Biography of Tereshkova astronaut woman. The flight into space of a female cosmonaut V.V. Tereshkova. Early childhood and youth

Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna - the first woman in the world to conquer space. In 1937 in the village Yaroslavl region a girl named Valentina was born. At the age of 2, she lost her father, who died in the war with the Finns. Valentina remained in the family, her elder sister, younger brother and mother.

Since childhood, the girl was fearless and very active. But during the war it was not easy for everyone, and especially mothers with three children. In 1953, the girl left school after 7 years of study to go to work in a tire factory. At the same time, she returned to school for evening education, combining with work. And then she moved to a factory for the production of technical fabrics. Later, the girl joined the Komsomol, was educated as a technologist, played in the orchestra and was engaged in parachuting. In those days, all young people were interested in flying, and this trend did not bypass Tereshkova either.

After the first successful launch of a man into space, the idea arose to send a female astronaut. Valentina Tereshkova was chosen due to her achievements in parachuting, small stature and weight. In 1962, she began to receive training. Valentina went through many trials. She was prepared for all non-standard and ordinary situations. But this did not bother Tereshkova, since Gagarin's flight made her believe in herself.

She made her first flight on the Vostok-6 spacecraft on June 16, 1963, and that lasted three days. Tereshkova did not dare to confess to her mother that she was going into space, but lied that she had gone to parachute jumping competitions. And relatives learned about it in the news on the radio. Preparation, launch and the flight itself went according to all instructions without any problems. Valentina's call sign was "The Seagull", which is very symbolic. But in flight she was a little unwell. Heavy physical, emotional stress and hunger made themselves felt. Valentina still lasted 48 complete revolutions around the Earth. The ship landed in the Altai Territory.

After the flight, Tereshkova entered the academy, became a candidate of science, wrote many scientific works, articles and even prepared to go to Mars. But she began to devote more time to society and politics.

Valentina Tereshkova became the heroine of the 20th century and set an example for many girls. Now she continues her activities as a deputy State Duma.

Option 2

The development of space in the Soviet Union proceeded rapidly: the launch of the first artificial satellite, the first manned flight into space, the first woman cosmonaut ... Among the hundred million Soviet applicants, the first chance to go into space fell to Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. This woman of amazing mindset, with a difficult childhood and an incredible desire to learn and benefit her homeland, did not leave anyone indifferent.

Already in childhood, Valentina was a purposeful child. She combined her studies with the work of a pilot's bracelet at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant. This choice was explained by the desire to study and help the mother, who alone raised Valya and her two sisters. The girls' father went missing while participating in the Soviet-Finnish war. After studying, she was waiting for work at the Krasny Perekop textile plant (1960), where she was the head of the Komsomol. Despite this, she found time for parachuting, without which she soon could not imagine her life. From that moment, her journey to conquer space begins.

The idea of ​​launching a spaceship with a woman on board was associated with the space race of those years. Five female cosmonauts were chosen throughout the country: Valentina Tereshkova, Irina Solovieva, Valentina Ponomareva, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Zhanna Yorkina. They were immediately dubbed the "women's battalion". This project was supervised by amazing people, true professionals in their field. Here are just a few of them: Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Yurin Gagarin, German Titov, Andreyan Nikolaev. In all respects, Ponomareva was supposed to fly. But after a conversation with Sergei Pavlovich, the flight preparation commission decided to choose Valentina Tereshkova as the captain of the Vostok 6 ship. The failure of the flight did not take place. To ensure the success of the launch, the right decision was made to first launch a similar ship, Vostok-5, and then, if the flight was successful, Vostok-6. The launch took place on June 16, 1963 and was successful, making 48 revolutions around the Earth, successfully landing. The work of Valentina Tereshkova received the highest marks. The flight into space of the first woman cosmonaut caused an incredible national upsurge, the whole world applauded the Soviet Union. After the flight, Valentina Vladimirovna did not feel well and she did not have more flights.

Half a century has passed, invariably only one Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space. Having become a legend during her lifetime, she leads an active political life, trying to pay attention to everyone who turns to her. Despite her age, she is full of energy to this day to benefit her homeland.

Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (March 6, 1937, village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region) - Soviet cosmonaut, the 1st woman cosmonaut in the world. The only woman to fly solo into space.

Life before flight

Valentina was born into a family of peasants who came from Belarus. Her father was a tractor driver and died during the Soviet-Finnish war. Mother worked in a textile factory. Valentina had a good ear for music, so she learned to play the domra.

After graduating from 7th grade, she began working as a bracelet maker at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant. At the same time she studied at night school. Then for 7 years she worked as an ordinary weaver at the Krasny Perekop plant. During this period, Valentine passed distance learning at the College of Light Industry. Then she began to go in for parachuting at a local flying club. It would seem that her life is developing according to an already prescribed scenario. But then an event happened that changed the whole life of an ordinary factory worker.

Sergei Korolev decided to send a female cosmonaut into space. In 1962, the search for applicants began according to the following criteria: age up to 30 years, parachutist, weight up to 70 kg and height up to 170 cm. As a result, five were selected: T. Kuznetsova, Zh. V. Tereshkova. All the girls were called up for urgent military service. What awaited Tereshkova next?

1962 - began to be trained as a student-cosmonaut. I passed the OKP exams with excellent marks and became a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment. During the training, Valentina underwent special training for the body's resistance. For example, in a thermal chamber it was necessary to stay at a temperature of +70 °C, and in a chamber isolated from sounds, the candidate had to stay for 10 days. Particular attention was paid to skydiving.

Flight

June 16, 1963 - made the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut. Tereshkova went into space on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. Her flight lasted almost three days. On the day of her 1st flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova told her family that she was going to the skydiving competition. They learned about the real state of affairs from the news on the radio.

When choosing the first female cosmonaut, political issues were also taken into account. The advantage of Tereshkova was that she was from the workers, and her father died in the war. When, after the flight, Valentina was asked how the SRSR could thank her, she asked to find her father's grave. No less important was the ability of the candidate to conduct social activities - to speak in public, demonstrating the advantages of the Soviet system. It should be noted that when Tereshkova was appointed as a spacecraft pilot, she was 10 years younger than the youngest American astronaut of the first detachment.

N. Kamanin, who was involved in the selection of cosmonauts, noted that Tereshkova had a better start than Nikolaev and Popovich. Valentina's call sign for the duration of the flight is "Seagull". Before the start, she said: “Hey! Sky! Take off your hat! (quote from a poem by V. Mayakovsky). True, during the flight, Tereshkova did not cope well with the orientation of the spacecraft. This was due to improper installation of control wires. Therefore, Valentina had to put new data into the computer. She was silent about this case for 40 years, Korolev himself asked her not to tell anyone anything.

Tereshkova's problems during the flight also had a physiological explanation. Note that according to the results of the medical examination, her performance was the worst. But thanks to the intervention of Nikita Khrushchev, she was nevertheless identified as an astronaut. Her social background played a decisive role.

Despite severe physical discomfort, Tereshkova withstood as many as 48 revolutions around the planet. While in space, she kept a special logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the Earth's atmosphere.

"Vostok-6" landed in the Baevsky district Altai Territory. True, Tereshkova was accused of violating the regime: she distributed food from the astronaut's diet to local residents, while she herself ate local food. After Tereshkova's flight, Sergei Korolev said: "As long as I'm alive, no other woman will fly into space!" There was some truth in these words, because the next flight of a Soviet woman into space took place 19 years later.

What happened after?

After a space flight, Valentina Vladimirovna entered the Air Force Engineering Academy, from which she graduated with honors. She later became a professor and wrote more than fifty scientific papers.

1966-1989 - Deputy of the Supreme Council.

1968-1987 - Head of the Soviet Women's Committee.

1969-1997 - Worked as an instructor-cosmonaut.

1969 - became a member of the World Peace Council.

1971-1989 - Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

1974-1989 - was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council.

1992 - headed the Presidium of the Russian Association for International Cooperation.

1997 - becomes a senior researcher at the Cosmonaut Training Center.

1994-2004 - Headed the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation.

2008-2011 - Deputy from the party "United Russia" in the Yaroslavl Regional Duma.

2011 - elected to the State Duma. Tereshkova is a member of a deputy group that defends Christian values. In particular, she advocates for amendments to the Constitution, according to which "Orthodoxy is the basis of Russia's national identity." It should be noted that with the assistance of Tereshkova, a university was opened in Yaroslavl, a river station and a planetarium were built. In addition, she constantly provides assistance to the Yaroslavl orphanage and her native school.

According to official data for 2012, Tereshkova owns land plot 1,500 m², a house of 607 m², 1.5 apartments of 175 m², and 2 cars.

Immediately after the flight into space, Valentina Vladimirovna married cosmonaut A. Nikolaev. The wedding was celebrated in a government mansion, even Khrushchev was among the guests. In 1964, the couple had a daughter, Elena. But in 1982 this marriage was annulled. Once Tereshkova mentioned that her first husband was a real despot. Valentina's second husband was Major General of the Medical Service Yuli Shaposhnikov. In 1999 he died.

As a reward for her flight, Tereshkova received a 3-room apartment in Yaroslavl, where she moved with her mother, aunt and niece. But she lived in this apartment for no more than three years, since she decided to settle in Moscow.

Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in Russia to receive the rank of major general. Tereshkova is the only Soviet citizen whose portrait was placed on a coin during her lifetime.

Favorite planet of Valentina Vladimirovna is Mars. Having seen all the earth's continents from space, Tereshkova decided to definitely visit Australia and not so long ago she realized this dream.

In 1969, Tereshkova was in a car that was fired upon during the assassination attempt on L. Brezhnev. Not hurt.

Valentina Vladimirovna has been friends with famous singer Elena Exemplary.

Tereshkova was awarded the title of "The Greatest Woman of the 20th Century". Named after her:

• minor planet 1671 Chaika;
• a crater on the moon;
• streets in Odessa, Ulan-Ude, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk, Gudermes;
• embankment in Evpatoria;
• square in Tver;
• schools in Yaroslavl, Novocheboksarsk, Karaganda;
• museum "Cosmos";
• planetarium in Yaroslavl.

Tereshkova is dedicated to the songs of the Dutch group Stone Oak Cosmonaut, Sofia Rotaru, the English group Komputer and the Polish group Filipinki.

Her name was Chaika. It was her call sign in space. And on Earth, on the roof of her house, there is a weather vane in the form of this bird. Her mansion is located next to Star City. At one time, she was able to make a space flight alone. She is Valentina Tereshkova. Read the details of the flight into space of this fragile woman in the article.

Difficult military childhood

The biography of Valentina Tereshkova began in the spring of 1937 in one of the villages of the Yaroslavl province. Her parents were from Belarus. The mother of the astronaut worked at a textile enterprise, and her father was a tractor driver. Unfortunately, her dad died during the Soviet-Finnish conflict. Accordingly, the entire household and the upbringing of three children fell on the shoulders of the mother. Moreover, the Great Patriotic War soon began.

Undoubtedly, the childhood of little Valya turned out to be very difficult. Devastation and despair reigned in the country.

When this terrible war ended, the future astronaut went to first grade. She studied quite well. In addition, she had a good ear for music. That is why she began to learn to play the domra.

However, when she finished the seventh grade, she had to go to night school. She was forced to help her mother and earn money. Thus, young Valentina moved to Yaroslavl and got a job there at a tire factory.

When she graduated from high school, she entered the technical school of light industry. Of course, within these walls she comprehended science in absentia, like most young people in those days.

Aeroclub in Yaroslavl

Becoming a student, on the weekends Valentina began to visit the city flying club. Skydiving was practiced in this institution. And she really liked these lessons.

In general, the future cosmonaut completed more than 160 jumps. By and large, this was a solid indicator, especially for the fairer sex. Valentina was even assigned a sports category.

In fact, she could no longer imagine herself without parachuting. And thanks to this hobby, he began to join the team of space explorers.

In the cosmonaut corps

After graduating from a technical school, and this happened in 1960, Valentina got a job at a factory called Krasny Perekop. In addition to the direct working process, she headed the Komsomol organization there.

In a word, her life and career seemed to develop according to the standard scenario for a Soviet person. However, chance intervened in this story. The fact is that in 1962, Academician Sergei Korolev intended to send a woman into space. Of course, members of the Central Committee of the first Soviet state, including General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, also approved this idea.

To implement a bold plan, the project leaders began to look for a suitable candidate. We note right away that there were a lot of people who wanted to go into space. Space industry workers had to search for applicants from hundreds of possible ones.

At the same time, strict requirements were imposed on all participants in the selection. Representatives of the weaker sex should weigh no more than 70 kg, height - 170 cm. In addition, these girls should have a decent amount of skydiving in their assets.

There was another important factor as well. When choosing, leaders took into account a number of aspects of ideological and political literacy. They also considered the candidates' ability to public activities. As a parachuting sportswoman and head of the factory Komsomol organization, Tereshkova, in principle, was an ideal contender. She fit all criteria. In a word, she was considered an ideologically reliable person.

As a result, five girls were chosen for a woman-managed flight into space. Of course, Tereshkova was one of them. All of them were officially called up for military service. They became privates and began to train hard. And the conditions in the classroom were quite tough. Let's say they had to spend ten whole days in a sound chamber.

They say that the project leaders chose Tatyana Morozycheva as a result. By the way, Valentina worked with her at the Yaroslavl club. And she made more parachute jumps than Tereshkova.

Be that as it may, the members of the last medical board found out that Tatyana was pregnant. Thus, it finally became clear that Valentina would go into space after all.

Flight

When she realized that she would soon be in space, she tried to hide her plans from her family. She said then that she was going to leave for the next parachuting competition.

So in what year did Valentina Tereshkova fly? The event took place in the middle of the summer of 1963. Her call sign was Seagull. The launch of Vostok-6 went without problems. The first space flight of Valentina Tereshkova lasted more than two days. During this time, the device made 48 orbits around the Earth.

The woman endured the space voyage rather badly. The duration of Valentina Tereshkova's flight in space is 70 hours. But they turned out to be literally hell for her.

As it turned out, there was an inaccuracy in the Vostok-6 automatic program. The fact is that the ship was oriented somewhat differently than it should have been. And Tereshkova did not approach the planet at all, but moved away from it. She was nauseated, her head was spinning. At the same time, the spacesuit was not allowed to be removed. On the second day of the flight, my lower leg began to hurt.

Valentina Tereshkova in space was forced to drastically limit her movements. She sat almost motionless. However, she still managed to put new data into the computer. By the way, she did not tell anyone about this state of emergency, except for the flight leaders. Actually, Korolev himself then asked her to remain silent.

The problems that the astronaut had had had an explanation in terms of physiology. They say that when the medical commission examined her before the flight, the results were very bad. However, at the direction of Khrushchev, she was still allowed to go on a flight.

Be that as it may, despite her physical condition during the flight into space, Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna was able to withstand all the tests. She managed not only to regularly keep a journal on board, but also to take pictures. Subsequently, these images were useful in further space travel. In a word, she held on and sent extremely positive reports to Earth.

Landing

The spacecraft landed in Altai. True, when, after a flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (year - 1963) ejected, she hit her helmet very hard. She received a large bruise on her temple and cheek. As a result, when she was found, she was practically unconscious.

She was urgently brought to the capital and hospitalized. And a little later, doctors reported that the life and health of the first female cosmonaut was out of danger.

When she finally came to her senses, the newsreel staff managed to make a staged shooting. As if after the flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (date of the event - June 16, 1963) was in the apparatus. Extras ran towards him. Then they opened the lid and saw a cheerful and smiling Tereshkova. These shots then circled the entire planet.

Subsequently, as a reward, Tereshkova was given a three-room apartment in her homeland, in Yaroslavl. Here she lived for almost three years, after which she finally settled in the capital.

Symbol woman

The seagull actually returned from space as a female symbol. The fairer sex began to imitate her. They did haircuts under Tereshkova. appeared in stores wrist watch with the name "Seagull".

Party leaders constantly invited her to the Kremlin receptions. A row public organizations included it in the meetings.

The government gave her, in addition to the Hero's star, prestigious awards. She became the only Soviet army female general. In addition, she became the hero of such republics as Mongolia and Bulgaria.

She also received the title of "The Greatest Woman of the Twentieth Century". A small planet, streets in cities, the Evpatoria embankment, a square in Tver, city schools, a museum and a planetarium were named in her honor. In addition, one of the lunar craters was named after her.

Public figure

After the flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (you already know the date of the event) began working as an instructor and tester of spacecraft.

Two years later, she began studying at the Air Force Academy and five years later received a red diploma.

During her studies, she wrote almost fifty working papers in this specialization. But since 1966, she has been actively engaged in social activities. She became a member of the Supreme Council Soviet Union. She was also the second person in the International Women's Federation. It was then that she began to be called the Iron Lady.

To be honest, Tereshkova was very burdened by this party load. She said that for her community service she didn't get any money. And always dreamed of a new flight. She even tried to break into a new detachment of astronauts. However, after the death of Gagarin, the Soviet government decided to protect the "first".

Valentina continued to be interested in space. She dreamed of flying to Mars. At the same time, she understood that this flight would be one way ...

In the 90s, she was the head of the Association for International Cooperation and the Council for the Coordination of the Activities of Russian Science Centers.

And at the end of this decade, she began working at the Cosmonaut Training Center. She received the post of senior researcher there.

Present time

Since 2008, Tereshkova has collaborated with the United Russia party. She was a member of the State Duma. She always helped her Yaroslavl school and some other children's institutions. Thanks to her, a university, a planetarium and a river station were opened in Yaroslavl.

In the spring of 2008, she turned out to be the torchbearer of the domestic stage of the games in Beijing.

Three years later, she again became the people's choice.

In 2014, she carried the Russian flag at the Sochi Olympics.

And in 2015, she headed the non-profit charitable foundation, which was called "Memory of generations."

In 2016, she once again won the election race, becoming a deputy of the State Duma.

Orbital marriage

Five months after the landmark flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova (year - 1963) got married. Her chosen one was cosmonaut Andrian Nikolaev. This move came as a surprise to many. At least the residents of Yaroslavl knew that she allegedly had a fiancé. True, the journalists could not find him.

Be that as it may, the 35-year-old cosmonaut Nikolaev was actually courting the young Valentina. She was then twenty-six. Many believed that this relationship would not last long. They were too different - strong and strong-willed. They say that the head of the Soviet state Nikita Khrushchev himself betrothed them. There was no such stellar, cosmic, orbital pair back then. But this marriage still lasted for nineteen years.

The couple also had their first child - daughter Lena. At one time, she graduated with honors from both school and medical school. She works as an orthopedic surgeon. She has two sons - Alexey and Andrey.

In the late 70s, the space couple began to appear less frequently together. Divorce was out of the question. For for "immorality" Nikolaev could easily be fired from the cosmonaut corps. Moreover, in fact, then two applicants for astronauts were expelled due to divorces. Yes, and Tereshkova, the head of the Committee, is somehow uncomfortable being in a state of divorce.

They say Brezhnev saved the situation. He personally agreed to this divorce. By this time, Tereshkova was in love again.

Second marriage

With a new chosen one, Valentina Tereshkova, whose photo you have the opportunity to see in the article, met back in 1978. By this time, she was again in the cosmonaut corps and hoped that she would go on her new space journey. And Yuli Shaposhnikov in those days served in medical academy. He checked the health of the astronauts. Employees called him "hard worker" and "humble". And Valentina herself always also spoke warmly about him.

Then it was clear that they were in love. They say that because of the new novel, Shaposhnikov left his family.

They lived together for nearly two decades. During this time, Tereshkova's husband was able to head the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. He also became a major general. But in 1999 he died due to cancer.

recent history

On this moment Tereshkova has practically no close people left. There was a time, she loved her native very much younger brother. His name was Vladimir. He worked as a cameraman in Star City. A few years ago he was gone.

Mom Valentina is also long gone. Until the last, she was looking for her father. As mentioned earlier, he died during the Soviet-Finnish war. It was known that he died a heroic death on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus. But his grave, of course, did not exist then. And only in the late 80s, the head of the defense department, D. Yazov, helped her find his burial place. He was able to allocate funds to fly around the area. As a result, a mass grave was found in the forest. Tereshkova was even able to erect a monument there. Since then, she regularly visits this place.

Despite her age, she still boasts of her good health. Although in 2004 she underwent heart surgery. Otherwise, she would have suffered a heart attack.

Until recently, Chaika continues to do a lot for his native region. And in 1996, the head of the school where she studied fell ill. At this point, the teacher needed an urgent operation. Thanks to Valentina, she was operated on in the capital. And for free.

The female symbol has great connections. However, little is known about this side of her life. In the 80s, she "closed" from the media because of the stupidest articles about her. Her silence was broken only a few years ago.

Cosmonaut: Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna (03/06/1937)

• 6th cosmonaut of the USSR (10th in the world);
• Flight duration (1963): 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes, call sign "Chaika".

On March 6, 1937, in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo, near the town of Tutaev, which is located in the Yaroslavl region of the RSFSR, Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman cosmonaut, was born. During the Soviet-Finnish war, Valentina's father, Vladimir Aksenovich, who was called to the front, dies. In 1945, Valentina entered the Yaroslavl secondary school. IN school years enjoys playing the domra. After completing seven years of study, Valentina gets a job as a bracelet maker at a tire factory in the city of Yaroslavl. Since 1955, she worked at the Krasny Perekop technical fabric factory, where her mother and sister also worked. From 1955 to 1960, Valentina Vladimirovna took part-time studies at the Yaroslavl Technical School, after which she received a diploma in cotton spinning. In 1959, Valentina began to get involved in parachuting, made 90 jumps at the Yaroslavl flying club. In 1957, the future cosmonaut joined the Komsomol, since 1957 she has been the secretary of the committee at the Krasny Perekop plant.

space training

In 1962, Sergei Korolev decided to send a woman cosmonaut into space, as a result of which the search for candidates among paratroopers began according to the following criteria: no older than 30 years, no higher than 170 cm and weighing no more than 70 kg. Five women were selected, including Valentina Vladimirovna. After passing the medical commission, she was enrolled as a cosmonaut - students in March 1962. Then Tereshkova's general space training began in the detachment of a group of female listeners. After delivery state exams, December 1, 1962, received the post of cosmonaut of the first detachment.

During the preparation, Valentina managed to successfully pass a number of trainings and tests: 10 days in an isolation chamber (soundproof room), as well as being in a heat chamber at +70 °C, 30% humidity and wearing overalls. Several training sessions were carried out in zero gravity conditions created with the help of aircraft maneuvers. Their duration was about 40 seconds, during which time the candidates had to successfully complete the assigned tasks, such as writing names on pieces of paper or trying to eat.

The choice of the commission settled on Tereshkova, based not only on the girl's high academic performance, but also on her social abilities and personal qualities.

Space flight

On June 16, 1963, the commander of the Vostok-6 spacecraft, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, launched from Baikonur. As part of the mission, a joint orbital flight of the Vostok-6 and Vostok-5 spacecraft took place, on board of which was.

During the flight, a detailed observation of the body of a woman and a man in space was carried out, the problem of feeding people in space was solved. To prepare for landing, Valentina Tereshkova had to reorient the ship, with which difficulties began to arise. After long adjustments, the astronaut stopped responding to messages command center When the center contacted through a TV camera, it turned out that the girl was sleeping. Long unsuccessful adjustments to the spacecraft's orientation exhausted the astronaut. It is noteworthy that Valentina Vladimirovna correctly carried out all the established commands, however spaceship reacted on the contrary - moved away from the Earth. Later it was found that the system incorrectly read the trajectory data entered by the astronaut and inverted them in the opposite direction. When this problem was clarified, Valentina Vladimirovna entered the changed data and oriented the ship to Earth.

After 2 days and almost 23 hours of flight, the "Seagull" successfully returned to Earth. In the area of ​​the landing site, the girl distributed leftover food for the astronauts to local residents, while she herself ate local products, which went beyond the limits set by the mission.

For the successful implementation of a complex space mission, Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman cosmonaut, was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.

Future life

From 1955 to 1966, Valentina Vladimirovna was trained to fly on the Voskhod spacecraft. From 1964 to 1969, she studied at the VVIA Zhukovsky and received a diploma as a pilot-cosmonaut-engineer. In 1977 she defended her thesis for a candidate of technical sciences. Tereshkova has over 50 scientific publications to her credit. Until 1997, the first female cosmonaut served in the cosmonaut corps as an instructor-test cosmonaut. From 1966 to 1989, Valentina Tereshkova worked as a deputy of the Supreme Council. For the next couple of decades, the female astronaut gives her life to politics. In the spring of 2016, Valentina Vladimirovna took part in the internal party elections of United Russia, where she won first place in the Yaroslavl region.

Childhood

As a baby, V. Tereshkova was left without a father who died in the Soviet-Finnish war. According to the proverb it was said: "Without a father - half an orphan ...". The family survived the Stalinist terror, collectivization, hunger. The mother and three children were in poverty. From childhood, the independent and vital character of the girl, who was more interested in boyish undertakings, manifested itself. Valentina swam at an early age, jumped from trees into the water, and rode horses with pleasure. Household chores fell on her shoulders: she was the first assistant to Elena Feodorovna. In the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War there was a lack of many things: food, shoes, kerosene. According to the memoirs of V. Tereshkova, in her childhood she spoke on Belarusian language. She liked learning to play domra. It was a stringed plucked musical instrument known in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Parents

Parents are Belarusian immigrants. Father - Vladimir Aksenovich - worked as a machine operator. Found his death during the Soviet-Finnish war. Mother - Elena Fedorovna - worked on a collective farm, then in Yaroslavl - as a weaver at the Krasny Perekop plant.

Education

V. Tereshkova graduated from seven-year, then evening school, technical school light industry, Military Engineering Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky. She was enrolled in the cosmonaut team in 1962. She passed the exams with excellent marks. In 1977, she became a candidate of technical sciences.

Family

The first time V. Tereshkova was the wife of cosmonaut A. Nikolaev, the second time - major general of the medical service Yu. Shaposhnikov. In 1964, Tereshkova gave birth to her daughter Elena. Grandchildren of Valentina Vladimirovna - Alexey and Andrey.

Activity

To support her family, Valentina worked at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant in the assembly shop. For seven years she was a weaver at the Krasny Perekop plant. During her studies at the Yaroslavl flying club, she jumped with a parachute 163 times.

A space flight

After training, she was listed as candidate number one. The space flight was made on June 16-19, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. At the same time, Vostok-5 was also in space, where V. Bykovsky was the commander. V.Tereshkova's personal identification signal is "Seagull". The flight lasted about three days. "Vostok-6" circled the Earth 48 times.

In the group of cosmonauts, "The Seagull" continued to study until 1968. Soon their team was disbanded.

Social activity

V.V. Tereshkova was the chairman of the Committee of Soviet Women, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. She has held senior positions in various centers, federations, associations related to work at the international level. Currently, he is a member of the State Duma of Russia.

After the successful flights of male astronauts, a search for female astronauts began in the following parameters:

• skydiver,
• up to 30 years old
• height up to 170 cm,
• weight up to 70 kg.

Interesting facts from the life of Valentina Tereshkova

• The birthplace of V. Tereshkova - not far from Yaroslavl - became an occasion for songwriters to call her Yaroslavna.
• The wedding celebration of V. Tereshkova and A. Nikolaev was visited by the head of the Soviet Union N. S. Khrushchev. It is assumed that both medical scientists, who hoped to extend the study of human behavior not only during the flight, but also after it, and the leaders of the Soviet country showed interest in this marriage.
• Tereshkova once said about the reasons for the divorce that A. Nikolaev was a golden man at work, but at home he was despotic.
• Of the hundreds of candidates, five were selected, among which was Valentina Tereshkova. After the girls were accepted into the cosmonaut corps, they were immediately called up for military service with the rank of privates.
• When choosing a female cosmonaut for the first flight, not only successful training was considered, but also other points: Tereshkova's social status is a worker, her father died in the war, she had the experience of a Komsomol enterprise secretary. V.I. Yadzovsky, responsible for the medical support of this program, recalled that this was not an impeccable selection option.
• During each session of weightlessness, it was necessary to write a first and last name, talk on the radio, and try to eat.
• On the day of the flight, V. Tereshkova, as usual, told her relatives that she would be at parachuting competitions. Relatives heard about the space flight on the radio. "Hey sky! Take off your hat! - such was her pre-launch remark.
• "The Seagull" recalled that a mistake was made in the program of the ship, and therefore it did not approach the Earth, but, on the contrary, moved away. She informed Academician S.P. Korolev about this nuance. The next day, the indicators were replaced in the system, and the orbit straightened out. The general designer convinced V. Tereshkova not to tell anyone about the incident, and she kept the secret for a very long time. It was only when reports of this appeared that she began to speak openly.
• Problems in flight were explained and physiological features female body. V.I. Yadzovsky explained this point by the fact that “... among women in certain period monthly life cycle physiological stability is seriously deteriorating ... "
• At the landing site, V. Tereshkova distributed food from the cosmonauts' food rations to people, but she herself preferred ordinary food.
• When "The Seagull" was asked how the country could express her gratitude, she asked for help in finding the place where her father was killed.

Military ranks of V. Tereshkova:

• lieutenant, captain - 1963
• major - 1965
• lieutenant colonel - 1967
• colonel - 1970
• major general - 1995

• In the rank of general, she is the first and so far the only woman in the Russian army.
• When Yu.A. Gagarin found out that Tereshkova was in the delivery room, he flew to Sochi and gave her tea roses. He said that only girls are born in the space squad, so you need to pay attention to this fact, suddenly there is a serious scientific discovery behind this.
• In 1969, during the assassination attempt on Brezhnev, V. Tereshkova was in a car that was fired upon, but nothing happened.
• After Tereshkova saw the Earth from space, she dreamed of getting to Australia. And she managed to fulfill her dream.
• In 2004, she underwent a difficult test: a complex heart operation.
• In 2014, at the opening of the Olympic Games in Sochi, among 8 people, V. Tereshkova carried the Olympic flag.
• In 2017, on her 80th birthday, V.V. Putin presented the birthday girl with a sculpture made by I. Rukavishnikov, “The Seagull Lands on the Water” and V. Zaitsev’s painting “Seagulls over the Volga”. The first gift - by the name of the call sign, the second - by the name of the river, where the village in which V. Tereshkova was born is located.

Awards

• Hero of the Soviet Union
• Laureate of the State Prize of Russia
• insignia of both Russian and other countries
• title " The Greatest Woman XX century"
• numerous awards from scientific, public and religious organizations.