block control panel and is designed to power the boiler in the ignition and operating mode. It consists of a section of the main supply pipeline with a diameter of 325 mm and two bypass lines with a diameter of 133 mm and 76 mm.
When the boiler is kindled from the block control panel, a pipeline with a diameter of 76 mm is switched on remotely through the control valve. Upon reaching a pressure of 50 kgf/cm2 in the boiler, a pipeline with a diameter of 133 mm is switched on remotely, and then, after connecting the boiler to the station pipelines, it is transferred to automatic control. The main feed pipeline with a diameter of 325 mm is put into operation (at first remotely, then transferred to automatic control) when the boiler reaches 70% of the nominal load. During the operation of the main feed pipeline, the bypass pipeline with a diameter of 133 mm is a reserve one and is used by 30-40% in automatic mode when the boiler is operating at reduced loads.
At the time of the accident, the control feed valve on the pipeline with a diameter of 325 mm was open by 75-85% and was under automatic control. The control valve on the pipeline with a diameter of 133 mm was partially open and operated on a remote control, the shut-off valves on pipelines with a diameter of 325 and 133 mm were fully open, and on a pipeline with a diameter of 76 mm they were closed. As a result of the rupture, a part of the pipeline with a diameter of 133 mm was thrown from the reduced power unit by 10.5 m to the front of the boiler, and its other part fell onto the main supply pipeline. The bypass pipeline with a diameter of 76 mm was torn off at the junction with a pipeline with a diameter of 133 mm.
It was established that the cause of the rupture was the erosive wear of the pipe at a distance of 100 mm from the valve body in the direction of water. Wear occurred around the entire perimeter of the pipe with maximum thinning
walls along the lower generatrix up to 1.2 mm with an initial wall thickness of 10 mm. Erosive wear was also found in a similar area of the feed pipe.
The pipeline was previously equipped with a gate type control valve. At low flow rates and incomplete opening of the gate with a profile window in the form of a rectangular slot, the medium flow is directed to the upper generatrix of the pipeline, which causes local erosion of the pipe wall. To prevent such phenomena, the gate valve was replaced by a valve with a sealing surface in the form of a distribution grid with a number of cylindrical holes directing the flow of the medium along the axis of the pipeline. However, this replacement in this case was not sufficient to ensure reliable operation of the pipeline.
It should be noted that the intensity of erosive wear of the pipeline increases with an increase in the pressure drop of the medium before and after the control valve.
In connection with this accident, the Main Technical Directorate of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR proposed to the chief engineers of thermal power plants (circular letter No. 1/77) to check compliance with the requirements of the "Instructions for the operational inspection of the supply pipelines of steam boilers." If deviations from the requirements of the instructions are found during the check, then at the next shutdown of the equipment, but no later than June 1977, it is necessary to conduct an extraordinary check of the condition of the outlet pipes of the control and throttling valves and adjacent sections of pipelines along the entire perimeter for a length of at least ten internal diameters of the pipe in the direction of the medium. All components of the installation of control and throttling valves (power supply, injection, built-in starting units of once-through boilers, etc.) are subject to verification. When carrying out these works, one should be guided by the "Instructions for the operational inspection of the supply pipelines of steam boilers" and emergency circular No. T-4/72.
Bakery, confectionery, pasta, non-alcoholic beer and sugar enterprises use pipelines for various purposes: for steam, hot water, combustible and toxic gases (ammonia, sulfur dioxide), flammable and caustic liquids (alcohols, acids, alkalis). The most common are steam and hot water pipelines, the operation of which is regulated by the "Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Steam and Hot Water Pipelines".
Depending on the operating parameters, these pipelines are divided into 4 categories (Table 9).
Table 9
Bakery, confectionery, pasta and fermentation enterprises operate pipelines of the third and fourth categories for steam with a temperature of not more than 350 ° C and a pressure of less than 2.2 MPa, hot water with a temperature of more than 115 ° C and a pressure of less than 1.6 MPa, and sugar, there are steam pipelines of the first and second categories.
Compared to pipelines for other purposes, steam and hot water pipelines operate in more difficult conditions, since, in addition to the influence of their own mass and the mass of the working media in them, the fittings installed on them, they are under the influence of a mass of thermal insulation and thermal alternating stresses. This combined effect on pipelines, which are simultaneously under tensile, bending, compression and torsion stresses, makes it necessary to thoroughly substantiate their mechanical strength and structures to ensure operational safety.
The main causes of accidents in pipelines for various purposes, including steam and hot water, are defects in pipelines, errors made during their design when choosing materials, schemes and designs of pipelines, taking into account the properties of the transported medium; insufficient assessment of compensation for thermal elongation of pipelines; deviation from projects during construction and installation works; violations of the operation mode of pipelines, including untimely and poor-quality repairs, overflows, damage to pipelines, leakage of stuffing boxes; erroneous actions of service personnel; hydraulic shocks; violations of the rules for filling and emptying pipelines with combustible gases; accumulation of static electricity; untimely and poor-quality technical examination of pipelines, instrumentation, safety devices, shut-off and control valves.
Measures that ensure the safe operation of pipelines for various purposes can be divided into design and construction, organizational and control measures.
Design and construction measures include the selection of a rational scheme of the pipeline and its design, carrying out calculations of the pipeline for strength and compensation for thermal elongations, updating operating parameters, the method of laying and the pipeline system and the drainage system for the placement of supports, valves, etc.
The scheme of pipelines, their placement and design must, in addition to observing technological requirements, ensure safe operation; the possibility of direct observation of the technical condition of the pipeline; accessibility for technical examination and testing, installation and repair work; ease of maintenance of control and measuring equipment, safety devices, shut-off and control valves. This provides for the installation of horizontal sections of steam pipelines with a slope of at least 0.002 and a drainage device; installation of shut-off valves in the direction of movement of the medium at the lower points of each pipeline section of the drain (drainage) pipeline shut off by valves with shut-off valves for emptying the pipeline, and at the upper points of the air vents - for air removal. Saturated steam lines and dead ends of superheated steam lines must be fitted with steam traps or other devices to continuously drain condensate to prevent damaging water hammer.
Particular attention in steam and hot water pipelines is paid to the calculation of the supporting structures of supports, suspensions for vertical load, taking into account the mass of the pipeline filled with medium and its thermal insulation. The fetters are also calculated for the efforts of the thermal expansion of the pipeline, which can be compensated using self-compensation, the use of bent, lens with a jacket and drainage pipes or stuffing box expansion joints. To control thermal movement, movement indicators (benchmarks) must be installed on the supports of steam pipelines with an internal diameter of 150 mm or more and a steam temperature of 300 ° C or more due to thermal elongations.
Pipelines of combustible and toxic gases must be equipped with fittings with locking devices for filling the pipeline with inert gas in order to ensure the safety of the process of filling it with a working medium and emptying it from it.
Pipelines subject to registration with the Gospromatomnadzor bodies can only be installed by organizations that have permission for this from the local Gospromatomnadzor body. Welders who have passed the exam and have a certificate of the established form are allowed to weld on pipelines, and only for those types of welding that are indicated in the certificate.
All welded joints on pipelines for various purposes are controlled by external inspection and measurement, ultrasonic flaw detection, transillumination, mechanical testing, metallographic examination, hydraulic testing.
In order to simplify and shorten the term for determining the purpose of the pipeline, a certain identification color has been established. The colors of the identification coloring of pipelines transporting various substances are given in Table. 10.
Pipelines with the most dangerous substances in terms of their properties are marked with warning color rings in addition to identification coloring. Their number and color depend on the degree of danger and the operating parameters of the transported substance. For example, one ring is applied to pipelines of saturated steam and hot water with a pressure of 0.1-1.6 MPa and a temperature of 120-250 C, and three rings with a pressure of more than 18.4 MPa and a temperature above 120 ° C.
Organizational measures include registration of pipelines, their periodic technical examination, strength and density tests, training and certification of maintenance personnel and systematic testing of their knowledge, maintenance of technical documentation and other organizational measures to ensure the safe operation of pipelines and their repair.
Before commissioning, pipelines for various purposes are subject to technical examination and registration with the Gospromatomnadzor bodies or at enterprises that own the pipeline. The permit for the operation of pipelines subject to registration with the Gospromatomnadzor authorities is issued by the inspector of the Gospromatomnadzor after registering, and for unregistered pipelines, the employee of the enterprise responsible for their good condition and safe operation on the basis of verification of the documentation and the results of his survey. The permit is registered in the pipeline passport.
The technical examination of steam and hot water pipelines is carried out by the administration of the enterprise in the following terms: external inspection at least once a year and hydraulic testing of pipelines that are not subject to registration with the Gospromatomnadzor bodies, before putting into operation after installation associated with welding, repair, and also after conservation of the pipeline for more than 2 years.
Pipelines registered with the local bodies of Gospromatomnadzor, in addition to surveys conducted by the administration of the enterprise, are subject to survey by an inspector of Gospromatomnadzor in the presence of a person responsible for the good condition and safe operation of pipelines, in the following terms: external inspection - at least 1 time in 3 years; external inspection and hydraulic test - before the start-up of the newly installed pipeline, as well as after repair with welding and start-up after conservation for more than two years.
Persons at least 18 years of age who have passed medical checkup trained according to the relevant program, having a certificate of the qualification commission for the right to maintain pipelines and knowing the production instructions. At least once every 12 months they pass a knowledge test with registration in the prescribed manner for passing exams.
A passport, a diagram indicating all fittings and equipment must be maintained for each pipeline.
Control measures are carried out using control and measuring equipment, safety devices, shut-off and control valves, which must be located on pipelines in places accessible for maintenance, equipped with platforms, stairs or have remote control.
Steam and hot water pipelines at CHPPs include: network pipelines (cogeneration plant), ROU, steam pipelines from steam boilers to ROU
7.1. Heating plant.
7.1.1. Scheme of the heating plant.
Network water after the consumer through the valve No. B-26, the mud collector, the valve No. B-27 enters the suction of the network pumps in two streams. Directly to network pumps through valve No. B-28, B-43 and through condensate coolers. After the network pumps, water enters the pressure manifold from which it is directed through pipelines in parallel flows through the PSV, hot water boilers, where it is heated, and then into the outlet manifold through the valve No. B-9 (B-8-3) to the consumer, the temperature is adjusted by increasing ( a decrease) in the load on hot water boilers, PSV and a change in the supply of cold (return) water through the temperature controller unit (RT, zav. B-10) from the pressure manifold of network pumps to the manifold of direct network water. From the CHPP, the network is supplied in the following directions: "Plant", "City"; the scheme provides for separate temperature control in directions (gate valves B-9, B-8-3, B-8-3a).
To compensate for leaks in the heating system, a make-up unit is provided.
The make-up water pressure is maintained automatically, depending on the pressure in the return pipeline. The pressure of network water in the return pipeline is maintained at 2.5 kgf/cm 2 . A safety relief valve is provided on the return network water pipeline, which is configured to operate at a pressure of 3.2 kgf / cm 2.
7.1.2. Preparation for launch.
By inspection, make sure that the pipelines, flange connections, fittings are in good condition. Check the availability and serviceability of devices in the places provided.
Inspect the equipment: hot water boilers, network water heaters, ROU, condensate coolers, pumps, sump.
Prepare for start-up pumps for network water, condensate, make-up and recirculation pumps according to the instructions. And test them with a short run.
Assemble a scheme for filling the heating plant and the heating network, for which open the valves:
1. on suction and pressure of network pumps No. B-14-1÷4; No. B-55, 56, 57, 58;
2. on condensate coolers No. 1,2,3 at the inlet and outlet;
3. on make-up pumps No. 1,2,3; on emergency make-up pumps No. 1,2 on suction and pressure, assemble a scheme for supplying make-up water to the return t / network;
4. open valves No. B-9, 10, 43, 26, 27;
5. on a hot water boiler or PSV at the inlet and outlet;
6. on emergency make-up tanks, on AVR pumps;
7. open the air vents on the return t / network, hot water boilers, PSV, pipelines of the direct and reverse water boilers (elev. 10m. site DSA No. 3,4).
The rest of all valves on the pipelines must be closed.
7.1.3. Filling the system.
Filling the system of the heating plant and the heating network for operation is carried out with deaerated water from deaerators No. 1,2, for which, the water supply from the deaerators through the make-up unit to the return network water pipeline is opened. Water from deaerators flows by gravity into the t / network.
After raising the pressure in the t / network to 0.8 ÷ 1 kgf / cm 2, the make-up pump is switched on and the water flow rate is adjusted to 10-20 t / h by the valve; the filling of the t / network goes on until the pressure rises to 2.5-3 kgf / cm 2 and water flows through the air vents. After that, the valves on the pressure pipelines of the network pumps and valves No. B-8 on the boilers are closed. Air vents are closed. Automatic feeding of the t / network is turned on (by transferring the key on the control unit from the “remote” position to “AVT”). When filling the heating network, parallel filling of network pumps and PSV, condensate coolers and a hot water boiler is allowed.
7.1.4. Turning on the system for circulation.
One of the network pumps is turned on and water is pumped through the system, maintaining a pressure of 2.5 ÷ 3 kgf / cm 2 in the return pipeline and periodically bleeding air from the system. By connecting the network pumps, the pressure in the pipeline of the direct network water is brought to the working one, the rise is carried out gradually, carefully monitoring the pressure in the return network water. The pressure in the direct network water pipeline is regulated by the supply valves of the network pumps. The system is considered full if the make-up does not exceed 10-15t/hour after 1 hour of pump operation.
After the system is turned on for circulation, it is necessary to inspect all pipelines, fittings and the presence of non-densities, all non-densities are eliminated. The boiler plant or hot water boiler is switched on.
In the initial period of operation of the heating plant, there is a large accumulation of air in the network water, so it is necessary to periodically release air through the vents of the upper points of pipelines and equipment every 30-45 minutes.
Strictly monitor the recharge, because. during this period, the heating systems are filled with water.
7.1.5. Maintenance of the heating plant during operation.
Operational personnel serving the heating plant during operation must check the operation (bypass-inspection) of equipment, mechanisms, instrumentation and control equipment with a frequency of at least 1 hour.
Operational personnel should monitor:
The temperature of the direct network water and maintain it according to the schedule, depending on the outside air temperature (daily average).
Deviations from the specified mode should be no more than:
1. According to the temperature of direct network water ± 3%;
2. By pressure in direct network water ± 5% ;
3. By pressure in the return pipeline ± 0.2 kgf / cm 2.
The change in temperature at the outlet of the CHP should be uniform at a rate not exceeding 30 0 C per hour.
The temperature of the return network water should not exceed 70 ° C, in order to avoid the failure of the network pumps (steaming).
The water pressure in front of the network pumps must be at least 0.5 kgf / cm 2, and in normal mode 1.5-2.0 kgf / cm 2 in order to avoid air leakage into the system.
In the presence of a load of hot water supply (DHW), the minimum temperature in the supply pipeline must be at least 70 0 С.
7.1.6. Auxiliary equipment of the heating plant.
7.1.6.1. network pumps.
Network pumps are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the t / network, the scheme provides for 4 pumps operating in parallel.
Email the supply of network pumps is provided separately, i.e. from various power sources: SES No. 1.4 are powered from the 1st bus section (S.Sh.), SES No. 2.3 from the 2nd S.Sh.. To ensure safer and more reliable operation of the heating plant, it is necessary to keep pumps powered from different N.S.
Gate valve control circuits are equipped with interlocks.
The inclusion of SEN No. 2,3,4 is carried out on closed valves 57,56,65, respectively. The control circuits of pumps and valves are interlocked, i.e. when the valve is open, the pump does not turn on.
Gate valves on the pressure of network pumps No. 57,56,65 are included in the protection system of the t / network, when the operating network pump is turned off, the valve on the pressure is automatically closed, for this it is necessary that the control selector (MS) of the valves is in the "remote" position.
The valve control selector has three positions:
1. disabled
2. local
3. remote
With local control, the valve is controlled by the buttons at the pump “Open”, “Close”, if it is necessary to stop the valve in an intermediate position, the “Stop” button is pressed.
When the damper OD is set to the “Dist” position, the damper is controlled by the “Open”, “Close” buttons on the thermal shield, the damper stops in an intermediate position when the control button is released.
Technical specifications.
Network pump. Productivity is 350 m 3 /hour.
No. 1 Head 9.0 kgf / cm 2.
ZV-200 x2 Electric motor power 125 kW.
Voltage 0.4 kV.
The number of revolutions is 1460 rpm.
Network pumps Capacity 1250 kgf/cm 2 .
No. 2,3,4. Type
D 1250-125a. Head 9-12.5 kgf / cm 2.
Electric motor power 630 kW.
Voltage 6kV.
The number of revolutions is 1450 rpm.
Current /maximum/ 72 A.
The order of preparation for start-up, start-up, maintenance during operation, decommissioning and repair of network pumps.
Network pumps should be started under the supervision of the shift supervisor, and in his absence, under the supervision of the senior boiler-house operator. After leaving the overhaul or medium repair, as well as before the start of the heating season - in the presence of the head of the boiler house and el. workshops.
The assembly of the thermal circuit, electrical circuit and instrumentation circuit is carried out by the relevant shift specialists by order of the shift supervisor.
External inspection to make sure that the pump is in good condition:
1. the presence of fingers on the coupling halves;
2. Reliability of fastening of the guard p / couplings of the pump and el. engine;
3. the presence of a stock of stuffing box packing on the pump and shutoff valves;
4. availability of serviceability of pressure gauges;
5. condition of anchor bolts;
6. grounding el. engine;
7. absence foreign objects.
Make sure that the valve on the pump head is closed (the green light on the control panel is on).
Open the valve on the pump suction, fill the pump with water.
Set the valve control selector to the “remote” position.
Turn the pump on with the control key, observing the pump ammeter, the starting current time should not exceed 10 seconds, if longer, then the pump must be turned off and the cause of the malfunction found out.
After turning on the email the pump motor, it is necessary to open the discharge valve, observing the pressure in the network and the electric current. engine.
The operation of the pump on a closed valve, in order to avoid overheating of the water, is not allowed for more than 2-3 minutes.
During operation, monitor the readings of instruments, heating of seals and bearings; the temperature of the bearings should not be more than the temperature in the room by 40-50 ° C and should not exceed 70 ° C. Tightening of the stuffing boxes should be such that water leaks out of them continuously in rare drops.
Do not overload the pump by monitoring the load on the ammeter.
Sharp vibrations of instrument arrows, as well as noise and increased vibration, are abnormal work; in this case it is necessary to stop the pump for troubleshooting.
During the operation of the pump, it is strictly forbidden to carry out any repair work on it, adjust the tightening of the glands, leave foreign objects on the pump.
The pump is stopped by the "stop" button for each pump or by the remote control key - after slow closing (full) of the discharge valve, except in emergency cases.
For pumps that are in reserve, the electrical circuits must be assembled, the valves on the suction side are open.
When taking it out for repair, the pump must be turned off by water (the drain is open), the electric power is disassembled. scheme. Signs are posted on the shut-off valves and control keys.
7.1.6.2. Drinking node.
The make-up unit is designed to compensate for leaks in the heating system and maintain a predetermined pressure in the return heating system. Chemically purified deaerated water is used as make-up water. The scheme provides for the supply of river water for make-up, make-up with river water is carried out only in emergency situations with the permission of the chief engineer.
The make-up scheme is as follows: water from the deaerators enters the make-up pumps, from where, under pressure, through the control valve, it enters the return heating pipeline, the control valve automatically maintains the required pressure (2.5 kgf / cm 2). A bypass line (bypass) is provided on the valve for repair work.
Feed pumps are equipped with ATS, i.e. when the running pump is turned off, the standby pump is automatically switched on, for this it is necessary that the OD of the standby pump is in the “standby” position.
Technical specifications:
Feed pumps Productivity 150m 3 /hour.
network water Head 5.0 kgf/cm 2 .
No. 1,2,3 Type K-80-50.
The power of the electric motor is 15 kW.
The number of revolutions is 2990 rpm.
7.1.6.3. Emergency supply unit.
For emergencies(a rush in heating networks, a sharp increase in make-up, failure of make-up pumps) emergency make-up of the heating network is provided, it includes emergency pumps and emergency make-up tanks. The principle of operation is as follows: sharp decline pressure in the return t / network, the emergency make-up pump automatically turns on and raises the pressure to the working one, after which it turns off. Emergency make-up is made with deaerated or chemically treated water from ATS tanks. The scheme provides for the operation of ATS pumps in the make-up pump mode (through a control valve, with DSA). Emergency make-up pump No. 3 is additionally designed to supply water from the ATS tanks to the deaerators.
To turn on the pumps in the ATS mode, it is necessary that the pump DUT be in the “reserve” position.
Technical specifications:
Pumps АВР No. 1,2,3 Productivity is 90 m 3 /hour.
Type K-90/50.
Head 4.3 kgf / cm 2.
The power of the electric motor is 18.5 kW.
The number of revolutions is 2900 rpm.
Emergency make-up tanks Useful volume 300 m 3
№1,2 (general)
7.1.7. Actions during emergencies.
7.1.7.1. Gust in heating systems (increased make-up).
If an increased recharge (a rush in the t / networks) is detected, it is necessary to immediately notify the shift supervisor about this. During increased make-up, constantly monitor the operation of the make-up unit automation; in case of failure of the automation or insufficient speed of the control valve, it is necessary to transfer the valve control unit to remote control. Monitor the water level in the DSA, which feed the t / network, and in the ATS tanks, maintaining the working level in them, inform the TOVP employees about the increased consumption of deaerated, chemically treated water. Monitor the operation of emergency pumps (timely switching on and off), in the event of a failure in the automation, it is necessary to transfer the control of the pumps to remote control, for which the control key should be turned to the “remote” position.
If the power of the make-up unit or CVP is not enough to compensate for the leakage and there is a tendency to reduce the pressure in the return t / network, it is necessary to shut down the hot water boiler or HSV that is in operation (by order of the shift supervisor) and reduce the pressure in the direct t / network to 4 -5 kgf / cm 2 (to reduce the pressure only when the temperature after the boiler or boiler drops to 140 0 C). With a further decrease in pressure in the return t / network pipeline, it is necessary (by order of the shift supervisor) to reduce the pressure in the direct t / network, until the network pumps are turned off and leave the t / network at a return t / network pressure of 2.5 kgf / cm 2.
After troubleshooting (ruptures) in the t / network and reducing the feed to 30 t / h, it is necessary (by order of the shift supervisor) to turn on the network pumps and restore the hydraulic mode of operation, and then turn on the hot water boiler or PSV.
7.1.7.2. Hydroblows in heating networks.
Water hammer in t / networks can occur due to water boiling and the formation of a compressible phase in the pipe system of the boiler, boiler, recirculation pipelines and pipelines of direct network water (i.e. in the hydraulic path) this occurs when the network water pressure drops below the water saturation temperature. The reason is a leak in the system that exceeds the capacity of the make-up unit, as well as in cases of power failure at one or all operating network pumps (their shutdown).
Personnel actions:
In the event of a power failure at one of the operating network pumps or a shutdown of its protection, in order to prevent the pump from self-starting, the maintenance personnel must set the control keys to the “Off” position;
As a result of a decrease in the pressure of network water:
1. When working on a hot water boiler below 8kgf / cm 2, the boiler will be turned off by the protection.
2. When working on the PSV, the steam pressure in the PSV body and on the ROU No. 3.4 will sharply increase, the ROU safety valves are triggered, the operating personnel must immediately close the steam supply valves on the PSV.
When one of the network pumps is turned off, re-enabling or turning off the backup pump is allowed if the pressure behind the boiler, boiler is more than 5.5 kgf / cm 2 and the temperature of the water behind the boiler, boiler is less than 161 ° C.
If the water pressure drops below 5.5 kgf/cm2, all network pumps must be turned off.
The pressure in the return network pipeline when the network pumps are turned off will increase to 4-4.5 kgf / cm 2 and continue to be maintained at this level by the make-up unit; safety valve, painted red with white stripes).
It must be remembered that when the network pumps are turned off, a compressible phase of steam is formed in the boiler, boiler in the recirculation pipelines and direct network water. To eliminate it, the boiler is cooled down at a rate equal to the capacity of the make-up unit, the recirculation pumps must be in operation.
The presence of steam plugs in the boiler, boiler and pipelines through the "air vents" is controlled. When water appears from the "air vents", the latter close.
The mains pump is turned on only if there is no compressible phase /steam/ on all “air vents” and the t /network recharge is reduced to an average value or somewhat higher. If the make-up water flow has not decreased to the previous level, it is necessary to check all air vents again. Increased make-up in the absence of steam on the air vents indicates a rush of the heating main. In order to avoid defrosting of consumer pipelines, it is necessary to turn on the network pump for water circulation.
The network pump is started on a closed valve, and it is slowly opened at a rate of pressure rise in the pipeline of direct network water equal to 0.2 kgf / cm 2 per minute.
In the event of the occurrence of water hammer when opening the valve for the injection of the SEN, the latter must be closed, the pump stopped and all “air vents” checked again.
After checking all air vents and removing steam, restart the network pump. When starting the network pump, the flow of network water and the temperature of the network water behind the boiler and the boiler at the outlet of the CHP are controlled; when the pressure in the return pipeline drops to 3.2 kgf / cm 2, the additional load must be removed from the safety valve.
With an increase in pressure in the direct network water pipeline up to 5.6 kgf / cm 2, the presence of water circulation, the absence of water hammer in the system, and at a pressure in the return network water pipeline of 2.5 kgf / cm 2 by turning on additional network pumps, bringing the hydraulic mode of the heating system to the specified .
With a decrease in the consumption of make-up water to 30 tons / hour, the boiler is started up.
7.1.8. Instrumentation, signaling, remote control, auto-regulation.
Indicating recorders:
1. Pressure in the pipeline of direct network water.
2. Pressure in the pipeline of return network water before the sump and after the sump.
3. Consumption of direct and reverse network water.
4. Temperature in pipelines direct and return to the city (from the city).
5. The temperature of the network water to the factory.
6. Temperature of network water in the return pipeline (total).
7. Water consumption for feeding the t / network.
Automatic regulation:
1. Water consumption for make-up of the t / network;
For remote control of any of the parameters, the switch on the control unit of the corresponding regulator is switched to the “remote” position and the regulator is controlled by the “more”, “less” buttons, the position of the regulators is controlled by position indicators.
Remote control is carried out according to the following parameters:
1. Pressure in the pipeline of the direct t / network (rear 56,55,57).
2. Direct network water temperature controller (RT).
Technological signaling is carried out according to the following parameters:
1. Increasing the pressure of direct network water up to 8.4 kgf / cm 2.
2. Lowering the pressure of direct network water to 7.6 kgf / cm 2.
3. Lowering the pressure of the return network water to 2.3 kgf / cm 2.
4. Increasing the pressure of the return network water up to 2.7 kgf / cm 2.
5. Level in PSV: down to -200mm,
rise up to +200mm.
The protection scheme ensures the restoration of the specified parameters:
1. Switching on the AVR reserve make-up pump.
2. Turning on the emergency pump when the pressure of the return network water drops to 2.2 kgf / cm 2; shutdown of the emergency feed pump when the return network water pressure reaches 2.1 kgf/cm 2 .
7.2. Reduction-cooling installations.
7.2.1 Description, technical specifications.
ROU - reduction-cooling unit is designed to reduce the pressure of steam coming from the boilers to the boiler and to the plant's workshops for technology (with ROU No. 5, steam is supplied only to the DSA) and partial temperature reduction due to throttling. The units are equipped with automatic and remote pressure regulators, shut-off valves (gate valves at the live steam inlet and reduced steam outlet), safety valves, a drainage system, pressure gauges are installed at the steam inlet and outlet.
ROU-reducing Capacity 40t/h (ROU No. 3,4)
cooling 30 t/h (ROU No. 1)
installations 20 t/h (ROU No. 5)
Hot steam pressure 13kgf/cm 2. .
Temperature up to ROU 250 o C.
Steam pressure after ROU 2-2.5kgf/cm 2 .
The temperature after ROU is 180 o C.
7.2.2. Preparation for start-up, start-up, maintenance during operation.
Before commissioning, it is necessary to make sure that the steam pipelines, flange connections, fittings and supports are in good condition, check the presence of pressure gauges, make sure that there is voltage on the valve control by means of a walk-inspection. With the valves at the inlet and outlet closed, test the operation of the control valve and then close it. Check the proper condition of the valve and drains, then close them.
To get started you need:
Open the drain valve in front of the inlet valve and warm up the steam pipeline from the GPC (main steam header);
Slowly opening the inlet valve, warm up the ROU, while the pressure should not exceed 0.2 - 0.5 kgf / cm 2, the warm-up time is at least 20 minutes;
During warm-up, the operation of the safety valve is checked by forced detonation;
After warming up, the outlet valve opens;
The pressure is raised by the control valve, the pressure is raised at a rate of 0.1-0.15 kgf / cm 2 per minute;
The drains are closed on the high and low sides.
During the operation of the ROU, it is necessary to monitor the steam parameters and flow, a one-time change in load should not exceed 2-4t/hour. When operating a t / generator, it must be remembered that the steam turbine operates with back pressure (supply of steam after the turbine to the ROU steam collector) and when the load on it changes, in order to maintain the parameters of the supplied steam to consumers, it is necessary to change the load on the ROU accordingly. Periodically make rounds of inspections during which pay attention to the serviceability of steam pipelines, flange connections, fittings and supports, pressure gauges. Perform periodic checks of the operation of safety valves (once a week, according to the schedule), by forcibly detonating them, the check is carried out in the presence of the shift supervisor or the head of the boiler shop.
7.2.3. Stop, emergency stop.
When turning off the ROU from work, it is necessary:
Gradually reduce the load by the control valve, redistributing the load to other ROU;
Open the drain valve after the ROU (before the outlet valve);
Close the inlet valve;
To stop for a long time, it is necessary to close the valve at the ROU outlet;
ROU should be immediately stopped in the following cases:
Steam pipeline rupture;
Malfunctions of pressure gauges and the impossibility of replacing them;
Safety valve malfunctions;
In the event of a fire that threatens personnel or could lead to the development of an accident.
7.2.4. Conclusion for repair.
Repair of the ROU is carried out with the issuance of a work permit.
To bring the ROU into repair, it is necessary to perform the actions specified in A7.2.3. to stop it, after which it is necessary to disassemble the email. valve drive schemes and hang prohibition posters, the shut-off valves must be locked (using chains). Before allowing maintenance personnel to repair, it is necessary to make sure that there is no pressure on the pressure gauge and that communication with the atmosphere is open.
7.3. High pressure steam pipelines, from steam boilers to ROU.
7.3.1. Description, scheme of steam pipelines.
The steam pipelines are designed to supply steam from steam boilers to the GPC, from where it is fed to the ROU and the steam turbine.
The structure of pipelines is made of steel pipes connected by welding; Connection of fittings to pipelines is flanged and flangeless (attached). Compensators are available to ensure thermal expansion. Pipelines are laid using supports and hangers. Drainage and air valves installed on the pipelines ensure the discharge of the medium during operation and when taken out for repair. Outside, the pipelines have a heat-insulating coating. To control the parameters, the pipelines are equipped with instrumentation tools (pressure gauges, thermometers).
7.3.2. Preparation for start-up, start-up, maintenance during operation.
7.3.2.1. Preparation for launch.
Includes the following:
Check technical condition pipeline and its elements by external inspection (compensators, instrumentation and A, insulation; absence of foreign objects, blockages);
Checking and setting (according to the diagram) the position of the valve (open, closed);
Checking the serviceability and readiness for operation of instrumentation and A (set pressure gauges using three-way valves to the working position; pour mineral oil into the sleeve before installing the thermometer; TAI electrician on duty check the connection of sensors, devices);
Checking the serviceability and readiness for operation of equipment (including standby) included in the work together with the pipeline;
Security check (absence of foreign objects, blockages, presence of fences, insulation, safety signs); the absence of repair work, unauthorized persons on the pipeline and its elements put into operation.
7.3.2.2. Putting the steam pipeline into operation.
Heating of the steam pipeline is carried out by slowly supplying steam to the steam pipeline with open drains along the entire length of the pipeline. If the condensate remaining in the steam pipeline is not discharged through the drains, then when steam is supplied, water hammer will necessarily occur, which can lead to ruptures. The signal to close the drain is the release of saturated (without large drops of water) steam. This is also a signal to complete the heating of a certain section of the steam pipeline. In the event of hydraulic shocks in the pipeline, immediately reduce the amount of steam supplied for heating; in some cases and stop completely, followed by a check of the drainage system. The heating time of the steam pipeline depends on the length of the section; during heating, it is necessary to constantly monitor the heating of massive elements (flanges, fittings) and, accordingly, during heating, ensure control over the state of joints, supports, compensators, visible welds.
7.3.2.3. Steam pipeline operation.
During operation, operational personnel must monitor the serviceability of pipelines, their elements (fittings, drainage lines, compensators, connections), instrumentation and A, and ensure operating parameters (according to a given schedule).
7.3.3. Stop, emergency stop. Stopping the steam line.
The shutdown of the pipeline is carried out together with the equipment (boiler, PSV) or autonomously (section of the steam pipeline) by slowly reducing the pressure in the pipeline and bringing it to a complete drop. After stopping at the steam line, open the drain lines to remove condensate.
Emergency shutdown of the steam pipeline. Produced in the following cases:
Pipeline rupture;
Fire or other acts of God that threaten personnel and equipment.
In case of an emergency shutdown, immediately (together with the equipment in accordance with the operating instructions) turn off the pipeline (close the shut-off valves on the pipeline or its section).
7.3.4. Conclusion for repair.
Repair of the pipeline is carried out according to the order - a permit issued in the prescribed manner.
Prior to repair, the pipeline must be separated from the equipment and all other pipelines by plugs or disconnected. With wafer fittings, shut-off is carried out by two shut-off elements (valve, gate valve) in the presence of a drainage device between them with a nominal diameter of at least 32 mm, which has a connection to the atmosphere. Gate valve drives must be locked. The thickness of the plugs and flanges used when disconnecting is determined by calculation. The plug must have a protruding part (shank).
The gaskets between the flange and the plug must be without shanks.
Before allowing maintenance personnel to repair, it is necessary to make sure that there is no pressure on the pressure gauge and that communication with the atmosphere is open.
1 area of use........................................................................................... 2
3. Notation and abbreviations…………………………………………………... 2
4. General provisions… …………………………………………………………… 3
5. Operation of steam and hot water boilers and air conditioners.…………………... 4
5.1. Operation of steam boilers and air conditioners…………………………………… 4
5.1.1. Technical characteristics of the boiler K-50-14/250………………………………………….. 4
5.1.2. Short description boiler…………………………………………………………………….. 4
5.1.3. Preparing the boiler unit for kindling…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.1.4. Boiler kindling start………………………………………………………………………… 7
5.1.5. Kindling procedure……………………………………………………………………………… 8
5.1.6. Inclusion of the boiler in a common steam pipeline…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.1.7. Maintenance of a working boiler…………………………………………………………... 10
5.1.8. Stopping the boiler……………………………………………………………………………….. 12
5.1.9. Emergency stop of the boiler…………………………………………………………………….. 13
5.1.10. Operation of instrumentation………………………………………………………………………... 14
5.1.11. Bringing the boiler into repair………………………………………………………………………… 17
5.1.12. Operation of auxiliary boiler equipment……………………………… 18
5.1.12.1. Forced draft machines…………………………………………………………………… 18
5.1.12.2. Dust preparation system. …………………………………………………………... 19
Scraper feeder SPU 500/4060…………………………………………………… 19
Hammer mill MMA – 1300/944………………………………………………. 19
5.1.12.3. Centrifugal scrubber MP-VTI……………………………………………………… 21
5.1.12.4. Feed lines and pumps .............................................................. ................................. 23
5.2. Operation of hot water boilers and air conditioners…………………...………….. 24
5.2.1. Technical characteristics of the boiler KVGM-50/150………………………………………. 24
5.2.2. Brief description of the boiler……………………………………………………………………... 24
5.2.3. Preparation of the boiler unit for kindling…………………………………………………… .…. 26
5.2.4. Kindling of the boiler……………………………………………………………………... 28
5.2.5. Maintenance of the boiler during operation…………………………………………...…. 29
30
5.2.5.2. Transfer of burners when operating on fuel oil to gas combustion…………………………….… 30
5.2.6. Boiler stop…………………………………………………………………………..……. 31
31
5.2.6.2. Stopping a gas-fired boiler……………………………………………………..…. 31
5.2.7. Boiler emergency stop………………………………………………………………...… 31
5.2.8. Instrumentation and A, signaling, remote control, protection………………. 32
5.2.9. Bringing the boiler unit into repair………………………………………………………………… 34
5.2.10. Operation of auxiliary boiler equipment…………………………..….. 35
5.2.10.1. Drafting machines………………………………………………………………...… 35
5.2.10.2. Recirculation pumps…………………………………………………………………...…. 35
6 .Operation of pressure vessels……………………..… 36
6.1. Operation of deaerators………………………………………………….... 36
6.1.1. Description, technical characteristics………………………………………………..…. 36
6.1.2. Preparation for launch……………………………………………………………………..….. 37
6.1.3. Start-up……………………………………………………………………………..… 37
6.1.4. Service during operation………………………………………………………..…. 38
6.1.5. Deaerator stop…………………………………………………………………………. 38
6.1.6. Emergency stop DSA…………………………………………………………………… 38
6.1.7. Instrumentation, signaling, remote control, auto regulation……………… 39
6.1.8. Conclusion for repair…………………………………………………………………………….. 39
6.2. Operation of network water heaters, boiler plant…. 40
6.2.1. Network water heater PSV-315……………………………………………………… 40
6.2.1.1. Description, technical characteristics…………………………………………………….. 40
40
6.2.1.3. Putting into operation…………………………………………………………………………….
6.2.1.4. Starting the heater in parallel operation with the running heater. ……… 41
6.2.1.5. Starting the heater in parallel operation with a hot water boiler…………………. 42
6.2.1.6. Shutdown of the heating water heater……………………………………………………… 42
6.2.1.7. Switching off the heater from parallel operation with another heater…… 42
6.2.1.8. Switching off the heater from parallel operation with the boiler……….. 42
6.2.1.9. Emergency stop of the network water heater……………………………………... 42
6.2.1.10. Instrumentation, signaling, remote control, auto regulation……………… 43
6.2.1.11. Conclusion for repair…………………………………………………………………………….. 44
6.2.1.12. Auxiliary equipment of PSV (boiler installation)………………………. 44
6.3. Operation of the separator n / purges, expander p / purges…….. 46
6.3.1.Description of technical characteristics……………………………………………………. 46
6.3.2. Preparation for start-up, start-up, maintenance during operation. ……………………………. 47
6.3.3. Shutdown, emergency stop………………………………………………………………… 47
48
7. Operation of steam and hot water pipelines………………………. 48