General characteristics of forests. Forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, forest management 7 main forest-forming tree species of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is located in Eastern Siberia, in the basin of the Yenisei River. Includes archipelagos and islands of the Arctic Ocean (Severnaya Zemlya, Nordenskiöld, Sibiryakov, etc.). Stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia for almost 3000 km, it is distinguished by exceptional diversity and richness natural conditions and resources. The relief of the region is diverse: lowlands, plains, plateaus and mountains. In the south, the Sayan mountain ranges rise, in the center - on the right bank of the Yenisei, the vast Central Siberian Plateau is located, on the Taimyr Peninsula and along the left bank of the Yenisei, a strip of lowland stretches. In the north, the region is washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. In the east, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk region, in the south - on the Republic of Tuva and the Republic of Khakassia, in the west - on the Republic of Altai, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, as well as on the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The geographic center of Russia is located on the territory of the region in the vicinity of Lake Vivi (Evenkia). The main river is the Yenisei. The territory of the region, together with the former autonomous districts, is 2339.7 thousand square kilometers; urban residents - 73.9%. The Krasnoyarsk Territory includes 42 districts (including 2 administrative-territorial units with special status: former Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs), 15 cities and 4 ZATOs (closed administrative territorial entities). Large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk-26. The administrative center is Krasnoyarsk. It is located 3955 km east of Moscow, on the banks of the Yenisei, at the intersection of the river with the Trans-Siberian Railway.

In most of the region, taiga forests. The total area of ​​lands of the forest fund, in total, thousand hectares - 164072.4, forest cover in% - 72.1. At the northern border of the forest distribution, Siberian larch dominates, forming sparse lichen, long-moss and dwarf dwarf stands. Pine, spruce and other species are found only in the form of impurities, play an insignificant role in the formation of landscapes. The middle taiga subzone includes the forests of the Yenisei Ridge and the southern part of the Turukhansk region. The main forest-forming species are pine and larch. Dark coniferous plantations with a predominance of fir appear on slopes above 600 m above sea level. Spruce forests are confined to river valleys, cedar occurs sporadically. The most common are green-moss pine and larch-pine forests. Alder, honeysuckle, mountain ash and juniper are noted in the undergrowth. Southern taiga forests occupy most of the Angara, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. Here are concentrated the main arrays of pine plantations of national importance. Southern taiga forests occupy most of the Angara, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. The main massifs of pine plantations of national significance are concentrated here. Spruce and spruce-fir stands with Siberian pine cover less than 30% of the subzone and are confined to the lower reaches of the Angara and the left bank of the Yenisei.

In the very heart of Russia, in the very center of cold Siberia lies the Krasnoyarsk Territory - a beautiful region rich in amazing nature, plants and animals. It is not for nothing that Krasnoyarsk residents who have left to live in other regions recall the beauties of their native places with nostalgia. What is so special about nature? Krasnoyarsk Territory?

General information

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the largest Russian regions, stretching from north to south for three thousand kilometers - along the Yenisei River, from the Kara Sea itself to the border with Khakassia and Tuva. Thanks to this, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the only one in our country where absolutely all natural zones are present - from the Arctic deserts in the north to the steppes in the south. Most of this region is occupied by taiga, and the northern territories are dominated by permafrost.

The diversity of the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is truly amazing: there are forests with the most valuable tree species, and harsh rock masses, and the cleanest lakes. That is why tourism is so widespread among the inhabitants of the region. native land- its beauty is impossible to enjoy.

Territory climate

Since the Krasnoyarsk Territory, due to its size, contains three climatic zones (Arctic, Subarctic and temperate), the climate in the region is sharply continental. Big influence the mountains have on it, as well as the Arctic Circle and the distance from the sea. In the north, in Norilsk, Dudinka, Igarka, winter continues almost all year round: really warm days, when the temperature on the street is more than fifteen degrees above zero, in the given area, in total, no more than a month will accumulate in a year. The above cities are considered the Far North.

Note that there is no long summer in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in its central part. However, here it is quite hot, and the air temperature is subject to sudden changes. It is most comfortable in the south of the region - it is just as hot there in summer, and winter is much easier to endure, because here it is not so severe and with less rainfall than in the rest of the territory. The southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are famous for a large number of salt lakes. That is why there are many different sanatoriums, resorts and recreation centers.

Relief

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is as if divided in two by the beautiful Yenisei, and this is reflected in the relief of the region. Low-lying valleys stretch along the left bank, and the Central Siberian Plateau along the right bank. The southern part of the region is represented by a high mountain system - the Sayans, which have gained fame among tourists and rock climbers for their untouched picturesque nature and rare animals that live here. In the same place, in the south, there are Ergaki - mountains, popular because of the large number of lakes, waterfalls, sheer beautiful cliffs and valleys.

In the north of the region, near the Taimyr Peninsula, there are many coves and bays. On the other side of the peninsula are mountains with lakes.

Reserves of the region

Rocks, lakes, rivers - all this is presented in abundance in the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The region is rich in various reserves and parks. The most famous is the Stolby nature reserve, located in the capital of the region.

In addition to the Pillars, there is the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. As the name implies, it is located on the territory of the Shushensky district, and was created in order to be able to preserve the sable population. The Taimyrsky Reserve, one of the most visited in Russia, is located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The most common animals in it are arctic fox, wolf and white hare. Many scientists regularly flock to the territory of the reserve, as mammoth excavations are carried out there.

The Tunguska Reserve was created at the site of the fall of the meteorite of the same name in order to study the consequences of the catastrophe that occurred (it happened more than a century ago, in 1908). The mystery of this phenomenon, despite many attempts, has not been disclosed so far. The wolverine lives in the Central Siberian Reserve. They also conduct unique studies of the ancient and now small northern people - the Kets.

In addition to those mentioned, there are the Big Arctic reserve, Putoransky Reserve, national park"Shushensky Bor" and many others.

Reserve "Stolby"

The name of the reserve appeared due to its rocks - high syenite fragments, shaped like pillars, of which there are more than a hundred throughout the complex (which is thirty-four kilometers). The reserve was opened in 1925 on the initiative of the then townspeople - in order to preserve unique nature Krasnoyarsk Territory, located near these rocks. To this day, Stolby is very popular with residents. Each rock on the territory of the reserve has its own name - Grandfather, Feathers, Sparrows.

The reserve is conditionally divided into zones. One is tourist. It is available for everyone to visit. The second zone is nature protection. Rare animals live there, many of which are listed in the Red Book, and various trees and shrubs grow there, which are also on the verge of extinction. Access there is closed. But even those nature and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which can be seen in the permitted zone, will not leave anyone indifferent.

Fauna

The fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is extremely rich and diverse. Over ninety species of various mammals live throughout the region. In each natural area they are their own: in the mountains these are argali, in the Far North - deer and white bears, in the steppe - gophers and hares (by the way, a great many gophers run in Krasnoyarsk, on the "green zone" of the city - Tatyshev Island), in the taiga - a fox, squirrel, bear.

More than four hundred species of birds inhabit the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There are geese, woodpeckers, cranes, storks, even flamingos. As for reptiles and amphibians, there are six species of the former in the region, and four of the latter. But fish - more than fifty species. Among them is the sturgeon, glorified by fellow countryman of Krasnoyarsk Viktor Petrovich Astafiev.

Flora

The Ministry of Nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory takes care of preserving not only the fauna of the region, but also the unique flora. Most of the territory (1500 thousand km 2) is occupied by taiga. There are coniferous, deciduous, mixed forests. Among the vegetation, cedars, larches, spruces, and pines predominate.

Mosses and lichens are common in the north - there are several dozen of them different types as well as shrubs. To the south you can find polar poppies and a variety of cereal crops.

Red Book

The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory suffers greatly from unfavorable ecology, as a result of which many representatives of the animals present here are dying out. Therefore, now more than one hundred and forty of their species are listed in the Red Book. Among them are the snow leopard, Siberian roe deer, red wolf, ibex, fin whale and others.

A lot of plants of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are also in the Red Book. All of them are strictly protected in a special zone of the Stolby nature reserve.

Minerals

It is the Krasnoyarsk Territory that is considered the richest in Russia for various natural resources. For example, the region is the leader in terms of coal reserves. In addition, there is a lot of zinc, quartz, graphite, nickel, cobalt, lead and other rocks in the region. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is also a constant supplier of oil and gas. As many as twenty-five deposits have been discovered in the region. This is one of the main raw material regions of Russia.

Ecology of the region

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unfortunately, do not go hand in hand. If the nature of the region can be admired, then there is nothing to brag about the ecology. According to experts, the region is actively polluted. The data indicate that half of the inhabitants of the region are forced to live in an unfavorable ecological environment. Norilsk, Nazarovo and the capital of the region, Krasnoyarsk, are considered the most environmentally unfavorable cities. All this is connected with the largest enterprises in these settlements, which pollute the air.

It should be noted that bad ecology It doesn't just affect people. Animals and plants suffer from polluted waters and waterlogged soils. Because of all this, the region is one of the three most polluted in the country. Although measures are being taken to protect the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they are clearly not enough to solve the accumulated problems.

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Faculty of Chemistry and Technology of Distance Education

Essay

"Timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Completed: student of the specialty

form of study correspondence code of the record book

Checked: _________________

Introduction. 3

Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 4

Structure. 7

Sales markets. 13

The main timber industry areas of the region. 17

Conclusion. 21

References. 23

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . The interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in the current economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role that forest industry enterprises play in the management system of local territories. Secondly, the importance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has moved to the market from a system of economic relations with a dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation in the process of development of the forest industry of diverse economic and social relations, which make it possible to better use the potential of management. Fourth, the fact that the forest domestic industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export earnings and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries - leaders in the global timber market. One of the reasons for such a lag is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the basis for the development of forest industries, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.

In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also associated with social problems society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that a very large number of people are employed at timber enterprises.

Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forested" regions

Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of the forested area. The area of ​​forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of the territory of Russia covered with forests.

However, the share of the region in the production of timber products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m region annually.

The total volume of forest reserves of the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex ranks fifth in the structure industrial production the edges.

The total volume of timber products produced in the territory of the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.

The average net profit margin of the 12 largest profitable enterprises in the region is 7%. More than 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1800 commercial enterprises, 1500 of which are small businesses.

About 50 thousand people work at the enterprises of the timber industry complex, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small businesses, illegal workers, and also, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries(Ukraine, China).

Most timber companies are privately owned (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of timber companies in the region

Source: Regional Committee of Statistics

Timber base

The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest stock along the region, taking into account the autonomous regions, is 11.9 billion m3. The total allowable cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

AAC is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including for coniferous farming - by 24.1%. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of harvesting in areas located along the main transport routes. The low utilization rate of the cutting area is also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and timber processing enterprises and the low quality of equipment and machinery.

The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature stands. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.

Table 2: Feature forest resources regions.

Source: OAO NIPIEIlesprom

The most valuable species in economic terms is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main area of ​​pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, where a special kind of pine also grows, called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone). The second place in terms of economic value is occupied by larch wood. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.

Table 3: Species composition of the forest, thousand m 3

Structure

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

Logging - 9.5 million m 3

Production of lumber - 1.8 million m 3

Production of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3

Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3

Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products manufactured in the region are:

· products of logging production (industrial timber, round timber);

· products of woodworking production (lumber, railway sleepers, fibreboards);

Pulp and paper products (pulp, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products

logging

According to the results of 2004, the volume of logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, when comparing logging with Soviet period, then the volume of logging was at that time about 25 million m3. According to the results of 2004, only 15.9% of the allowable cut was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the allowable cutting area, according to LLC Russian Investors - Siberia, are:

1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of sites (Right bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

2) Economic unavailability of a number of logging sites (due to poor species composition (coniferous less than 40%), low yield quality, small average diameters).

3) The impossibility of a number of companies to master their cutting area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises master no more than 70% of the cutting area).

The total area of ​​land on which forests grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01.01.2015 is 164.0 million hectares. The forests of the region are located on the lands of the forest fund, lands of defense and security, lands of specially protected areas, lands of settlements and lands of other categories. The area of ​​forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares.

Forest and non-forest lands are distinguished as part of the forest fund lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered with forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (cutting areas, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).

According to Rosreestr) as of January 1, 2015, the area of ​​forest land was 120.9 million hectares, including 110.9 million hectares covered with forest vegetation, 10.0 million hectares not covered with forest vegetation (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2

The total area of ​​forest fund lands of the region according to Rosreestr is 155.6 million hectares (Table 3.1 in Section 3 of this Report), according to the Ministry natural resources and ecology of the region - 158.7 million hectares (see Table 7.3). This discrepancy is explained by the fact that not all forest lands located in given time in the category of agricultural land (as of 01.01.2015 - 3.55 million hectares) and in other categories of land, are put on the state cadastral register with the category of land "lands of the forest fund". In municipal districts, work is systematically carried out on forest management and land surveying on all forest areas, with the subsequent setting of forest plots for cadastral registration in the Rosreestr Administration for the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2014 at the expense of similar works in the Abansky district, the area of ​​forest fund lands increased by 7.0 thousand hectares.

Forest plantation zoning of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) . The forest vegetation of the region is rich and varied. It is characterized by clear meridional and altitudinal zoning. In the vegetation cover of the northern regions, pine and larch forests predominate, in the southern regions - dark coniferous forests with the participation of spruce, fir, and cedar in the forest stand.

For the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (within the framework of the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), forest plantation zoning of the forest fund was carried out: 4 forest vegetation zones and 7 forest regions were identified with relatively similar conditions for the use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests (The Forest Plant Zoning Map is given in the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the forest fund).

Zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga occupies 25413.7 thousand hectares or 15.5% of the total area of ​​all forests in the region. The zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga includes one forest region - the Central Siberian region of tundra forests - forest tundra and sparse taiga, represented by larch sparse forests, alternating with shrub tundra and hilly peat bogs. The predominant tree species is the Dahurian larch V-Va of the quality class. The forest cover of the region is about 4%.

characteristic feature The vegetation cover of the tundra forest area is its mosaic and complexity, due to the wide development of micro- and mesorelief forms, as well as the rapid change in soil and hydrological conditions. All forests of the Central Siberian region of tundra forests are classified as protective forests.

taiga zone occupies the most extensive territory, over 120 million hectares or 73.2% of the region's forests. The average forest cover of the taiga zone is 70.6%. According to the nature of the vegetation cover, it is divided into 3 forest area: West Siberian lowland taiga, Central Siberian plateau taiga and Priangarsky forest.

West Siberian Plain Taiga Region covers the basins of the tributaries of the Yenisei - rr. Kas, Sym, Kolchum and the upper reaches of the rivers of the Ob basin - Sochur, Bolshaya Elovaya. This is a drained section of the eastern margin of the West Siberian Plain. The total forest cover of the region is 73%; swampiness of the area is 27%.

The most valuable are the pine forests of the green moss group of forest types (cowberry, bilberry, rosemary), growing on sandy ridges with podzolic soils. Forest stands of III–IV quality class, mostly of the same age. Renewal, both under the forest canopy and after logging or fires, occurs successfully without changing species.

The area is also characterized by lichen pine forests with strongly podzolic soils of grade IV, less often grade V. Larch forests are quite rare, birch forests are derivatives.

Central Siberian plateau taiga region occupies the largest area. The southern border runs along the watershed of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers and in the southwestern part along the watershed of the Dubches and Sym rivers. Northern - from Igarka through the Putorana plateau to the administrative border of the Republic of Sakha.

In the northern part of this forest area, sparse forests grow with small wood reserves, about 100 m³ per 1 ha. The forests here are mainly represented by Dahurian and Siberian larch, downy birch, and spruce. Productivity of larch stands of V-III quality class. Pine and spruce forests are always V-Va bonitet. Mature and overmature forest stands prevail here, accounting for almost 70% of timber reserves. There is no industrial exploitation of forests, a small amount is harvested for local needs. The forests are used for deer grazing and as hunting grounds.

In the middle part of the forest area, the forest stand becomes more dense, the average wood stock increases to 150 m³ per 1 ha, the average growth also increases, and the grass-shrub undergrowth becomes richer. The vegetation cover is dominated by low-productive sparse dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar with Siberian larch in the 1st layer and birch forests derived from them from warty and downy birch. Significant areas are occupied by larch forests of Siberian larch and a hybrid form between Siberian and Dahurian larch - Chekanovsky larch. Small areas are occupied by aspen and birch forests. The predominant groups of forest types are: shrub-moss, lichen, sphagnum, green moss. In small areas there are reed forests. Fir elfin is widespread in the undergrowth. Dark coniferous species are more often of grade V. Green moss larch forests can be grade III.

In the southern part of the Central Siberian plateau taiga region, the dominant position in the vegetation is occupied by cedar and spruce forests. Often cedar and spruce form mixed stands. Forests with a predominance of fir are very rare, but mixed with cedar and spruce are widespread. Larch and pine forests (forb and green moss groups of forest types) are marked by small areas in river valleys and watersheds. Birch forests are widespread on the site of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, where a layer of dark coniferous species is formed under the canopy everywhere. The most widely represented stone pine forests are green moss and long moss. Stands IV less often V quality, ripe and overmature with a fullness of 0.5-0.6. More common are cedar forests of wild rosemary-long-moss, sedge-ledum-long-moss.

Forests are developed only for the purpose of harvesting furs, fish, berries, mushrooms, etc.

Priangarsky forest district occupies a vast area. The forest cover is dominated by light coniferous forests of Scotch pine and Siberian larch with an admixture of birch. Three types of soils predominate: soddy-podzolic, soddy-calcareous and gray forest gleyed, long-seasonally frozen.

The pine forests of the Angara region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are distinguished by a relatively high productivity (III-IV, less often II grade) and high wood quality. In the last two decades, a significant part of the territory has been covered by clear cuttings, as well as large forest fires. Natural regeneration by light coniferous species is proceeding quite satisfactorily.

Within the boundaries of the forest region, 8 economic groups of forest types have been identified: lichen, green moss, forb, tall grass, fern-horsetail, moss, sphagnum and grass-marsh. The predominant (about 67%) are the forb and green moss groups of forest types.

forest-steppe zone is located in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and has a forest area of ​​7465.7 thousand hectares, which is 4.6% of the total area of ​​forest land in the region. Part forest-steppe zone includes the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region.

The forests of the region are economically most developed and at present, almost the entire territory of this forest region has not preserved indigenous ("virgin") vegetation from pine, larch and spruce-fir forests. The average forest cover of the region (forest-steppe forest-vegetation zone) is 56.6%. The entire modern vegetation cover is represented, to one degree or another, by derivative (secondary) groups of birch and aspen forests that arose under the direct influence of human activity or experienced its indirect transformative influence. Pine, as well as dark coniferous black forests, have survived very little.

Profitable geographical position: attraction to the Trans-Siberian railway, convenient raftable rivers (Yenisei, Chulym, Kan) contributed to the development of forests in this forest area. Climatic and soil conditions contributed to the development Agriculture and deforestation.

South Siberian mountain zone covers most of the Western Sayan and to a small extent the northwestern part of the Eastern Sayan. The total area of ​​forests is 9207.5 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the total forest area of ​​the region. The average forest cover is 74.4%. Two forest regions have been identified in the zone, Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga and Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe.

Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga region stretched out in the form of a mountain bridge 100-200 km wide at a distance of more than 700 km, and occupies southern part region, including mainly the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the Krasnoyarsk part of the Eastern Sayan with the upper reaches of the Mana, Kizir and Kan rivers. It consists of a series of ridges composed of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The relief is predominantly mid-mountain and high-mountain, strongly and deeply dissected. Significant fluctuations in absolute heights determined the altitudinal-zonal distribution of climate, soils and vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the territory of the Western Sayan, yielding dominance in the highlands to bald mountains, stony placers and subalpine meadows, and in intermountain basins to steppes and forest-steppes.

The belt of light coniferous and deciduous forests is associated with conditions of sufficient moisture and relatively high heat supply. It occupies a narrow strip along the northern periphery of the Western Sayan. The dominant groups of forest types are pine and birch forests, forb low-mountain II and III quality class, largely changed by logging, grazing and periodic fires.

At the contact with the dark coniferous belt, there is a strip of low-mountain black aspen forests of large grass-fern groups of II-III quality class on thick, well-moistened gray forest soils. The dark coniferous belt dominates the area and covers the entire mid-mountain, partly low-mountain and highland area. The main forest-forming species are cedar and fir; spruce forests occupy about 1%.

Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe region covers a small part of the Western Sayan, located on the periphery of the Minusinsk Basin and having a range of belts: steppe, forest-steppe, light coniferous forests, dark coniferous forests and in some places mountain tundra.

The area is mid-mountain, with a slope of 15-30 o and heights from 500 to 1000-1300 m. Larch and pine forests of the forb group are widespread here, with cedar in the upper boundary of the belt. Their productivity is quite high, II-III quality in pine forests and I-III in larch forests. There is a noticeable admixture of birch in the composition.

In the transition zone to the Minusinsk Basin, xerophytic forests with reduced productivity are formed, often with an undergrowth of caragana, honeysuckle, spirea, and wild rose.

Of particular note tape burs located within the Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They are an intrazonal formation and occupy sandy massifs on the right bank of the Yenisei; they owe their origin to the activities of the ancient river systems Yenisei and Tuba.

Characteristics of the forest fund. The area of ​​forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares. The total forested area within the forest fund lands amounted to 105.1 million hectares.

The Federal Forestry Agency, in accordance with the orders of July 18, 2008 No. 207 “On determining the number of forest areas and establishing their boundaries”, in order to form territorial management units on the lands of the forest fund of the region in the field of use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests, 61 forest areas were created . The boundaries of 32 forestries included both state and former rural forestries.

Age structure forest stands are characterized by the predominance of mature and overmature plantations, which make up about 59% of the land area covered with forest vegetation. As part of coniferous forests their share exceeds 65.5% of the registered areas.

According to the State Forest Register, the total timber stock in the region is estimated at 11.5 billion m 3 . The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m 3 , of which 6.8 billion m 3 are mature and overmature stands. The stock of wood of softwood species as a whole does not exceed 1.9 billion m 3 , including 1.2 billion m 3 in mature and overmature forests.

The main forest-forming species of the forest fund are larch (43.7 million ha), birch (15.5 million ha), pine (13.4 million ha), cedar (9.7 million ha). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 76% of forested areas.

Forests located on the lands of the forest fund, according to their intended purpose, are divided into protective, operational and reserve. The distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative territories is presented in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3

Distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative

territories as of 01.01.2015

TO protective forests include forests that perform useful functions of water protection, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, general cultural, fruit production and others, and at the same time are sources of mature and overmature wood. The use of forests in protective forests is primarily aimed at strengthening their target functions. The total area of ​​protective forests as of 01/01/2015 is 51880.2 thousand hectares or 32.7% of the total area of ​​the forest fund. The most significant part of protective forests is located in the forest-tundra zone in the Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky, Evenki, Turukhansky regions. Protective forests of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are categorized into main groups (Table 7.4).

Table 7.4

TO operational forests include forests that are subject to development for the sustainable and efficient use of forest resources, obtaining high-quality commercial timber and other forest resources while maintaining the useful functions of forests. Commercial forests in the region occupy an area of ​​62,352.2 thousand hectares, or 39.3% of the forest fund lands. More than 5.1 billion m 3 of mature and overmature timber are concentrated in commercial forests.

TO reserve Forests on the territory of the region include forests mainly in the northern regions of the region, sparse, unproductive and remote from transport routes, where logging for economic reasons is impractical for the next 20 years; their area is 44503.6 thousand hectares, which is 28.0%.

In 2014, compared to 2013, the area of ​​protective and operational forests increased by 22.7 thousand hectares and 394.1 thousand hectares, respectively, while the area of ​​reserve forests decreased by 415.6 thousand hectares. The total area of ​​forests increased by 1.2 thousand ha compared to 2013.

Compared to 2013, in 2014 the total forest area increased in Nizhneingashskoe (by 0.6 thousand ha), Kuraginskoe (by 0.5 thousand ha), Irbeisky (by 0.2 thousand ha), Idrinsky and Kansk (on 0.1 thousand ha) districts (Table 7.3). Areas of protective forests increased in Ilansky (by 19.3 thousand hectares), Idrinsky (by 2.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.8 thousand hectares), Irbeisky (by 0.1 thousand hectares), districts . The areas of commercial forests increased in Turukhansk (by 415.6 thousand hectares), Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Irbeisky and Kansky (by 0.1 thousand hectares) districts.

The decrease in the total area of ​​forests occurred in the Ilansky district (by 0.4 thousand hectares). The area of ​​commercial forests decreased in Idrinsky (by 2.5 thousand hectares), Ilansky (by 19.7 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.3 thousand hectares) districts. The area of ​​reserve forests in the Turukhansk region has decreased (by 415.6 thousand hectares).

The Great Yenisei and taiga, the Arctic Circle and the Museum of Permafrost, Tunguska and Taimyr - all this is the Krasnoyarsk Territory, one of the most unique corners of our planet. It is here that the geographical center of Russia (Lake Vivi) is located and the extreme northern tip of Eurasia is located. It has its own Moscow (this is the name of one of the mountains in the Sayan mountains, and 99% of the platinum reserves of our country are concentrated here.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies an area 10 times the size of the UK, with a fifth of the region located outside the Arctic Circle. Vegetation and animal world Krasnoyarsk Territory are unique. On the territory of the region there are 30 natural reserves, more than 300 thousand lakes, Bolshaya Oreshnaya is considered the longest cave in Russia, Yenisei - the most deep river, and the Kinzelyuk waterfall is the largest in our country.

Flora of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory stretched along the Yenisei in the center of the Eurasian continent. In the north, the edges are dominated arctic deserts with sparse vegetation. A little to the south, the tundra zone begins, dominated by lichens, mosses and dwarf shrubs. Cereals, cabbage, cloves grow here, poppies are often found from flowers, 15 species of mushrooms, over 70 species of mosses and as many as 89 species of lichens were found.

There are even more mosses and lichens on Tamyr - over 200 species. But among the trees, Daurian larches are most often found.

The tundra is replaced by forest tundra, in the space of which there are rare thickets of deciduous trees.

But more than 70% of the region's territory is occupied by taiga. Majestic, richest in resources, taiga zone stretches for almost 1300 km along the Yenisei. Here grow larches, spruces, firs, tall taiga pines and unique Siberian cedars. Actually, over 80% of the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are coniferous plants.

The southern part of the region is famous for its chernozem forest-steppes. This territory is the most developed by man, and most of the area of ​​the forest-steppe zone is plowed under the fields.

The forest-steppes border the edges of the steppe, most of which are concentrated in the Minusinsk depression. And in the very south rise the peaks of the Sayans - mountain system where nature has been preserved in its original form. This is a real oasis of virgin nature, carefully wrapped in a taiga cover and thoroughly penetrated by the crystal waters of rivers and lakes.

The most famous nature reserve in this area is "Pillars". Many plants of this region are listed in the Red Book: slippers, orchid, feathery feather grass, May palmate root.

Fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The fauna of this part of Siberia is incredibly rich. Species diversity gradually changes depending on climate zone. If you group by type, you get the following picture:

Mammals. There are over 90 species of mammals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the mountains there are argali, rams, Snow leopards, in the north - polar bears and reindeer, in the steppe - shrews, wolves, hares, lynxes, ground squirrels and wolverines. But, of course, most of the mammals in the taiga are sable, arctic fox, ermine, squirrel, fox, which are of commercial importance. On Stolby you can meet truly taiga animals - deer and elk, musk deer and martens live here, white hare and brown bears are found.

There are over 400 species of birds in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are storks and petrels, loons and geese, woodpeckers and cranes, swifts and flamingos. Of commercial importance are chicken, different kinds geese, plovers, pigeons and pelicans.

But there are few reptiles in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Only 4 species of snakes are known (vipers, snakes, snakes and muzzles) and 2 species of lizards (viviparous and nimble).

Amphibians are also sparingly represented. The most common are newts, frogs, toads and Siberian salamanders.

On the other hand, the ichthyofauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory includes more than 50 species of fish, of which 22 are of commercial importance. The region is especially famous for salmon, smelt, carps, catfish, cod and pikes. Sturgeons, lampreys and catfish are caught here, and omul, breams, carps and ides are caught on Baikal.

Unfortunately, the deterioration of the ecological situation has led to the fact that more than 140 species of representatives of the fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are currently listed in the Red Book. The rarest animals of the region, which once were its pride, now live only in reserves. These are red wolves, ibex, snow leopards, herring whales, fin whales, Siberian roe deer. Marals and Siberian sturgeon are also under the threat of extinction.

Climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is sharply continental, since most of the territory is located far from the seas and oceans. There are three climatic zones in the region: temperate, arctic and subarctic. Therefore, the change of seasons occurs in different ways, depending on the climatic zone, proximity to the Arctic Circle and the proximity of the mountains.

In the north of the region, winter lasts a long time, and there are no more than 40 days a year when the air temperature warms up to +10 ° C. Such a short summer. And the cities of Igarka, Norilsk and Dudinka are generally referred to as points of the Far North.

Spring is short, but very stormy, filled with sunlight and intoxicating aroma of flowering plants.

In the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, summer also does not last long, but in this region it is hot. In general, this part of the region is characterized by sharp temperature changes.

In the south of the region, summers are hot, and winters, although long, have little snow and are not so severe.