Flora and fauna of Khakassia. Flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia rare and endangered species Animals of Khakassia

One of the subjects of the Russian Federation is the Republic of Khakassia. It is located in the Siberian Federal District and borders on the Kemerovo Region, the Krasnoyarsk Cream and the Republics of Tyva and Altai.

The Republic of Khakassia is famous for its rivers - the Yenisei, Abakan, Tomyu, White and Black Iyus.

Flora of Khakassia

The flora of Khakassia is quite peculiar and unusual. Plants that are familiar to all people, as well as species little studied by man, grow here. Here you can see both steppe and meadow vegetation, as well as high-mountain and taiga regions.

As a rule, the mountain taiga belts are suitable for the growth of dark coniferous and subalpine cedar forests. In such forests, round-leaved birch, wild rosemary, Altai honeysuckle, shrub alder and gray willow are often found. Also growing here: lingonberries, blueberries. And in the herbage there are: hairy sorrel, ortilia, bergenia, Siberian geranium.

Cedar and fir grow in the taiga dark coniferous forests. And the undergrowth is: Dahurian rhododendron, wild rosemary, Altai honeysuckle, spirea, currant, mountain ash and alder.

Mixed valley forests are characterized by the presence of birch, cedar, fir, spruce, willow, larch and aspen. In the undergrowth there are: low birch, Kuril tea, currant, spirea, alder and other plant species.

The alpine belt consists of light cedar forests, alpine meadows and mountain tundra. The soil of these places is suitable for the growth of cedar and fir. The undergrowth is also birch, honeysuckle, alder, juniper.

Of the shrubs here are found: dwarf birch, willow, alder.

The tundra of the Republic of Khakassia can also be classified - shrub, lichen, grassy tundra. A large number of plants grow in them - sedges, white-flowered geraniums, schultia. Sheep fescue, daffodil anemone, dryad and Turchaninov's cross are also found here.

The steppe vegetation of the Republic of Khakassia is also diverse. Here grow greyish panzeria, thyme, cold wormwood, teresken, cochia, snakehead. Also, the steppe territories are famous for their caragans, dwarf small-tufted cereals. Steppe herbage are: fescue, thin-legged, feather grass, bluegrass, sedge, white-tomented speedwell, asters, onions and many other plants.

Fauna of Khakassia

The Republic of Khakassia has sheltered many different types animals.

Of the mammals found here: Djungarian hamsters, hare hares, voles, long-tailed ground squirrels, moles. Here you can also meet mink with muskrat. The permanent inhabitants of these places are: steppe lemming, narrow-skulled voles, shrews and badgers.

Also, the inhabitants of these places are foxes, wolves, brown bears, lynxes, wolverines.

The large animals of Khakassia include roe deer, Sayan reindeer, elk, musk deer and deer.

The world of reptiles in Khakassia is quite diverse. Here live: viviparous lizards, common vipers, muzzles and patterned snakes.

The world of birds deserves special attention. Each natural zone of Khakassia sheltered different kinds birds. Here are found: quail, bearded partridge, black-headed coinage, chatterbox. Near the reservoirs you can see the Short-eared Owl, Demoiselle Crane, Mallard, Pintail and Gray Duck.

In the steppe regions there are lapwings, yellow wagtails, soots. Representatives of the steppe world of birds are also red-eared buntings and horned larks.

There are also birds of prey in Khakassia - black kite, hawk and saker falcon.

Their bats are inhabited by pond, water and mustachioed bats, long-eared bats, northern kozhanok and two-colored kozhyan.

The water world of Khakassia is not deprived of the presence of inhabitants. The waters of the steppe territories are rich in chum salmon, trout, peled, bream, Siberian vendace. Also common here: omul, carp, pike perch, top. Aboriginal fish are: perch, pike, crucian carp, roach and lake minnow.

Climate in Khakassia

Spring starts in April and ends in May. During this period, the snow cover melts, and the average air temperature ranges from 4 to 15 degrees Celsius.

Summer comes to Khakassia in June. The air temperature ranges from 18 to 24 degrees, and the absolute maximum is +38 degrees. August is characterized by heavy rainfall.

September and October are the autumn months of Khakassia. The air temperature begins to drop to +10 and below. Night frosts return in October, and snow falls in November.

Winter in Khakassia is rather cold. The coldest mark in January is -52 degrees. As a rule, winters are dry, with strong and persistent frosts. Snow cover is formed already in early November and lasts until early April.

Leah Prokofieva
Summary of the lesson “Wild animals of the river. Khakassia" (senior or preparatory group)

Prokofieva Leah Vyacheslavovna,

Educator MBDOU d / s No. 20 "Dolphin"

Class« wild animals r. Khakassia» (senior or preparatory group)

Target: consolidate children's ideas about wild animals r. Khakassia

Tasks:

1.Correctional and educational: consolidate children's knowledge about wild animals r. Khakassia introduce children to rare species wild animals r. Khakassia, listed in the Red Book, to expand the dictionary of signs.

2.Correction-developing: develop mental processes (visual perception, attention, verbal-logical thinking, imagination, speech, activate vocabulary

3.Correctional and educational: instill in children a sense of love for wild animals and the desire to help them, teach them to listen to each other's answers.

Methods and techniques:

Verbal - story, conversation, explanation, tips, questions;

Visual - demonstration (showing a sample, showing objects, demonstrating paintings and illustrations, using TCO;

Game - game motivation, surprise moment, didactic game.

Equipment: multimedia installation, map Khakassia, photos animals, masks animals, medals.

caregiver: “Guys, you all probably know how to greet each other. Now I will show you how you can say hello not only with words, but also with your hands.

A game "Hello"

Target: help children emotionally relax, tune in to work.

Management: the teacher shows a sample greeting (movement "palm to palm", makes sure that all children say the greeting formula, say the name of the neighbor and convey the greeting by touching the palms.

caregiver: “Guys, do you know how to solve riddles? We will check this now. Let's just agree right away that we need to raise our hand, not answer in unison, listen to the riddle to the end.

A ball of fluff, a long ear,

Jumps deftly, loves carrots. (Hare)

Fluffy tail, golden fur

He lives in the forest, steals chickens in the village. (Fox)

She is small, the fur coat is magnificent,

Lives in a hollow, gnaws nuts. (Squirrel)

Walks without a road in summer

Near the pines and birches,

And in the winter he sleeps in a den

From the cold, hiding the nose. (Bear)

Who is cold in winter

Is an angry, hungry wandering in the forest? (Wolf)

caregiver: "Well done! All riddles solved! Guys, what were these riddles about? These wild or domestic animals? That's right, the riddles were about wild animals. Why are we these animals are called wild? Guys, it's not easy. wild animals, these animals are found in our republic. By the way, what is the name of the republic in which we live? That's right, we live in a republic Khakassia. Guys, what else? animals are found in Khakassia? (bear, wolf, red wolf, snow leopard, fox, maral, elk, roe deer, reindeer, Siberian ibex, mountain argali sheep, wild boar, sable, Siberian weasel, white hare, European hare, beaver, ground squirrel, squirrel) Well done!"

caregiver: “Guys, today I got a letter in my hands. Shall we read it?

Text of the letter:

Come urgently

Help urgently!

Miracles happen

We will not divide the forest.

help, come

And reconcile us urgently!

Signature: Lesovichok

caregiver: “What a strange letter! It looks like something is wrong in the forest. Can we help? ( children: "Yes!") Is everyone ready to go? Then take a seat."

Eyelashes fall

The eyes are closed

We fall asleep with a magical dream,

We fly to the land of the forest.

One two three four five -

We look with our eyes again.

Lesovichok appears.

Lesovichok: "Hello guys! Thank you for coming!"

Educator with children: “Hello, grandfather-forester! What has happened with you?"

Lesovichok: “Animals came to our republic from other forests. The guests and I were resting together in a clearing, when suddenly a hunter came and frightened us. All the animals fled, leaving only their shadows. Please help me figure out who is who."

A game "Whose shadow is this?"

Target: teach children to recognize animals by their silhouettes.

Management: The children take turns calling animal, whose shadow has appeared on the screen, check their answer. The teacher makes sure that the children speak in full, without interrupting each other.

Lesovichok: Thanks guys, helped out. Please help me, I'm confused. I need to separate animals from other forests from my own. But I completely forgot who came to visit us, and who lives in the republic Khakassia»

A game "Confusion"

Target: to consolidate the ability of children to differentiate images animals on a given basis.

Management: from the presented pictures, choose those that depict animals living in the river Khakassia. The teacher monitors the implementation of actions, helps, directs, prompts.

Lesovichok: “Thank you, friends! What would I do without you!”

caregiver: “The animals were delighted that you helped them return home and went to have fun in the clearing, I suggest you play too”

Fizminutka

Management:the teacher asks the children to choose a mask for themselves: “Guys, choose your favorite mask. All chosen? 1-2-3-4-5, turn into animals! We are no longer people with you, we are now forest animals. Now we will walk in a circle and show how they move animals. I will speak the words, and you will finish the sentence. For example “A baby elephant was stomping after the mother-elephant”. All clear? Then let's get started."

Once upon a forest path

The animals went to the watering place.

A moose calf stomped behind mom,

For mom - a fox, a fox crept,

For mom - a hedgehog rolled a hedgehog,

A bear cub followed the mother bear,

For mom - a hare, rabbits galloped,

The she-wolf led the cubs

All mothers and children want to get drunk. Children go around

They go, stomping loudly

Sneaking on toes

squatting

They are waddling

Jumping on straight legs

sneaking around

Face in a circle, head tilts

caregiver: Did you like the game? Guys, you made such good animals, tell us about yourself: what are you?

A game "Which? Which?"

Target: expand feature dictionary.

Management: each child names three words of definition that characterize the chosen one animal. The teacher helps, directs, prompts, monitors pronunciation.

I am a snow leopard - fast, beautiful, fluffy, flexible, long-tailed, predatory;

I am a beaver - small, short-haired, sharp-toothed;

I am a deer - horned, flexible, agile, fast, herbivorous;

I am a bear - furry, clubfoot, strong, clumsy, big;

I am a fox - cunning, red, fluffy, beautiful, long-tailed, sharp-toothed;

I am a wolf - angry, hungry, predatory, gray, toothy;

I am a red wolf - fluffy, fast, toothy, red wool, predatory;

I am a white hare - white in winter, cowardly, long-eared, herbivorous, short-tailed, shy, swift-footed;

I am a hare - brown in winter and summer, cowardly, long-eared, herbivorous, short-tailed, shy, quick-footed;

I am a squirrel - dexterous, agile, jumpy, thrifty, fast, nimble, playful.

I am an elk - horned, big, long-legged, herbivorous.

caregiver: “Wow, what animals we got! But we need to become human again. 1-2-3-4-5 here we are people again! Well, let's go to Lesovichka, otherwise he must be tired of waiting.

Lesovichok: "Well done! You have made great animals! I'm glad you came to my rescue today. Come to my forest more often"

caregiver: “Thank you, Lesovichok, for the invitation. Guys, unfortunately, it's time for us to say goodbye and return to kindergarten.

Lesovichok: “Friends, I am very grateful to you for your help. So that you do not forget me, I give you a small gift"

Children receive medals

caregiver: "Guys, let's thank Lesovich for the gift (children thank and say goodbye to Lesovichok) So, are you ready to go home?

Eyelashes fall

The eyes are closed

We fall asleep with a magical dream,

We fly to the land of the forest.

One two three four five -

We look with our eyes again.

caregiver: “Here we are in kindergarten! Where were we today? (In the forests of the republic Khakassia) Who did you communicate with? (Lesovichok, wild animals) What did you like most about the trip? Guys, you are all great, you did a good job. It was very interesting for me to travel with you. Now you can take your medals and go play."

To date, only vertebrates have been studied in the reserve.

Steppe group of plots

Amphibians

On the territory of the reserve are represented by 4 species, of which moor and Siberian frogs are massive. (Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.). 1 species - Siberian salamander - is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004 .-320 s.)

reptiles

Five species inhabit the areas of the reserve, among which the common ones are viviparous and agile lizards, common vipers. Rare species include the patterned snake, the Pallas muzzle (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 With.)

Birds

During the research, 294 species of birds belonging to 18 orders were noted, which is 79% of the bird species recorded in the Minusinsk Basin - 315 species (loons - 1, grebes - 5, copepods - 1, storks - 4, flamingos - 1, anseriformes - 29, Falconiformes - 26, Galliformes - 5, Cranes - 10, Charadriiformes - 50, Pigeons - 5, Cuckoo-iformes - 1, Owls - 8, Goats - 1, Swifts - 2, Hoodoi - 1, Woodpeckers - 6, Passeriformes - 88 ). (Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

Of these, 30 species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (Red Book of the Russian Federation (animals) / V.I. Danilov-Danilyan. - M .: Astel, 2000. - 845 p.) And 62 species in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia ( Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V. V. Anyushin, I. I. Vishnevetsky, A. P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 p.) 21 species are globally rare for Europe and Asia. Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

mammals

On the sites of the steppe group, 52 species of mammals were identified, 8 species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 p.)

Horned lark

In the seven steppe areas of the Khakassky Reserve, four main types of ecological and faunal complexes have been identified. On plains and gentle slopes, occupied mainly by grass-forb steppes and upland meadows, the species composition of terrestrial vertebrates is rather poor. The number of viviparous and nimble lizard, common viper is insignificant, muzzle is rare. More than 50 species of birds have been recorded, most of which are visiting birds that use habitats for food purposes (swallows, swifts, starlings, corvids). The number of nesting species is about 20, but there are few background species among them (field, horned and little larks, common wheatear and dancer, steppe and field pipits). In feather grass and grass-forb steppes, quail and bearded partridge become common, especially their numbers increased after the conservation. In areas with tall, hard-stemmed plants, the black-headed coinage nests, less often the warbler. Short-eared owl, demoiselle crane, mallard, pintail, less often gray duck settle near reservoirs. The shelduck and shelduck nest in the burrows of foxes. The solonetsous pikulnikova steppe attracts lapwing, yellow wagtail, and saja flies to areas of deserted steppes and nests here. In winter, red-eared bunting and horned lark dominate. Snow bunting is less common, Rough-legged Rough-legged Buzzard and Snowy Owl are even rarer. On the Bele site, snowy owls in individual years are quite common (up to 50 individuals per 10 km of the route). From small mammals the steppe lemming and the narrow-skulled vole are numerous, the field mouse, the long-tailed ground squirrel, and the Dzungarian hamster are common. The usual inhabitants are the hare and the fox, the steppe polecat is less common and the badger is even less common. Roe deer and wolf feed here, especially in winter.

Steep and hilly-ridged slopes, areas of rugged relief and low-mountain massifs are characterized by rocky outcrops, stony-gravelly screes. In such peculiar conditions, a rather high number of reptiles is noted, the number of snake and muzzle increases. More than 30 species of birds have been noted for nesting. The most diverse species composition and a high number of birds are observed in stony steppes with rock outcrops, steppe shrubs and isolated larches. Typical species are the common wheatear, horned lark, and red-eared bunting. The field lark, the dancing wheatear, and the bearded partridge are also common. Tree sparrows, white-belted swifts, and less often black ones nest in the rock niches in large numbers. Common bald-headed, common and steppe kestrel (nesting only in rock niches), jackdaws, rock pigeon, chough. The peregrine falcon, ruddy shelduck, eagle owl, and less often saker falcons also build their nests here. In areas of larch woodlands, garden and white-capped buntings appear for nesting. The bushes are common gray warbler, brown warbler, linnet, shrike. Mammals are represented by the same species as in the plain areas. As a very rare species, the silver vole is found. Chiroptera are common in rock niches (pond, water and mustachioed bats, long-eared bats, northern kozhanok, two-colored kozhyan).

common cuckoo

The tree and shrub complex occupies 14% of the territory. It is most widely distributed in the Podlistvenki, Oglakhty, and Khol-Bogaz sites. Reptiles are represented by lizards and vipers, only in the steppe bushes a patterned snake is added to them. The species composition of birds in the complex is quite rich, only there are more than 80 nesting species. Common lentils, magpies, linnets, gray warblers, brown warblers, oak forests, less common are shrike, warblers - converter and garden, garden bunting, chiffchaff, and common cuckoo, which specializes in lining its eggs in the nests of the black-headed coinage, sometimes even in the steppe, far from the forest (reported by N.A. Kokhanovsky).

In small pegs, the bird population is almost the same, only the number of nesting corvids and the common kestrel and hobby fowl that occupy their nests increases significantly. In the copses over one hectare, the forest pipit, chaffinch, oriole, redstart, redthroat nightingale, fieldfare, white-browed, powdery, grey-headed goldfinch, black grouse, long-eared owl appear. In large areas of forest (birch-larch) there are purely forest species - nuthatch, Muscovite, taiga cricket, long-tailed tit, great spotted and white-backed woodpeckers, hazel grouse, capercaillie, splyushka, sparrow owl, long-tailed owl, forest snipe.

Of the birds of prey, the black kite is common, hawks nest less often - the sparrowhawk and the goshawk, even more rarely the imperial eagle and the saker falcon. Of the mammals, the mouse-like rodents are the most numerous. to the common vole and field mouse the field vole, the housekeeper, the red and red-gray voles, the Asiatic wood mouse, the baby mouse, the steppe and forest mice are added. On the edges of the forest and in the clearings, a mole is common, and in plantations - shrews, of which the common and arctic shrews are the most massive. There are more ermine, weasels, badgers, white hare, chipmunk, Siberian weasels appear. There are roe deer and wolves (2-3 broods). Quite often, during the period of migration, the squirrel is noted to appear on the Podlistvenki and Khol-Bogaz sites.

Black-tailed godwit

Curlew big

The meadow-marsh complex is typical for the Itkul Lake, Podlistvenki, Shira Lake, and Kamyzyak Steppe sites. The most widespread are valley marshy and saline meadows, less often valley real ones. Valley soddy-sedge, reed and reed bogs are widespread in the floodplain of the river. Kizilka and the mouth of the river. Dream. Often there are thickets of low-growing forms of willows with a small participation of downy birch. In the vicinity of Lake Ulukh-Kol, continental sedge saline bogs develop. Amphibians are represented by 3 species, of which the moor frog is numerous, the Siberian frog and the toad are less common. The composition of reptiles is rather poor. There is a viper, less often - too. The bird population is quite diverse. The yellow wagtail, skylark (in meadows), and badger warbler (in bushes) are numerous everywhere. Common are the garden warbler, black-headed coinage, bluethroat, spotted cricket, Indian warbler, snipe, great snipe, lapwing, herbalist, corncrake, less common yellow-headed wagtail, lentil, thrush-shaped warbler, steppe pipit, curlew, demoiselle crane, quail, shepherds, chase. Field and marsh harriers are common, meadow and steppe harriers are less common. All types of river ducks nest in the mass. 2 pairs of Common Cranes, 3-4 pairs of bitterns nest in the vast swamps in the “Podlistvenki” area, and a black crane was encountered on migration. In the spring, Turukhtans (separate pairs nest) and other waders stop en masse on migration. Mammals are less diverse. Mouse-like rodents predominate, of which narrow-skulled and water voles are the most numerous. On the “Podlistvenki” site, under the protection of extensive shrubs and reeds, there is a population of roe deer, which lives there all year round. In winter, hare and fox are common.

Avocet

Reservoirs and their coasts occupy 12% of the territory. In addition to such large lakes as Itkul, Shira, Bele, Ulukh-Kol, there are a number of small lakes on the territory of the sites. The banks of small rivers and lakes are mostly swampy and occupied by sedge-reed thickets. Aquatic vegetation is well developed. On large lakes, the shores are mostly sandy, sandy-gravelly or muddy, and only in shallow bays are they overgrown with reeds.

Reservoirs have importance not only for nesting of a large number of waterfowl and near-water birds, but also during their mass migrations. The shallow strait of Lake Bele and Lake Ulukh-Kol are an integral part of the Central Asian (Yenisei) migration route and serve as an important stopping place and concentration of migratory birds.

On the lake Ulug-Kol in the post-breeding period, there are up to 50-80 broods of ruddy shelduck, shelducks - up to 20-30; up to 80-100 pairs of Avocets nest there (50% of the population nesting in Central Siberia), Demoiselle Crane - up to 5 pairs; as well as many red-headed pochards, pintails, gray ducks, cracked teals, shovelers, herbalists, small and sea plovers, curlews, etc.

In August, an accumulation of waterfowl and near-water birds with a total number of 5-8 thousand individuals forms on the lake. Massive are shelducks (3-4 thousand), red-headed pochards (2-3 thousand), river ducks (1-2 thousand), shelducks (0.3-0.6 thousand), avocets (0.4- 0.5 thousand), gray gulls (0.3-0.4 thousand).

During the spring and autumn migrations, the lake is an intermediate stage for the passage of thousands of ducks, geese, swans and especially waders. Small swan (3-3.5 thousand), whooper swan (up to 1 thousand), gray goose, goose, taiga goose, white-fronted goose, white-fronted goose make a long stop on the lake (one-time accumulations of 1-2 thousand individuals are noted) , snails of various types - in the peaks of flight up to 8-11 thousand. Of the rare species, the swan grouse, white-headed duck, large and Asian snipe-like godwit, saja, common crane were noted; even rarer - black stork and spoonbill. According to the data of the Krasnoyarsk Ecological Center, 28% of the lesser swan out of the abundance of the western subspecies flies through Lake Ulukh-Kol, and 15% of the total number of the species.

Breeding on Lake Bele: whooper swan (1-2 pairs, but not annually), hook-nosed scoter (15-20 pairs), shelduck (20-30 pairs), shelduck (5-10 pairs), a small number of river and diving ducks (in high-water years - massively), gull (10-15 pairs), black-headed gull (not annually), gray gull (10-15 pairs), demoiselle crane (2-5 pairs), various types of shorebirds, common and steppe kestrels , eagle owl, etc. In the summer, non-breeding individuals of shelducks (up to 100-200 individuals), shelducks, river and diving ducks (up to 500), belladonnas (up to 10-15), various types of waders keep on the lake; in some years there are (as stray) great white herons, flamingos, and white-headed ducks. In August-September, a pre-migratory accumulation of shelducks up to 4-5 thousand, belladonnas up to 50-120 individuals is formed here. During the migration period, various species of ducks, shorebirds, geese (mainly bean goose and gray, less often white-fronted, lesser white-fronted, lesser white-fronted goose, taiga goose and even more rarely swan goose, red-breasted goose), swans (whooper and small) stop in large numbers. On the autumn migration, the Common Crane stays for a short time - 0.5-1 thousand individuals. Thus, Lake Ulukh-Kol and the shallow strait of Lake Bele are the most important key ornithological territories in Russia and Asia Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

Mountain-taiga group

Amphibians

Siberian frog, common toad live on the territory. The discovery of the Siberian salamander is indicated (Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

reptiles

Viviparous and nimble lizards, common viper are common for the territory of the mountain-taiga group of sites.

partridges

Birds

139 species were recorded on the sites, of which 27 are sedentary and semi-sedentary, 89 are migratory and nesting, 6 are nesting and irregularly wintering, 6 are migratory, encountered in the summer, but the nature of stay is unclear - 11 species.

There are 30 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia, of which 18 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia, and 7 species are globally rare for Europe and Asia. The distribution of the bird population on the territory is uneven. A large number of species were recorded in light forests; mountain-forest-meadow complex (89 species). In the dark coniferous taiga, 77 species are found, in mountain tundra, subalpine and alpine meadows - 33 species. 32 species are associated with rivers and mountain lakes.

mammals

50 species inhabit the territory of the sites: 7 species of insectivores, 8 species of bats, 3 species of lagomorphs, 13 species of rodents, 13 predators and 6 species of artiodactyls. Among the valuable hunting and commercial species, it is worth highlighting quite common sable, American mink, lynx, brown bear, badger, roe deer, maral, elk and musk deer. 11 species of animals are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia (Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia: Rare and endangered species of animals / V.V. Anyushin, I.I. Vishnevetsky, A.P. Savchenko and others - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2004. -320 s.), of which 2 species are included in the Red Book of Russia. (Red Book of the Russian Federation (animals) / V.I. Danilov-Danilyan. - M .: Astel, 2000. - 845 p.)

Population of vertebrate animals of the main types of landscapes

The main place in the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates belongs to the inhabitants of mountain-taiga, mountain-forest-meadow, mountain-tundra landscapes. Insignificant participation is taken by the types of water and rock-precipitous complexes. Three main landscape subdivisions are considered below, reflecting the altitudinal zonality of a given area.

Chiffchaff

Lentils big

Middle mountain dark coniferous taiga includes taiga and subalpine cedar forests, fir, cedar-fir, dark coniferous larch, dark coniferous deciduous, birch and floodplain mixed forests, as well as burnt areas. This landscape is characterized by viviparous lizard and viper. Of the birds, the powdery, Muscovite, Nutcracker, Spruce Crossbill, Nuthatch, Warblers (Green, Kinglet, Chiffchaff and Vociferous), Bluetail dominate. Hazel grouse, capercaillie, woodcock, bile, three-toed and large motley woodpeckers, thrushes (motley, songbird, mistletoe), bullfinch, nightingales (blue and whistle) are characteristic of these habitats. In the floodplain forests, the red-throated nightingale, the grey-headed bunting, the hawk, common lentil, crickets (taiga and spotted), Asian snipe, forest snipe are added to them.

IN subalpine-cedar forests mugimaki flycatcher, red-backed redstart, large lentil, Siberian lentil, grey-headed tit, buffalo, and olive thrush are added to the characteristic species.

On the rivers in taiga belt the mountain wagtail, the ferryman, the cherny, and the big merganser dominate. White-belt and black swifts also feed and nest on the coastal rocks. There is a small amount of mallard, goldeneye, large snail. The osprey and the black stork nest among the species listed in the Red Data Book.

warbler badger

IN taiga and subalpine cedar forests in the upper reaches of the rivers there is a peculiar habitat - "shrub caltus". These are treeless, relatively leveled areas, occupied by dense and rather high (up to 1.5 m) thickets of shrubs (willow, low birch, Kuril shrub tea), among which there are solitary undersized spruces, cedars or fir. Sedge tussock bogs and forest lawns are also common here. The dominant species are Brown Warbler, Mountain Wagtail, Bluethroat, Lightning Buffalo, Rubythroat Nightingale, Badger Warbler, and Crickets (Spotted and Songbird). Common are the vociferous chiffchaff, chiffchaff, common lentil, hawk warbler, garden warbler. There is also a small amount of black-headed coinage, dubrovnik, yellow-headed wagtail.

From mammals to mountain dark coniferous taiga common species are shrews (common, arctic, even-toothed, medium, small, tiny shrews), voles (red and red-gray), alpine pika, chipmunk, squirrel, sable. Relatively rare - weasel, ermine, weasel, flying squirrel. Bats are very rare (bats - water, mustachioed, Brantda, brown long-eared, two-colored leather, large tube-nosed; the northern leather is more common). Among large animals, a bear, a wolverine, a lynx, a musk deer, a deer are typical. Elk, roe deer and ermine are less common. In the mountains along the southern border, small groups of Sayan reindeer may be encountered. In the floodplains of the rivers, the white hare, the American mink, and less often the otter are common. It is interesting to note the penetration into the mountain taiga, into the upper reaches of the rivers of the wolf, which practically did not occur here until 1980 (there were very rare entries). Nowadays, it has become common even in winter.

Reindeer

Goltsovy cedar-fir woodlands. Represents a mountain forest-meadow landscape. Of the reptiles, the viviparous lizard and viper are very rarely found here, which are noted mainly on the slopes of southern exposures.

Birds are dominated by the yellow-collared buffalo, common lentil, red-throated nightingale, spotted pipit, puffball, and chiffchaff. Common are red-throated and olive thrushes, nutcrackers, bluetails, large, Siberian and common lentils, mountain and forest pipit, hawker, redthroat nightingale.

The species composition of mammals is not constant, with the exception of the mole, shrews and voles. large mammals: bear, maral, roe deer, wild boar concentrate here in late spring and summer, when they feed here on lush grassy vegetation.

Alpine tundra include various biotopes. The highest species composition and number of birds were noted in the shrub (dwarf birch) tundra. A small number of birds are found in lichen and moss tundras. Characteristic representatives are the mountain pipit, the golden eagle, the polar bunting, the tundra and ptarmigan, the spotted pipit, the hawker (pale, Himalayan, alpine), and the Siberian mountain finch. Of the mammals, a specific species for the highlands is the big-eared mountain vole. However, almost all species indicated for the subalpine belt also penetrate into the biotopes of the highland zone, enter the tundra for feeding and for the sake of salvation from midges. (Reserve "Khakassky": Scientific publication. Edited by G.V. Devyatkin. Abakan: "Journalist", 2001. - 128 p.).

ANNOTATED LIST OF TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATESRESERVE "KHAKASSKY"

CLASS Amphibians - AMPHIBIA

TAILED ORDER - CAUDATA

The family of snails - Hynobiidae

1. Siberian salamander - Hynobius keyserlingi (Dyb.) - Common in taiga forests, near streams and springs. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

TAILLESS ORDER - ANURIA

Toad family - Bufonidae

1. Common toad - Bufo bufo (L.) - A common species of floodplain meadows and swamps in the steppe areas of the reserve.

Frog family - Ranidae

1. Moor frog - Rana terrestris (Andrzejewski) - A small species of floodplain meadows, swamps and reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve.
2. Siberian frog - Rana cruenta (Pall.) - A common species in the steppe areas of the reserve, less common in the "Small Abakan" area. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

CLASS REPTILIA - REPTILIA

LIZARD ORDER - SAURIA

Lizard family - Lacertidae

1. Viviparous lizard - Lacerta vivipara (Jacq) - A common species of the steppe and taiga areas of the reserve (1,2,3).
2. Quick lizard - Lacerta agilis (L.) - a numerous inhabitant of the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" it is less common, mostly on the southern rocky slopes (1,2,3).

SNAKE SQUAD - SERPENTES

Viper family - Viperidae

1. Common viper - Vipera berus (L.) - A common species in all parts of the reserve (1,2,3).
2. Patterned snake - Elaphe dione (Pall.) - A rare species in the steppe areas of the reserve (1,2,3). Inhabits rocky steppes and steppe shrubs. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
3. Pallas cottonmouth - Agkistrodon halys (Pall.) - A rare species in the steppe areas of the reserve (1,2,3). Inhabits stony steppes and steppe bushes of the reserve. Most common in the "Bele" section. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

BIRD CLASS - AVES

ORDER GAGARIFORMES - GAVIIFORMES

Family Gagaraceae - gaviidae

10. Black-throated diver - Gavia arctica (L.) - Very rare on migration in water bodies of the steppe areas, possibly very rarely nests in the area "Small Abakan" on high-mountain fish lakes (1,4,5,8). Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES

Toadstool family - Podicipedidae

11. Little Grebe - Podiceps ruficollis (Pall.) - A very rare, probably breeding species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Occurs on small overgrown lakes in the "Podzaploty" area.

12. Black-necked grebe - Podiceps nigricollis (Brehm.) - A very rare, probably breeding species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Both pairs and small groups were noted in the summer on overgrown lakes in the Podzaploty and Itkul sites.

13. Grey-cheeked grebe - Podiceps grisegena (Bodd.) - An exceptionally rare flying species. Encountered in summer 1991 and 1994. on the lakes of the Itkul site.

14. Red-necked grebe - Podiceps auritus (L.) - A very rare, probably breeding species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. It occurs in summer both in pairs and in small groups on overgrown lakes in the Podzaploty and Itkul areas.

15. Great Grebe - Podiceps cristatus (L.) - A common nesting species on the lakes of the Itkul site. The population density in August is 33 inhabitants/100 ha.

PELECANIFORMES PELECANIFORMES

Cormorant family - Palacrocidae

16. Great cormorant - Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) - A regular vagrant species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Occurs on the upper support of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, incl. in the security zone of the Oglakhty site.

ORDER CICONIIFORMES

The heron family Ardeidae

17. Great Bittern - Botaurus stellaris (L.) - A rare breeding species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Breeds on overgrown reservoirs, on sites "Podzaploty", "Shira", "Itkul". During migration it occurs in the areas "Bele" and "Kamyzyak steppe".

18. Great white heron - Egretta alba (L.) - An exceptionally rare vagrant species. Solitary occupants were noted on Lake Bele.

19. Gray heron - Ardea cinerea (L.) - A very rare nesting species. Up to 5 pairs nest on the Itkul site. In summer, it also occurs in other water bodies of the steppe areas.

Ibis family - Threskiornithidae

20. Spoonbill - Platalea leucorodia (L.) - An exceptionally rare vagrant species listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia. In August 1991, 5 individuals were encountered on Ulukh-Kol Lake, three of them were young, just fledgling. Apparently they nested on the nearest lakes of the Uibat steppe.

Stork family - Ciconidae

21. Black stork - Ciconia nigra (L.) - A rare nesting species, listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia. On the site "Small Abakan" in the buffer zone, two nesting pairs were noted on the river. Small Abakan.

ORDER FLAMINGO-LIKE - PHOENICOPTERIFORMES

Flamingo family - Phoenicopteridae

22. Common flamingo - Phoenicopterus roseus (Pall.) - A rare vagrant species listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia. In 1995, on the site "Bele" three birds kept throughout the summer and autumn, in 1996 on Lake Ulukh-Kol - 12 individuals.

Squad Anseriformes - ANGERIFORMES

Duck family - Anatidae

23. Red-breasted Goose - Rufibrenta ruficollis (Pall.) - Migratory species. Irregularly noted during passages in the Bele section. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

24. Greylag goose - Anser anser (L.) - Common migratory and exceptionally rare nesting species. The breeding population of the gray goose is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Individual pairs nest irregularly in the Belé site.

25. White-fronted goose - Anser ilbifrons (Scop.) - A small migratory species. On migration it is common on lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol (1,8,11).

26. Lesser white-fronted goose - Anser erythropus (L.) - An extremely rare migratory species, listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia. There are both single birds and small groups (3-5 individuals) in flocks of other geese. On the territory of the reserve it is noted on Lake Bele and Ulukh-Kol.

27. Bean goose - Anser fabalis (Lath.) - A common migratory species. It occurs in all reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve. Mass stops are the shallow isthmus of Lake Bele and Lake Ulukh-Kol, where birds stay for up to two weeks during their migration. In one-time accumulations, from 0.5 to 3 thousand individuals are noted.

28. Taiga bean goose - Anser fabalis middendorffii (Severtzov). A rare migratory species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Occasionally there are small flocks (5-12 individuals) on large lakes in the steppe areas of the reserve. Nested on alpine lakes in the floodplain of the Karatosh river and on Lake Pozarym, adjacent to the buffer zone of the site "Small Abakan".

29. Sukhonos - Cygnopsis cygnoides (L.) - Species that disappeared during nesting. At the beginning of the 20th century, P.P. Sushkin (1914) noted it as a common species in Khakassia. On the lake "Bele" (now a part of the reserve) nested in the mass. Currently, it is observed irregularly during the migration period on the lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol. Listed in the Red Book of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

30. Whooper swan - Cygnus cygnus (L.) - Common migratory species. Irregularly, individual pairs nest on the "Bele" site. On migration, up to 200-500 individuals are recorded in one-time aggregations. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

31. Lesser swan - Cygnus bewickii (Yarr.) - Common migratory species. Mass accumulations were noted on the lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol. In total, 4-5 thousand individuals fly by (1,3,8,11,12,14,15). Listed in the Red Book of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

32. Ogar - Tadorna ferruginea (Pall.) - A common nesting species. It breeds on almost all lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve. The largest number was noted on the lakes Ulukh-Kol (50-80) and Bela (20-30). Autumn concentrations of 3-5 thousand individuals are also observed here on each lake (1,3,4,8,11,16).

33. Sheldock - Tadorna tadorna (L.) - A common nesting species. On nesting occurs on lakes Shira (2-5 pairs), Bela (5-10 pairs) and Ulukh-Kol (20-30 pairs). Mass pre-migratory aggregations of up to 300-600 individuals have been noted on Lake Ulukh-Kol. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia (1,3,4,8,11,16).

34. Mallard - Anas platyrhynchos (L.) - A common nesting species in all water bodies of the steppe areas of the reserve. It breeds in small numbers in the area "Small Abakan" (1,3,8,11).

35. Teal-whistle - Anas crecca (L.) - A common breeding and mass migratory species in the steppe areas of the reserve. It breeds in small numbers in the area "Small Abakan" (1,3,8,11).

36. Gray duck - Anas strepera (L.) - A common breeding and migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve (1,3,8,11). Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

37. Svyaz - Anas penelope (L.) - Common migratory species. In 1999, in the summer, met on the lake Ulukh-Kol. In the same year, nested on Lake Potaga located 5 km from Lake Ulukh-Kol (1,8,9).

38. Pintail - Anas acuta (L.) - A common breeding and migratory species in the steppe areas of the reserve (1,3,8).

39. Common teal - Anas querquedula (L.) - A common breeding and migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve (1,3,8).

40. Broad-nosed - Anas clypeata (L.) - A common breeding and migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve (1,3,8).

41. Red-headed pochard - Aythya ferina (L.) - Numerous nesting and migratory bird in all steppe areas of the reserve (1,3,8).

42. Crested duck - Aythya fuligula (L.) - Few breeding and migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve (1,3,8).

43. Common goldeneye - Bucephala clangula (L.) - A common flying and migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" it was noted as a few nesting birds. Irregularly winters on the river. Small Abakan (1,3,8).

44. Hook-nosed Turpan - Melanitta deglandi (Bonap.) - A rare nesting species on lakes Bele, Shira and Itkul. Possibly breeds in high-mountain lakes in the area "Small Abakan" (1,3,4,8,11,16). Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

45. Savka - Oxyura leucocephala (Scop.) - A stray species. Prior to the establishment of the reserve, it was noted (single flights) in the areas "Shira" and "Bele" (1,4,8,9,11).

46. ​​Lutok - Mergus albellus (L.) - A rare migratory species in all parts of the reserve (1,8,9).

47. Greater merganser - Mergus merganser (L.) - Rare migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" a common nesting species, occasionally hibernates (1,3,8).

ORDER Falconiformes - FALCONIFORMES

Skopin family - Pandionidae

48. Osprey - Pandion Praliaetus (L.) - A rare nesting bird in the area "Small Abakan". No more than 5 pairs nest (1,17,18,19). Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

Family hawks - Accipiridae

49. Crested honey buzzard - Pernis ptilorhyncus (Temm.) - Common flying species. In summer, it is regularly observed in all steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

50. Black kite - Milvus migrans (Bodd.) - A common nesting species in all parts of the reserve.

51. Harrier - Circus cyaneus (L.) - A common nesting species in all areas of the reserve.

52. Steppe harrier - Circus macrourus (S.G. Gmel.) - A rare nesting species in all steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia.

53. Meadow harrier - Circus pygargus (L.) - A rare nesting species in all steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

54. Marsh Harrier - Circus aeroginosus (L.) - A common nesting species in reed beds in water bodies of the steppe areas of the reserve.

55. Goshawk - Accipiter gentilis (L.) - A rare nesting species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" is common. During winter migrations it occurs in all areas.

56. Sparrowhawk - Accipiter gularis (Temm. et Schleg.) - Recorded in the summer in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. Nesting has not been established. Very rare. Included in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

57. Buzzard - Buteo lagopus (Pont.) - Arrives for the winter. Roams widely. It occurs in all steppe areas of the reserve.

58. Upland Buzzard - Buteo himilasius (Temm. et Schleg.) - Occurs in all steppe areas of the reserve, as a rare regularly flying bird. Listed in the Red Book of Khakassia.

59. Common Buzzard - Buteo buteo (L.) - A small breeding bird in the areas "Oglakhty" and "Khol-Bogaz". On the site "Small Abakan" is common.

60. Steppe eagle - Aquila rapax (Temm.) - A rare species that regularly occurs in the summer in the steppe areas of the reserve. Nesting in the reserve has not been established, although a nest was found 5 km from the Itkul site. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

61. Greater Spotted Eagle - Aquila clanga (Pall.) - A very rare flying species in the steppe areas of the reserve. Most often observed at the sites "Khol-Bogaz" and "Oglakhty". Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

62. Burial ground - Aquila heliaca (Sav.) - A small species regularly observed in all steppe areas of the reserve. However, birds with clearly nesting behavior were recorded only at the Podzaploty, Oglakhty, and Khol-Bogaz sites. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

63. Golden eagle - Aquila chrysaetos (L.) - Nesting and wintering species. A pair of eagles with clearly nesting behavior has been recorded every year since 1990 at the Maly Abakan and Podzaploty sites. In winter, regular flights are typical for all parts of the reserve. Very rare. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

64. White-tailed Eagle - Halialetus albieilla (L.) - A rare flying species. Recorded on lakes Bele and Itkul, Krasnoyarsk reservoir (site "Oglakhty") and on the river Maly Abakan (1,17,18,19,21). Listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia.

65. Long-tailed eagle - Halialetus leucoryphys (Pall.) - An extremely rare vagrant species. Recorded at the site "Small Abakan" in the summer of 1991 during the design period. Listed in the Red Book of Russia.

66. Bearded Vulture - Gypaetus barbatus (L.) - An exceptionally rare vagrant species. Recorded in the alpine belt on the southern border of the site "Small Abakan" in the summer of 1990 during the design period, here on October 16, 1999 G.V. Devyatkin noted two individuals (1,17,18). Listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia.

67. Griffon Vulture - Gyps fulvus (Habl.) - A rare vagrant species. Recorded on the southern border of the "Small Abakan" area in the summer of 1990 during the design period. Listed in the Red Book of Russia.

68. Black vulture - Aegypius monachys (L.) - A rare vagrant species. Recorded on the southern border of the "Small Abakan" area in the summer of 1990 during the design period. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

69. Gyrfalcon - Falco rusticolys (L.) - A rare species. Occurs on migration and winter migrations in all steppe areas of the reserve and on migration in the Maly Abakan area. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

70. Saker Falcon - Falco cherrug (Gray.) - Nesting and wintering species. One pair nests in the areas "Podzaploty", "Oglakhty", "Khol-Bogaz" and two pairs in the area "Small Abakan". In winter, it is regularly observed in all steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

71. Peregrine falcon - Falco peregrinus (Tunst.) - Rare, probably nesting and wandering in winter. Recorded in all steppe areas of the reserve. On the Oglakhty site, pairs with clearly nesting behavior are observed annually. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

72. Hobby - Falco subbuteo (L.) - A common nesting species in the steppe areas of the reserve with forest vegetation and in the area "Small Abakan".

73. Derbennik - Falco columbarius (L.) - A rare species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. In the steppe areas of the reserve, it occurs on summer migrations, possibly nesting in the "Small Abakan" area. In February 1998, met at the site "Oglakhty".

74. Falcon - Falco vespertinus (L.) - A rare flying species. Nesting has not been established in the reserve. It is regularly observed at the Oglakhty, Itkul and Khol-Bogaz sites. Possibly nests in the Oglakhty area, where it nested in the past (20). Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

75. Steppe kestrel - Falco naumanni (Fleischer) - A rare nesting bird. Recorded in the reserve for nesting in rock niches in the Oglakhty area. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

76. Common kestrel - Falco tinnunculus (L.) - A common nesting bird in all steppe areas of the reserve (1,19,21).

ORDER CHICKEN - GALLIFORMES

Teterevin family - Tetraonidae

77. White partridge - Lagopus lagopus (L.) - A small settled and semi-sedentary species of the alpine belt of the "Small Abakan" area

78. Tundra partridge - Lagopus munus (Mont.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species of the alpine belt of the "Small Abakan" area.

79. Black grouse - Lyrurus tetrix (L.) - A small settled and semi-sedentary species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve and in the area "Small Abakan".

80. Capercaillie - Tetrao urogallus L. - A common resident and semi-resident species in the Maly Abakan area and an exceptionally rare species in the Podzaploty and Khol-Bogaz areas.

81. Hazel grouse - Tetrastes bonasia (L.) - A common resident and semi-resident species in the "Small Abakan" area and an exceptionally rare species in the "Khol-Bogaz" area.

Pheasant family - Phasianidae

82. Altai Snowcock - Tetraogallus altaicus (Gebl.) - A rare sedentary and semi-sedentary species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. It occurs in the alpine belt on the southern slope of Mount Karatosh, which is part of the conservation zone of the Maly Abakan site.

83. Bearded partridge - Perdix daurica (Pall.) - Common, and in some years numerous sedentary and semi-sedentary species of all steppe areas of the reserve.

84. Quail - Coturnix coturnix (L.) - A common nesting species in the steppe areas of the reserve. Possibly breeds in subalpine and alpine meadows on the site "Small Abakan": met during the design period in July 1990.1991. (1.4). Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

ORDER Crane-like - GRUIFORMES

Crane family - Gruidae

85. Common Crane - Grus grus (L.) - A rare nesting and common migrant species. On the territory of the reserve, two pairs reliably nest at the “Podzaploty” site. In the summer of 1997, 3 nomadic (vagrant) individuals were encountered at the Itkul site and 4 individuals at the Kamyzyak steppe site. At the "Bele" site in September 1998-1999. migratory flocks with a total number of 500-1000 individuals were encountered. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

86. Black crane - Grus monacha (Temm.) - Extremely rare migratory species. In the reserve, it occurs irregularly at the Podzaploty site during migrations. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

87. Demoiselle - Anthropoides virgo (L.) - Formerly rare, but now a common breeding species. 14-16 pairs nest in the steppe areas of the reserve. On the sites "Bele" and "Lake Ulukh-Kol" pre-migratory accumulations of up to 200 individuals are noted. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

Family Rallidae

88. Shepherd - Rallus aquaticus (L.) - A common nesting species of floodplain meadows and swamps in the Itkul and Podzaploty sites (1.4). Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

89. Pogonysh – Porzana porzana (L.) – A common breeding species of floodplain meadows and swamps in the Itkul, Podzaploty and Shira sites.

90. Lesser Porzana parva (Scop.) – A rare, probably nesting species in the Itkul and Podzaploty sites.

91. Baby carafe – Porzana pusilla (Pall.) — A rare, probably breeding species in the Itkul and Podzaploty areas. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

92. Crake - Crex crex (L.) - In the past, a rare, currently common nesting species of floodplain meadows and swamps in the steppe areas of the reserve and a rare nesting species of floodplain swampy habitats in the mountain-taiga zone, subalpine and alpine meadows of the high-mountain belt of the site " Small Abakan. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

93. Coot - Fulica atra (L.) - A common nesting species on small lakes in the steppe areas of the reserve.

Bustard family - Otididae

94. Bustard - Otis tarda (L.) - A species that has disappeared from nesting. In the past met in the vicinity of lakes Itkul, Bele, Ulukh-Kol (1,4,27). Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

Order Charadriiformes - CHARADRIIFORMES

Family Rzhankovye - Charadriidae

95. Tules - Pluvialis squatarola (L.) - A rare migratory species in water bodies of the steppe areas of the reserve.

96. Asian brown-winged plover - Pluvialis fulva (Gmel.) - A common migratory species in water bodies of the steppe areas of the reserve.

97. Golden Plover - Pluvialis apricaria (L.) - A rare migratory species in the reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve.

98. Necktie - Charadris hiaticula (L.) - A rare flying and migratory species in the reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve (1.4). Most often found on the lakes Ulukh-Kol and Bele. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

99. Lesser plover - Charadris dubius (Scop.) - A common nesting species in water bodies with sandy, sandy-gravelly spits and banks of the steppe areas of the reserve.

1. Plover - Charadris alexandinus (L.) - A rare nesting species on the Ulukh-Kol lake. As a flying migratory species, it occurs on lakes Shira and Bela. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
2. Khrustan -Eudromias morinnellus (L.) - A small nesting species of high mountain tundra in the "Small Abakan" area. In June 1994, two restless pairs were noted on Lake Bele, probably nesting in some years. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
3. Lapwing - Vanellus vanellus (L.) - Common breeding species. Breeds along the shores of lakes, in floodplain meadows and swamps of the steppe areas of the reserve.
4. Turnstone - Arenaria interpres (L.) - A common migratory species in water bodies of the steppe areas of the reserve

Family Aviobill - Recurvirostridae

1. Stilt -Himantopus himantopus (L.) - An exceptionally rare vagrant species. Met 4 individuals in August 1991 on Lake Ulukh-Kol and 3 individuals in July 1993 on Lake Bele.
2. Avocet - Recurvirostra avosetta (L.) - A common nesting species. Breeding colonies were found on Lake Shira (1-5 pairs) and Lake Ulukh-Kol - 65 pairs or 60% of all nesting pairs recorded in the republic. There are up to 500-700 individuals of this species in pre-migratory aggregations on Lake Ulukh-Kol. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

Oystercatcher family - Haematopodidae

1. Oystercatcher - Haematopus ostralegus (L.) - An exceptionally rare vagrant species. Three individuals were met in July 1995 on the shallow isthmus of Lake Bele. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.

Bekas family - Scolopacidae

1. Chernysh - Tringa ochropus (L.) - A common nesting species on the rivers of the "Small Abakan" section. During migrations, a common migratory species in all parts of the reserve.
2. Fifi - Tringa glareola (L.) - A common nesting species of floodplain meadows and swamps and lake shores in the steppe areas of the reserve.
3. Large snail - Tringa nebularia (Gunn.) - A common migratory species in the steppe areas of the reserve, non-breeding individuals are also found here in the summer. On the "Small Abakan" site, it is a common breeding species. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
4. Travnik - Tringa totanus (L.) - Numerous nesting species in floodplain meadows and swamps, lake shores in the steppe areas of the reserve.
5. Goldfinch - Tringa eryhropus (Pall.) - A rare migratory and flying species in the reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
6. Marshmallow - Tringa stagnatilis (Bechst.) - A rare, sometimes common nesting species in the steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
7. Siberian ash snail - Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieill) - A rare migratory species. Met 47 individuals in early August 1995 on a salt lake located near the lake Ulukh-Kol. Earlier in 1984-1985. met small flocks on Lake Bele. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
8. Carrier - Actitis hypoleucos (L.) - A common breeding species on the rivers of the Maly Abakan section and on the Krasnoyarsk reservoir (Oglakhty section). Rare nesting species in other water bodies.
9. Morodunka - Xenus cinereus (Guld.) - A rare flying and migratory species. Found in summer on shallow bay of Lake Bele.
10. Flat-nosed phalarope - Phalaropus fulicarius (L.) - An exceptionally rare migratory species. Found on lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol.
11. Round-nosed phalarope - Phalaropus lobatus (L.) - A common migrant and flying species in the reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve.
12. Turukhan - Philomachus pugnax (L.) - Numerous migratory species in the reservoirs of the steppe areas of the reserve. Especially a lot of it flies on the lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol (more than 4 thousand). Single pairs nest in marshy meadows and marshes at the Podzaploty site and on Ulukh-Kol Lake.
13. Sandpiper - Calidris minuta (Leisl.) - A common migratory species on the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve.
14. Red-necked Sandpiper - Calidris ruficollus (Pall.) - A common migratory species on the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
15. Long-toed sandpiper - Calidris subminuta (Midd.) - A rare flying and common migratory species on the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve. Flying individuals were noted on lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol. where they used to nest (27). Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
16. White-tailed Sandpiper - Calidris temminckii (Leisl.) - A rare flying and common migratory species on the lakes of the steppe areas.
17. Red-throated - Calidris ferruginea (Pont.) - A common migratory species in the steppe areas of the reserve.
18. Dunlin - Calidris alpina (L.) - A common migratory species in all steppe areas of the reserve.
19. Sharp-tailed sandpiper - Calidris acuminata (Horsf.) - An exceptionally rare migratory species. Solitary specimens recorded on migration on Lake Bele, possible sightings on Lake Ulukh-Kol. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
20. Iceland sandpiper - Calidris canutus (L.) - Extremely rare migratory species. Solitary specimens recorded on migration on Lake Bele, possible sightings on Lake Ulukh-Kol.
21. Gerbil - Calidris alba (Pall.) - A very rare migratory species. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Recorded on lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol.
22. Gryazovik - Limicola falcinellus (Pont.) - A rare migratory species. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Recorded on the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve.
23. Harshnep - Lymnocryptes minimus (Brunn.) - A rare, probably nesting and common migratory species in the steppe areas of the reserve. Disturbing pairs with obvious nesting behavior were noted at the Podzaploty and Itkul sites. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
24. Snipe - Gallinago gallinago (L.) - A common nesting species of floodplain meadows and swamps of the steppe areas of the reserve.
25. Forest snipe - Gallinago megala (Swinh.) - Few breeding species in the steppe areas "Podzaploty" and "Itkul" and usually nesting species in the area "Small Abakan".
26. Asiatic snipe - Gallinago stenura (Bonap.) - A rare breeding species in the areas "Podzaploty", "Itkul", "Oglakhty" and "Khol-Bogaz". On the site "Small Abakan" - a common nesting species.
27. Great snipe - Gallinago media (Lath.) - A common nesting species. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Breeds on sites "Podzaploty", "Shira", "Itkul", less often in the vicinity of Lake Ulukh-Kol.
28. Mountain snipe - Gallinago solitaria Hodg. — A rare nesting species in the Maly Abakan area. Occasionally winters - in February 1988-1990. Solitary hibernating individuals were found on non-freezing molehills, springs and sections of rivers and streams in the basins of the Tartash, Otkyl and Maly Abakan rivers.
29. Woodcock - Scolopax rusticola (L.) - A common breeding species in the area "Small Abakan".
30. Curlew - Numenius arquata (L.) - A rare nesting species of floodplain meadows and marshes in the steppe areas of the reserve. The number is currently recovering. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
31. Curlew - Numenius phaeopus (L.) - A rare migratory species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Occurs on lakes Bele and Ulukh-Kol.
32. Godwit - Limosa limosa (L.) - A common migratory and rare flying species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. In summer, there are single individuals and small groups of birds (3-5 individuals). Nesting has not been established, although it breeds in similar habitats in the republic.

The gull family Laridae

1. Black-headed Gull - Larus ichthyaetus (Pall.) - A rare breeding species with pulsating numbers. Listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia. In the reserve it nests on lakes Itkul and Bele. On the territory of Khakassia, it was first encountered in 1985 on Lake Bele. In 1987, the first breeding colonies of 25 and 15 pairs were found on Lake Itkul. In 1988, 22 pairs nested here, in 1989 - 18, in 1990 - 20 pairs. Then, due to a strong disturbance factor, the species stopped nesting. From 1988 to 1999 small colonies of 5-12 pairs nest on Lake Bele
2. Little Gull - Larus minutus (Pall.) - A rare flying bird listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Met on Lake Itkul and Spirin lakes (1,4,7,9).
3. Black-headed gull - Larus ridibundus (L.) - A common nesting species in water bodies of the steppe areas of the reserve
4. Gulled gull - Larus cachinnans (Pall.) - Not numerous nesting bird on lakes Itkul (15-20 pairs), Bele (15-20 pairs), Ulukh-Kol (about 20 pairs).
5. The Common Gull - Larus canus (L.) - is a common nesting bird on the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve. A large colony was noted on Ulukh-Kol Lake; in 1999, 110 pairs nested here. The total number in the reserve does not exceed 200 pairs.
6. White-winged tern - Chilidonias leucopterus (Temm.) - An exceptionally rare flying species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Solitary specimens were found on Lake Itkul and Spirin lakes.
7. Common tern - Sterna hirundo (L.) - A common nesting species on the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve.
8. Chegrava - Hydroporogne caspia (Pall.) - An exceptionally rare vagrant species listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia. In the reserve, four individuals were noted in 1997 at the Itkul site. Throughout the summer the birds stayed here from 20.06 to 04.08. Nesting has not been established, although the birds were clearly nesting.

ORDER DOVE-LIKE - COLUMBIFORMES

Ryabkovye family - Pteroclididae

1. Saja - Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.) - Rare nesting bird with pulsating numbers. Found on nesting around Ulukh-Kol lake. According to the stories of old-timers, she met en masse here in the late 1950s and in 1967. From 1986 to 1988 saja regularly re-nested, but in small numbers. A new wave of mass flights was noted from 1990 to 1992. According to our observations near the spring lying near the lake Ulukh-Kol, up to 300 birds flew to the watering hole in one day. Nests were found in fields with stubble, in deserted and stony steppes.

Pigeon family - Columbidae

1. Klintukh - Columba oenas (L.) - A rare flying species and a common migratory species of the steppe areas of the reserve. Occasionally breeds on the Oglakhty site.
2. Rock dove - Columba livia (Gmel.) - A rare vagrant species. It visits the steppe areas of the reserve during fodder flights from nearby settlements and folds, where it nests in masses. On the site "Oglakhty" a permanent presence was noted, since there is a sheep yard on the border of the buffer zone, a couple of birds obviously nested in a niche of rocks.
3. Rock pigeon - Columba rupestris (Pall.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species of the steppe areas of the reserve. Nests in rock niches. Most numerous in the area "Oglakhty".
4. Great Turtle Dove - Streptopelia orientalis (Lath.) - A common nesting species in the areas "Oglakhty", "Podzaploty", "Khol-Bogaz" and "Small Abakan".

ORDER CUCULIFORMES - CUCULIFORMES

Cuckoo family - Cuculidae

1. The common cuckoo - Cuculus canorus (L.) - is a common nesting bird in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve and in the area "Small Abakan. It is interesting to note that in the steppe part the cuckoo specializes in laying eggs in the nests of the black-headed coinage. According to N.A. Kokhanovsky, in search of chasing nests, it flies quite far into the steppe from forest plantations, which we have repeatedly observed.
2. Deaf cuckoo - Cuculus saturatus (Blyth.) - A common nesting bird of the "Small Abakan" site.

ORDER OWLS - STRIGIFORMES

Owl family - Strigidae

1. Snowy Owl - Nyctea scandiaca (L.) - A common migratory species for the winter. In winter, it is observed in all parts of the reserve, except for "Small Abakan". The highest concentration was noted on Lake Bele, where there are often up to 50 individuals per 10 km of the route. Here, at the end of May 1990, we observed one individual. The bird was quite healthy, the reasons for such a late delay are unclear. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
2. Eagle Owl - Bubo bubo (L.) - A rare sedentary, semi-sedentary, sometimes wandering bird in winter. It is found in almost all areas of the reserve. Nesting has been established in the areas "Podzaploty", "Bele", "Khol-Bogaz" and "Small Abakan". No more than 5-7 pairs nest. The species is listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia.
3. Long-eared owl - Asio otus (L.) - A common nesting and irregular wintering bird in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve and in the "Small Abakan" area.
4. Little Owl - Glaucidium passerinum (L.) - A common nesting species in the "Small Abakan" area, possibly found in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve, because. recorded on nesting and wintering in the forest-steppe zone of the Minusinsk depression. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
5. Short-eared Owl - Asio flammeus (Pont.) - A common nesting and irregular wintering bird in all steppe areas of the reserve.
6. Splyushka - Otus scops (L.) - A common nesting bird in the mountain taiga and a rarely nesting bird in the Oglakhty area. It may occur and nest in other areas with trees and shrubs. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
7. Rough-legged Owl - Aegolius funereus (L.) - Sedentary and semi-sedentary species of the mountain taiga of the "Small Abakan" section.
8. Hawk Owl - Surnia ulula (L.) - A small nesting bird in the mountain taiga of the "Small Abakan" area. Recorded during wintering at Podzaploty and Khol-Bogaz sites.
9. Owl - Strix uralensis (Pall.) - A rare sedentary and semi-sedentary species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve, common in the area "Small Abakan".
10. Great Gray Owl - Strix nebulosa (Forst.) - Sedentary and semi-sedentary species in the area "Small Abakan". Appears in winter on the sites "Podzaploty" and "Khol-Bogaz".

ORDER GOAT-LIKE - CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Family Kozodoevye - Caprimulgidae

1. Common nightjar - Caprimulgus europaeus (L.) - A common breeding species in the areas "Podzaploty", "Oglakhty", "Small Abakan" and "Khol-Bogaz".

ORDER SHAFT - APODIFORMES

Strizhiny family - Apodidae

1. Needle-tailed Swift - Hirundapus caudacutus (Lath.) - A small nesting species of the mountain-taiga belt of the "Small Abakan" area. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
2. Black Swift - Apus apus (L.) - A common nesting species in areas of the reserve where there are rock outcrops. In other areas it occurs during feeding flights.
3. White-belted swift - Apus pacificus (Lath.) - A common nesting species in all areas of the reserve where there are rock outcrops. In other areas it occurs during feeding flights.

ORDER SHELL-SHAPED - CORACIIFORMES

Kingfisher family - Alcedinidae

1. Common Kingfisher - Alcedo atthis (L.) - Extremely rare, possibly nesting bird. Met on the river. Small Abakan.

ORDER HOODO-LIKE - UPUPIFORMES

Hoopoe family - Upupidae

1. Hoopoe - Upupa epops (L.) - A common nesting species in the steppe areas of the reserve.

SQUAD WOODENFORM - PICIFORMES

Dyatlov family - Picidae

1. Vertineck - Jynx torquilla (L.) - A common nesting bird in the sites "Podzaploty", "Oglakhty", "Khol-Bogaz" and "Small Abakan".
2. Grey-haired woodpecker - Picus canus (Gmel.) - Sedentary and semi-sedentary species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" is a nesting and nomadic bird in winter.
3. Zhelna - Dryocopus martius (L.) - In the forest copses of the steppe areas of the reserve is rarely found during winter migrations. On the site "Small Abakan" the usual sedentary and semi-sedentary species.
4. Spotted Woodpecker - Dendrocopos major (L.) - A common resident and semi-resident species in the forest copses of the steppe areas of the reserve and in the area "Small Abakan".
5. White-backed woodpecker - Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechst.) - A small settled and semi-sedentary species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" a rare, nesting and nomadic species in winter.
6. Lesser woodpecker - Dendrocopos minor (L.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" is a rare bird that nests and wanders in winter.
7. Three-toed woodpecker - Picoides tridactylus (L.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species of the dark coniferous taiga of the "Small Abakan" section.

ORDER PASSERIFORMS - PASSERIFORMES

Swallow family - Hirundinidae

1. Sand Martin - Riparia riparia (L.) - A common nesting bird in the areas "Bele", "Itkul" and "Small Abakan". In other areas it occurs during feeding flights. Two large colonies were noted at the Itkul site - 655 pairs and 588 pairs.
2. Rock swallow - Ptyonoprogne rupestris (Scop.) - A rare, possibly nesting species. Recorded in the high-mountain belt in the buffer zone of the Maly Abakan site.
3. Barn Swallow - Hirundo rustica (L.) - Recorded for nesting in the areas "Podzaploty" and "Oglakhty". On the first site, she nested in the house, not paying attention to the short-term presence of the reserve's employees here. On the second site - in an abandoned shed, located in a protected zone. In other steppe areas it occurs during feeding flights.
4. Funnel - Delichon ubrica (L.) - On nesting noted in areas with an abundance of rocks - "Oglakhty" and "Small Abakan". In other areas it occurs during feeding flights.

The lark family - Alaudidae

1. Lesser Lark - Galandrella cinerea (Gmel.) - A common nesting bird in all steppe areas of the reserve.
2. Horned Lark - Eremophila alpestris (L.) - A common resident and semi-resident species in all steppe areas of the reserve.
3. Field lark - Alauda arvensis (L.) - Numerous nesting bird in all steppe areas of the reserve.

Wagtail family - Motacillidae

1. Steppe pipit - Anthus richardi (Vieill.) - A common nesting bird in all steppe areas of the reserve.
2. Field Pipit - Anthus campestris (L.) - A common nesting bird in all steppe areas of the reserve.
3. Forest Pipit - Anthus trivialis (L.) - Common breeding species. The largest population area was noted in the copses in the steppe areas of the reserve (up to 40 ind./km 2). Somewhat less often - in the mountain taiga and light forests.
4. Spotted Pipit - Anthus hodysoni (Richm.) - A common nesting bird in the mountain taiga and cedar woodlands of the Maly Abakan section.
5. Mountain Pipit - Anthus spinoletta (L.) - A common nesting bird in the alpine zone of the Maly Abakan area.
6. Yellow Wagtail - Motacilla flava (L.) - Numerous nesting bird in floodplain meadows and swamps, lake shores in the steppe areas of the reserve.
7. Yellow-headed Wagtail - Motacilla citreola (Pall.) - A small nesting species of floodplain meadows and swamps of the steppe areas of the reserve.
8. Mountain Wagtail - Motacilla cinerea (Tunst.) - A common nesting bird in the rivers and streams of the Maly Abakan site.
9. White Wagtail - Motacilla alba (L.) - A common nesting species in all parts of the reserve. Prefers to nest in human structures and rock niches.

Shrike family - Laniidae

1. Siberian Shrike - Lanius cristatus (L.) - Rare breeding species. Breeds in areas "Oglakhty" and "Small Abakan".
2. The common shrike - Lanius collurio (L.) - is a common nesting species in the areas "Podzaploty", "Oglakhty", "Itkul", "Khol-Bogaz" and "Small Abakan".
3. Gray Shrike - Lanius excubitor (L.) - A rare breeding species listed in the Red Data Books of Russia and the Republic of Khakassia. In the steppe areas of the reserve it occurs during the winter nomadic period.

family Orioles- Oriolidae

1. Oriole - Oriolus oriolus (L.) - A common nesting species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. Most numerous in the area "Oglakhty".

Starling family - Sturnidae

1. The common starling - Sturnus vulgaris (L.) - is found in all steppe areas of the reserve, using them as food biotopes until departure. In the thickets of steppe shrubs and reed thickets, massive overnight stays are noted. So, in sea buckthorn thickets on Lake Itkul, it collects up to 2-3 thousand individuals for the night.

Corvidae family - Corvidae

1. Kuksha - Perisoreus infaustus (L.) - Sedentary and semi-sedentary species of dark coniferous taiga and mountain woodlands of the "Small Abakan" section.
2. Jay - Garrulus glandarius (L.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species in the area "Small Abakan". In the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve is rarely found during winter migrations.
3. Magpie - Pica pica (L.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species of the steppe areas of the reserve. In winter, most of the birds migrate to settlements.
4. Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.) is a common sedentary and semi-sedentary species of the dark coniferous taiga and mountain woodlands of the Maly Abakan section. During the years of poor harvest of pine nuts, mass migrations are noted up to the steppe belt.
5. Chough - Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.) - Common settled and semi-sedentary species with limited distribution. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. It is found in the reserve at the site "Oglakhty", where the largest colonies in Khakassia are noted.
6. Jackdaw - Corvus monedula (L.) - A common nesting and flying bird in the steppe areas of the reserve. The species was recorded nesting in the areas "Podzaploty", "Oglakhty", "Khol-Bogaz". In other areas, it is observed during foraging flights. The highest nesting density was noted in the Oglakhty area, where it nests in colonies in rock niches.
7. Rook - Corvus frugilegus (L.) - Common nesting species. In the reserve nests on the site "Oglakhty".
8. Black crow - Corvus corone (L.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species in all steppe areas of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" a rare nesting bird, winters irregularly.
9. Raven - Corvus corax (L.) - A common bird nesting and wandering in winter in all parts of the reserve. In the steppe areas of the reserve it nests in the areas "Podzaploty", "Khol-Bogaz" and "Oglakhty".

Wax family - Bombicillidae

1. Waxwing - Bombicilla garrulus (L.) - Rare in the reserve, in some years a common migrant for the winter. The largest number was noted in the thickets of sea buckthorn at the Itkul site.

Olya family - Cinclidae

1. Dipper - Cinclus cinclus (L.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species of rivers and streams of the "Small Abakan" section.

Family Zavirushkovye - Prinellidae

1. Alpine Accentor – Prunella collaris (Scop.) – A common breeding species in the alpine zone of the Maly Abakan area. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
2. Himalayan Accirer – Prunella himalayana (Blyth.) – A common breeding species in the alpine belt of the “Small Abakan” area.
3. Pale hawker – Prunella fulvescens (Sev.) – A common breeding species in the alpine zone of the Maly Abakan area.
4. Black-headed Accumulator – Prunella atrogularis (Brandt.) – A common breeding species in the high-mountain belt of the Maly Abakan area.
5. Siberian Accentor – Prunella montanella (Pall.) – A common breeding species in the highland zone of the “Small Abakan” area.

Warbler family - Sylviidae

1. Lesser Pied Breast – Bradypterus thoracicus (Blyth.) – Breeding little studied species. Inhabits dark coniferous forests, floodplains of rivers and streams, mountain woodlands of the Maly Abakan area.
2. Siberian Pied Breast – Bradypterus tacsanowskius (Swinh.) – Breeding little-studied species. Breeds in dark coniferous forests and mountain woodlands of the Maly Abakan site. Relatively common. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
3. Taiga cricket – Locustella fasciolata (Gray.) – A common nesting species in floodplain forests at the Maly Abakan site.
4. Song cricket - Locustella certhiola (Pall.) - A common nesting species of floodplain forests and shrub "caltus" of the "Small Abakan" area.
5. Common cricket - Locustella naevia (Bodd.) - A small nesting species in thickets of floodplain shrubs at the sites "Podzaploty", "Itkul". On the site "Small Abakan" is quite common.
6. Spotted cricket - Locustella lanceolata (Temm.) - A common nesting species of floodplain thickets of bushes in the areas "Podzaploty", "Itkul" and "Small Abakan".
7. Badger warbler - Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (L.) - Common, and in some areas numerous bird of floodplain shrubs and reed beds. The species was recorded at the Podzaploty, Shira, Itkul, and Malyi Abakan sites.
8. Indian warbler - Acrocephalus agricola (Jerd.) - Rare nesting bird in floodplain shrubs and reed beds. Breeds on sites “Podzaploty”, “Itkul”.
9. Garden warbler – Acrocephalus dumetorum (Blyth) – Common, in places numerous breeding bird. Inhabits various forest biotopes, however, it prefers floodplain landscapes.
10. Northern Warbler – Hippolais caligala (Licht.) – Common, in some places numerous, nesting bird in thickets of steppe and floodplain shrubs. The species was noted in all steppe areas of the reserve.
11. Garden warbler – Sylvia borin (Bodd.) – Recorded as a common breeding species in the “Oglakhty” site.
12. Gray Warbler - Sylvia communis (Lath.) - A common nesting species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve.
13. Warbler – Sylvia curruca (L.) – A common nesting species of the tree-shrub complex in the sites “Podzaploty”, “Shira”, “Itkul”, “Oglakhty”, “Khol-Bogaz” and “Maly Abakan”.
14. Willow Warbler – Phylloscopus trochilus (L.) – A rare migrant, possibly nesting, species in the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site “Small Abakan” a common nesting bird.
15. Chiffchaff – Phylloscopus collybita (Vieill.) – A common, in some places numerous nesting species of the tree-shrub complex of the reserve's sites (1,3,6,7,39).
16. Talovka warbler – Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.) – A rare nesting species of the tree-shrub complex of the reserve's areas.
17. Green warbler – Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sund.) – A small migratory species in the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site “Small Abakan” a common nesting bird.
18. Lightning warbler – Phylloscopus inornatus (Blyht.) – A common migratory species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. There are numerous nesting birds on the site “Small Abakan”.
19. King's Warbler – Phylloscopus proregulus (Pall.) – A common breeding species in the Maly Abakan area.
20. Brown warbler – Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyht.) – A common nesting species of the tree and shrub complex of the reserve's sites. Most numerous in shrub "caltus" and cedar woodlands.
21. Thick-billed warbler – Phylloscopus schwarzi (Radde) – A common nesting species of the tree-shrub complex of the reserve's areas. The greatest number was noted in floodplain taiga forests.

King family - Regulidae

1. Yellow-headed Kinglet – Regulus regulus (L.) – A common winter breeding and roaming species in the “Small Abakan” area.

Flycatcher family - Muscicapidae

1. Taiga Flycatcher – Ficedula mugimaki (Temm.) – A common nesting species of taiga and subalpine sparse forests in the “Small Abakan” site.
2. Lesser Flycatcher – Ficedula parva (Bechs.) – A common nesting species of taiga forests in the “Small Abakan” site. In the copses of the steppe areas - a rare migratory bird.
3. Gray Flycatcher – Muscicapa striata (Pall.) – A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the reserve.
4. Siberian flycatcher – Muscicapa sibirica (Gmel.) – A rare migratory species of copses in the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site “Small Abakan” - a common nesting bird.
5. Broad-beaked Flycatcher - Muscicapa latirostris (Raffles) - Rare migratory species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. There is a rare nesting bird on the “Small Abakan” site.
6. Black-headed coin – Saxicola torquata (L.) – Common breeding species, numerous in places, on the steppe areas of the reserve. On the site “Small Abakan” there is a small nesting bird of cedar woodlands and dwarf birch thickets.
7. Wheatear – Oenanthe oenanthe (L.) – A common nesting species in the steppe areas of the reserve.
8. Pleschanka Wheatear – Oenanthe pleschanka (Lep.) – Recorded at the “Oglakhty” site as a common nesting bird (1,3,6,7,39).
9. Dancing Wheatear – Oenanthe isabellina (Temm.) – A common breeding species in the steppe areas of the reserve.
10. Common Redstart – Phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.) – A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the reserve.
11. Red-backed Redstart – Phoenicurus erythronotus (Eversm.) – Few breeding species of the alpine zone of the “Small Abakan” area.
12. Red-bellied Redstart – Phoenicurus erythrogaster (Guld.) – Few breeding species of the high-mountain belt of the Maly Abakan area. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
13. Rubythroat - Luscinia callioppi (Pall.) - A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the reserve. Most numerous in the area "Small Abakan".
14. Bluethroat - Luscinia svecica (L.) - A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the reserve. Prefers floodplain areas.
15. Blue Nightingale – Luscinia cyane (Pall.) – Common breeding species. Breeds in dark coniferous forests and mountain woodlands of the Maly Abakan site. Found on migration at Khol-Bogaz site.
16. Whistler Nightingale – Luscinia sibilans (Swinh.) – Common breeding species dark coniferous forests area "Small Abakan".
17. Bluetail – Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall.) – A common nesting species in the taiga forests of the “Small Abakan” area and a rare migratory species in the copses of the steppe areas.
18. Olive thrush - Turdus obscurus (Gmelin) - A common nesting species in dark coniferous and subalpine forests, as well as in sparse cedar forests of the Maly Abakan area.
19. Red-throated Thrush – Turdus ruficollis (Pall.) – A common nesting species in subalpine forests and Siberian stone pine woodlands of the Maly Abakan area.
20. Black-throated Thrush - Turdus atrogularis (Jarocki) - A common breeding and irregular wintering species of trees and shrubs in the reserve.
21. Fieldfare - Turdus pilaris (L.) - A common nesting and winter roaming species of trees and shrubs in the reserve.
22. Redwing – Turdus iliacus (L.) – Few breeding species in the areas “Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty” and “Khol-Bogaz”. On the site “Small Abakan” - a common nesting bird.
23. Song Thrush – Turdus philomelos (C.L. Brehm.) – A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the areas of the reserve. Breeds on the site "Khol-Bogaz" (very rare) and on the site "Small Abakan" (common). In other areas it occurs on migration (1,3,7,39).
24. Mistletoe - Turdus viscivorus (L.) - In the copses of the steppe areas occurs during migration (common). Possibly breeds on the site “Khol-Bogaz”. On the site “Small Abakan” is a common breeding species.
25. Variegated Thrush – Zoothera dauma (Lath.) – A common breeding species in the dark coniferous forests of the Maly Abakan area.

Family Sutorovye - Parodoxornithidae

1. Whiskered Tit - Panurus biarmicus (L.) - A common resident and semi-resident species of reed beds around the lakes of the steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

Family Long-tailed tits - Aegitholidae

1. Long-tailed Tit – Aeguthalos caudatus (L.) – Common resident and semi-resident species in the “Small Abakan” area. In the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve, a small nomadic species.

Tit family - Paridae

1. Brown-headed titmouse – Parus montanus (Bald.) – Common resident and semi-resident species in the Podzaploty, Oglakhty, Khol-Bogaz and Maly Abakan areas. In other areas it occurs on winter migrations.
2. Moskovka - Parus ater (L.) - A common sedentary and semi-sedentary species of dark coniferous forests of the "Small Abakan" site. Occasionally nests in the Khol-Bogaz area. In other areas it occurs during winter migrations.
3. Grey-headed tit - Parus cinctus (Bodd.) - Sedentary and semi-sedentary species of taiga and subalpine forests of the Maly Abakan site.
4. Blue Tit – Parus cyanus (Pall.) – A common settled and semi-sedentary species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve.
5. Great Tit – Parus major (L.) – Common resident and semi-resident species in the areas “Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty”, “Itkul” and “Khol-Bogaz”. In other steppe areas of the reserve it occurs during winter migrations. There is a rare nesting and irregular wintering bird on the “Small Abakan” site.

Family Nuthatch - Sittidae

1. Common nuthatch – Sitta europaea (L.) – Common resident and semi-residential species in the Podzaploty, Oglakhty, Malyi Abakan, and Khol-Bogaz sites.

Family Pishukha - Certhiidae

1. Common pika – Certhia familiaris (L.) – Common breeding and winter migrant species. Inhabits the sites “Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty”, “Small Abakan” and “Khol-Bogaz”.

Family Passerines - Passeridae

1. Tree Sparrow - Passer montanus (L.) - Common resident and semi-resident species in the Itkul, Oglakhty, and Bele sites. In other areas, it is a common nesting and nomadic species in winter.

Finch family - Fringillidae

1. Chaffinch - Fringilla coelebs (L.) - A common nesting species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. Rare on the site “Small Abakan”.
2. Finch – Fringilla montifringilla (L.) – A common nesting species in the sites “Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty”, “Small Abakan” and “Khol-Bogaz”.
3. Siskin - Spinus spinus (L.) - A common breeding and irregular wintering species in the area "Small Abakan".
4. Black-headed Goldfinch – Carduelis carduelis (L.) – Few nesting and winter roaming species in the areas “Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty”, “Khol-Bogaz”. In other areas - a common nomadic species in winter.
5. Grey-headed Goldfinch – Carduelis caniceps (Vigor.) – A common breeding and winter roaming species in the areas “Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty”, “Khol-Bogaz”. In other areas - the usual nomadic species.
6. Linnet - Acanthis cannabina (L.) - A common nesting species in copses and steppe areas of the reserve.
7. Mountain tap-dancing - Acanthis flavirostris (L.) - An exceptionally rare breeding species of the alpine zone of the "Small Abakan" area.
8. Common Red-Rock - Acanthis flammea (L.) - Migratory species for the winter. In winter, it is numerous in all parts of the reserve.
9. Ash-colored tap dance - Acanthis hornemanni (Holb.) - Migratory species for the winter. In winter, it is common in all parts of the reserve.
10. Himalayan finches – Leucostiete nemoricola (Hodg.) – A common breeding species in the alpine zone of the “Small Abakan” area.
11. Siberian finches – Leucostiete arctoa (Pall.) – A common breeding and winter roaming species of the alpine belt of the “Small Abakan” area. During winter migrations, it occurs in the steppe and forest-steppe belts.
12. Common lentil - Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.) - A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the areas of the reserve.
13. Siberian lentil – Carpodacus roseus (Pall.) – A common breeding and irregular wintering species in the “Small Abakan” area. During winter migrations, it occurs in the steppe and forest-steppe belts.
14. Greater lentil – Carpodacus rubicilla (Guld.) – A common breeding and possibly irregular wintering species in the “Small Abakan” area.
15. Long-tailed lentil - Uragus sibiricus (Pall.) - A common settled and semi-sedentary species of copses and shrubs of the steppe areas of the reserve.
16. Shchur – Pinicola enucleator (L.) – A common resident and semi-resident species in the “Small Abakan” area. During winter migrations, it occurs at the Podzaploty and Khol-Bogaz sites.
17. Common crossbill – Loxia curvirostra (L.) – A common nesting and nomadic species in dark coniferous forests of the “Small Abakan” area.
18. White-winged crossbill – Loxia leucoptera (Gmel.) – A common breeding and nomadic species in dark coniferous forests. In winter, during the period of migrations, it was recorded at the sites “Podzaploty” and “Khol-Bogaz”.
19. Common bullfinch – Pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.) – Common nesting and winter roaming species at “Small Abakan” site. In the steppe areas of the reserve, it is a common migratory species for the winter.
20. Gray Bullfinch – Pyrrhula cineracea (Cab.) – A common resident and nomadic species in the “Small Abakan” site in winter. In the steppe areas of the reserve, it is a rare migratory species for the winter. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
21. Grosbeak grosbeak – Coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.) – A common breeding and irregular wintering species of the “Small Abakan” site. In the copses of the steppe areas, a common migratory and rare flying species, possibly nesting.
22. Common bunting - Emberiza citrinella (L.) - A common breeding and winter roaming species in all steppe areas of the reserve. There is a rare nesting bird on the “Small Abakan” site.
23. White-capped Bunting - Emberiza leucocephala (S.G.Gmel.) - A common nesting species of trees and shrubs in the reserve.
24. Red-eared bunting - Emberiza cioides (Brandt.) - A common resident and semi-resident species of the steppe areas of the reserve.
25. Reed Bunting - Emberiza schoeniclus (L.) - A rare, possibly nesting species in the areas "Podzaploty", "Shira", "Itkul"
26. Remez bunting – Emberiza rustica (Pall.) – A common migratory species in all parts of the reserve.
27. Little bunting - Emberiza pusilla (Pall.) - A common migratory species in all parts of the reserve.
28. Dubrovnik - Emberiza aureola (Pall.) - A common breeding species throughout the reserve.
29. Garden bunting - Emberiza hortulana (L.) - A common nesting species of copses and bushes in the steppe areas of the reserve.
30. Grey-headed Bunting - Emberiza spodocephala (Pall.) - A common nesting bird in the mountain taiga of the Maly Abakan area.
31. Polar bunting - Emberiza pallasi (Caban.) - A rare breeding species of the alpine belt of the "Small Abakan" area.
32. Plantain – Calcarius lapponicus (L.) – a numerous migratory species of the steppe areas of the reserve. Winters irregularly. Up to 5-8 thousand individuals fly in the vicinity of Ulukh-Kol and Bele lakes in spring and autumn.
33. Snow bunting – Plectrophenas nivalis (L.) – A common winter migrant. In winter, it is regularly observed in all steppe areas of the reserve.

mammals

Insectivora order - Insectivora

Mole family - Talpidae

1. Siberian mole - Talpa altaica (Nicolsry). Normal look. In the steppe areas of the reserve, it occurs along the edges of copses, meadow steppes, upland steppe and floodplain meadows. On the site "Small Abakan" along the river valleys, subalpine and alpine meadows

Shrew family - Soricidae

1. Common shrew - Sorex araneus (L.). Widespread species. It is rare in the copses of the steppe areas and is common in the taiga forests on the site "Small Abakan". Outnumbers other species.
   1. Arctic shrew - Sorex arcticus (Kerr.). A common widespread species from the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve to the high-mountain belt of the "Small Abakan" area.
   2. Equal-toothed shrew - Sorex isodon (Turov.). Occurs in the area "Small Abakan" in the dark coniferous taiga and high mountain belt. The number is unknown.
   3. The middle shrew - Sorex caecutiens (Laxmann.). Widespread species. In the copses of the steppe areas, it is not numerous, on the site "Small Abakan" it is common.
   4. Lesser shrew - Sorex minutus (L.). Widespread species. In the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve is rare. ON the site "Small Abakan" it is common in the dark coniferous taiga and the upper border of the forest.
   5. Tiny shrew - Sorex minitissimus (Zimm.). A small, but widespread species It occurs in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve, and in the area "Small Abakan" - in the taiga forests and high mountain belt.
   6. Water shrew - Neomys fodiens (Penn.). A rare species, listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Found on the Kizilka River, in the steppe section of the Podzaploty nature reserve.

Order Chiroptera - Chiroptera

The family of smooth-nosed bats Nespertilionidae

1. Pond bat - Myotis dasycneme (Boie.). A rare species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. It is found mainly in the foothills. On the territory of the reserve, it is apparently found only in the areas "Podzaploty" and "Oglakhty".
2. Water bat - Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl.). a common, widespread species, listed in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Meetings are possible at the sites "Oglakhty", "Lake Itkul".
3. Mustachioed bat - Myotis brandti (Eversm.). A common species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. In the reserve, it occurs in almost all steppe areas and in the Maly Abakan area.
4. Brandt's bat - Myotis brandti (Eversm.). An understudied look. Possibly found in the areas "Small Abakan" and "Podlistvenki".
5. Brown eared bat - Plecotus auritus (L.). A small species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Recorded in the steppe areas of the reserve and in the area "Small Abakan".
6. Northern leather jacket - Eptesicus nissoni (Keus. et Blas). A common, in some places numerous species, listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Found in all parts of the reserve.
7. Two-color leather - Vespertilio murinus (L.) A rare, little-studied species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Occurs in the area "Small Abakan". Possibly inhabits the Podzaploty and Khol-Bogaz sites.
8. Large tube-nosed - Murina leucogaster (Milne - Edw.). A rare little-studied species, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Occurs in the area "Small Abakan". Meetings are possible at the Podzaploty and Khol-Bogaz sections.

Squad Lagomorpha - Lagomorpha

The Zaitsev family Leporidae

1. White hare - Lepus timidus (L.). A typical view at the "Small Abakan" site. Rarely found in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. The population density in the "Small Abakan" section is 3.4 (1.4-21.3) inhabitants/thousand ha. ha., in the steppe areas 4.4 (0.3 - 8.5) ind./thous. ha.
2. Hare - hare - Lepus europaeus (Pall.). A common sight in all steppe areas of the reserve. The population density is 8.6 (2–32.9) inhabitants/thousand inhabitants. ha.
3. Alpine pika - Ochotona alpina (Pall.). a typical view on the site "Small Abakan".

Order Rodents - Rodenita

Flying family - Pteromydae

1. Flying squirrel - Pteromis volans (L.). A typical view at the "Small Abakan" site.

Squirrel family - Seiuridae

1. Common squirrel - Sciurus vulgaris (L.). A typical view at the "Small Abakan" site. During the years of mass migrations, it occurs in the steppe areas of the Podzaploty and Khol-Bogaz nature reserves. The population in the Maly Abakan section is subject to strong annual fluctuations. On average, the density of the population is 16.8 (2 - 66.8) inhabitants/thousand ha.
2. Chipmunk - Eutaminus sibiricus (Lahm.). A common, in some places numerous species at the site "Small Abakan". In the steppe areas of the reserve (“Podzaploty”, “Oglakhty”, “Khol-Bogaz”) are numerous.
3. Long-tailed ground squirrel - Citellus undulatus (Pall.). A common sight in all parts of the reserve. Previously, in the 1960-1970s, it was numerous up to 45-60 ind./100 ha, currently 5-7 ind./100 ha.
4. Red-cheeked ground squirrel - Citellus erythrogenus (Brandt.). An exceptionally rare species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. N.A. was caught on the territory of the reserve. Kokhanovsky in the 1960s at the Oglakhty site. Currently, it is not recorded in the reserve (possibly disappeared).

Jerboa family - Dipodidae

1. Steppe mouse - Sicista subtilis (Pall.). Recorded in all steppe areas of the reserve, the number is not established.
2. Forest mouse - Sicista betulina (Pall.). Numerous species in the copses of the steppe areas of the reserve. Possibly found in the area "Small Abakan" in herbaceous floodplain forests.

Mouse family - Muridae

1. Gray rat - Rattus norvegicus (Berk.). A rare species of steppe areas of the reserve. Occurs in places of former koshar.
2. House mouse - Mus musculus (L.). A rare species of the steppe areas of the reserve. It occurs in places of former sheepfolds and thickets of weedy vegetation.
3. Field mouse - Apodemus agrarius (Pall.). A common sight in all steppe areas of the reserve.
4. East Asian mouse - Apodemus speciosus (Thom.). Numerous species of copses in the steppe areas of the reserve. Common in the area "Small Abakan".
5. Mouse - baby - Micromus minutus (Pall.). a small species of copses in the steppe areas of the reserve in the area "Small Abakan".

Hamster family - Cricetidae

1. Muskrat - Ondatra zibethica (L.). Usually on the site "Podzaploty", where 1 km. Kizilka river accounts for 6-8 residential muskrat huts. Less common in the Itkul area.
2. Djungarian hamster - Phodopus sungorus (Pall.). Inhabits all steppe areas of the reserve. A rare species, except for the sites "Bele" and "Itkul". In the past, the numbers were quite high.
3. Common hamster - Cricetus cricetus (L.). In the past common, now exceptionally rare species (10). In the 1960s, it was found in the area of ​​Lake Bele and the site "Oglakhty" (2). At present, it has not been recorded on the territory of the reserve.
4. Bank vole - Clethriobomys glareolus (Schreb.). Occurs in the area "Small Abakan". Population unknown, possibly rare.
5. Red-backed vole - Clethriobomys rutilus (Pall.). A rare species of copses in the steppe areas of the reserve (11). On the site "Small Abakan" is numerous.
6. Red-backed vole - Clethriobomys rufocanus (Sund.). A rare species of copses in the steppe areas of the reserve (11). On the site "Small Abakan" is numerous.
7. Forest lemming - Myopus schisticolor (L.). Occurs in the taiga and alpine belts at the site "Small Abakan" (1). The number is unknown.
8. Big-eared vole - Alticola maerotus (Radd.). Occurs in the alpine belt at the site "Small Abakan".
9. Silver vole - Alticola agrentatus (Severtz.). We met in the rocky steppe area "Bele". Possibly found in the areas "Podzaploty", "Oglakhty" and "Khol-Bogaz".
10. Steppe pied - Lagurus lagurus (Pall.). Numerous species in all steppe areas of the reserve. The population density in the Itkul site in small soddy steppes is 5-10 individuals/100 traps. day
11. Water vole - Arvicola terrestris (L.). A common view at the Podzaploty, Itkul, and Shira sections.
12. Narrow-skulled vole - Microtus gregalis (Pall.). Numerous species in all steppe areas of the reserve. The population density in the Itkul site in the small soddy steppes is 8-12 ind./100 trap. day
13. Common vole - Microtus arvalis (Pall.). A common sight in all parts of the reserve.
14. Field vole - Microtus agrestis (L.). Occurs in the area "Small Abakan".
15. Housekeeper vole - Microtus oeconomus (Pall.). Occurs in the areas "Podlistvenki" and "Small Abakan".

Squad Carnivora - Carnivora

The dog family Canidae

1. Wolf - Canis lupus (L.). It occurs mainly in winter in all steppe areas of the reserve (10-15 individuals). The largest number was noted at the sites "Podzaploty" and "Khol-Bogaz", breeding of 1-2 pairs also occurs here. In addition, breeding of 1 pair is possible in the buffer zone of the Kamyzyakskaya steppe site. On the site "Small Abakan" appeared in the 1980s. So, in the winter of 1986/1987. a pack of wolves of 7 individuals killed 6 deer on winter sludge in the upper reaches of the Bolshoy Anzas and Tartash rivers. The population density in winter in the steppe areas of the reserve is 0.2 (0.02-0.3) ind./1000 ha. on the site "Small Abakan" 0.02 ind./1000 ha. (8.12).
2. Common fox - Vulpes vulpes (L.). A common sight in all steppe areas of the reserve. The population density is 4 (0.7-10) inhabitants/1000 ha. on the site "Small Abakan" is rare.
3. Red wolf - Cuon alpinus (Pall.). A rare nomadic species of the Western Sayan, listed in the Red Books of the IUCN, Russia and Khakassia. Its rare visits to the territory of the buffer zone of the Maly Abakan site are noted. According to survey data, red wolves in different years met in the river basin. Karatosh, in the upper reaches of the Izerla and Kyzylkuzunsu rivers. In 1983, a single, severely emaciated wolf was encountered in the upper reaches of the river. She.
4. Brown bear - Ursus arctos (L.). A common species at the site "Small Abakan", where the total number is about 100 - 110 individuals, with a population density of 1 - 1.5 ind. / 1000 ha (12). There are rare visits of a bear to the Podlistvenki site.

marten family - Mustellidae

1. Sable - Martes zibellina (L.). Background view at the site “Small Abakan. The average population density in winter is 9.9 (0.9 - 41.4) ind./1000 ha. (8). So with a density of up to 10 ind. / 1000 ha. - by 20% and with a density of more than 20 ind./1000 ha - by 15% of the route. The number on the site "Small Abakan" is 1020 - 1280 individuals (1998 - 1999).
2. Steppe polecat - Mustela enersmani (Less.). A small species of the steppe areas of the reserve. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. The population density in winter is 2.7 (0.2–8) ind./1000 ha.
3. American mink - Mustela vison (Schr.). The usual view of the site "Small Abakan". The population density is 3.1 (1.1–7.4) residents/10 km. rivers. There are single visits of mink in the autumn on the river. Kizilka (section "Podzaploty").
4. Kolonok - Mustela Sibirica (Pall.). A rare species in the area "Small Abakan" and rare in the steppe areas of the reserve "Podzaploty" and "Khol-Bogaz". The population density in winter is 2.3 ind./1000 ha.
5. Stoat - Mustela erminea (L.). A common sight in all parts of the reserve. The population density in the steppe areas of the reserve in winter is 4.6 (1.5–13.7) ind./1000 ha.
6. Weasel - Mustela nivalis (L.). A common inhabitant of all steppe areas of the reserve, where the population density in winter is 1.4 (0.6–3.5) ind./1000 ha. The number in the "Small Abakan" area is unknown.
7. Wolverine - Gulo gulo (L.). A typical view at the "Small Abakan" site. The population density is 0.2 (0.03–1.8) inhabitants/1000 ha.
8. Otter - Lutra lutra (L.). A rare species at the site "Small Abakan". Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. About 40-50 individuals live on the territory of the site. The population density in winter is 1.1 (0.5–2) inhabitants/10 km of the river.
9. Badger - Meles meles (L.). Found in all parts of the reserve. It is common in the steppe areas "Podzaploty", "Khol-Bogaz", "Oglakhty", and on Lake Bele, settlements are found in open areas of the steppe.

The cat family Fallidat

1. Lynx - Lynx lynx (L.). A common view on the territory of the "Small Abakan" site. The population density in winter is 0.2 (0.09 - 0.3) individuals / 1000 ha, but the number is much higher, because the bulk migrates after the ungulates in the low mountains. Occasionally, lynx visits to the Khol-Bogaz and Podzaploty sections are noted. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.
2. Snow leopard - Uncia uncia (Schred.). An exceptionally rare nomadic species listed in the Red Data Books of the IUCN, Russia and Khakassia. Repeatedly noted in the buffer zone of the "Small Abakan" area - in the upper reaches of the Kyzylkuzuksu, Right and Middle Kaila rivers. The greatest number of meetings falls on the basin of the river. Karatosh is located at an altitude of 1500 - 2600 m and differs from other areas in having little snow (15 - 30 cm) and the spread of high mountain steppes, which causes a concentration here, including in winter, of ungulates - elk, deer, roe deer, reindeer , Siberian mountain goat, wild boar (10). The number on the site "Small Abakan" is 2 - 3 individuals.

Order Artiodactyls - Artiodactyla

The pig family Suidae

1. Wild boar - Sus scrofa (L.). Occurs on the territory of the site "Small Abakan". Normal look. In winter, some of them stay in cedar forests, the other part migrates to areas with little snow. The population density in winter is 2.4 (0.5 - 28.8) inhabitants/1000 ha. In summer it is found everywhere, from the taiga to the high mountain belts.

Musk deer family - Moschidae

1. Musk deer - Moschus moschiferus (L.). A typical view at the "Small Abakan" site. The population density in winter is 2.0 (1–17) inhabitants/1000 ha. However, the number is greatly underestimated as a result of underestimation, according to previous censuses, the number of musk deer in this area averages 5.8 ind./1000 ha, and in some areas up to 20 or more individuals per 1000 ha. Listed in the Appendix to the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

Deer family - Cervidae

1. Elk - Alces alces (L.). A rare species at the site "Small Abakan". Calls were noted both in summer and in winter at the Khol-Bogaz and Podzaploty sections. The population density in the winter period at the Maly Abakan site is 0.2 (0.1–1.2) ind./1000 ha.
2. Maral - Cervus elaphus (L.). A common sight at the Malyi Abakan section and a rare occurrence at the Khol-Bogaz section. On the site "Small Abakan" there are the main summer habitats of deer and calving places. In winter, it migrates to the low mountains, however, there are winter “local” wintering places. The average winter population density is 1.7 (0.3–10.8) individuals/1000 ha.
3. Roe deer - Capreolus pygargus (Pall.). A common species found in all parts of the reserve. On the site "Small Abakan" it is observed in the summer, migrates to the low mountains for the winter. On the steppe areas "Oglakhty", "Podzaploty", "Khol-Bogaz" occurs all year round. In winter, the population density in these areas is 2.5 (0.4–9.2) ind./1000 ha. In snowy years, the number increases to 11.6 (2–30.8) ind./1000 ha.
4. Reindeer - Rangifer tarandus valentinae (Flerov.). Occurs in the alpine zone of the "Small Abakan" site. Recorded repeatedly in the buffer zone and nearby areas (upper reaches of the rivers Karatosh, Izerla, Middle Kaila, Ona). Listed in the Red Books of Russia and Khakassia.

The Bovid family - Bovidae

1. Siberian mountain goat - Capra sibirica (Pall.). Occurs in the buffer zone of the site "Small Abakan", in mountain steppes (southern slope of Karatosh). Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia.

Khakassia, in its vast expanses, has many protected areas organized by the state in order to save various representatives of the fauna, in order to increase their population. Because due to the active life of a person in the territory that used to belong exclusively to the local fauna, animals suffered. Of course, hundreds of species disappear not only through the fault of people, but humanity is guilty of this by seventy percent.

To date, only vertebrates have been studied on the territory of the state reserve of Khakassia, and the rest of the local nature is still a mystery.

One of these representatives, listed in the Red Book, which are under the strict supervision of people because of their small numbers, is snow leopard or Snow Leopard.

On this moment their numbers are very small, there are about 1300 individuals worldwide. And in Khakassia, according to the data of the beginning of the 20th century, there were approximately 20-50 individuals. To date, only 5-8 representatives of the species keep within the republic.

The main factor in the disappearance of such a wonderful animal was poaching. The snow leopard has beautiful, thick fur, which is why it has become popular among illegal hunters. His skin is highly valued and in great demand. And demand, as you know, creates supply.

The impudence of poachers was, and remains, so great that loops for catching animals were found on the territory of the reserve, where hunting is prohibited. In particular, hunting for the snow leopard is prohibited everywhere as part of a program to increase the population of this species.

Also one of the endangered species listed in the Red Book of Khakassia is river otter.

The otter also suffered from the hands of poachers. The illegal sale of otter skins is very common to this day. Otter hunting is also prohibited, but it is also known that 12-14 otters per year are illegally killed. The condition of this species is not as bad as the condition of the snow leopard, but it is also close to dangerous.

According to various estimates, from 200 to 400 representatives of the species live on the territory of Khakassia. The data is different. Another problem for the otter is bad ecology and illegal fishing. By polluting rivers, we deprive river otters of their natural habitat. And abundant illegal fishing deprives otters of food.

Otters live on the territory of the state reserve of Khakassia, where they are monitored in order to increase the population.

Animals suffer every year at the hands of humans. We should be at least a little kinder to our smaller brothers: protect their natural homes, not create demand for the carcasses of Red Book animals, monitor the environment. Study this topic in the lessons in the primary grades and prepare messages and short reports to highlight this issue.

6th grade students of MBOU "KSSOSH" Afonin Sergey, Duryagin Ivan, Petrov Nikita, Kraev Ilya, Ivanova Polina

The purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia.

This goal is realized by solving the following tasks:

To study and analyze studies on the flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia, as well as characterize the anthropogenic impact;

The subject of this study is flora and fauna. The object of the study is the Republic of Khakassia with its biogeographical diversity.

The structure of this work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study and, in accordance with this, it consists of: an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a literature review.

Research topic - Plant and animal world Republic of Khakassia: Modern floristic and faunal composition. History of study and anthropogenic impact

Research Hypothesis – Diversity natural conditions, characteristic for each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation have led to a wide variety of vegetation types

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Research project in biology

Flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia Rare and endangered species

Done: 6th grade students

Afonin Sergey, Duryagin Ivan,

Petrov Nikita, Kraev Ilya,

Ivanova Polina, Zhuravlev Artem

Supervisor:

Teacher of biology, geography Khripakova M.L.

With. Kopyevo 2018

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3

Chapter 1 Literature Review

1. Animal is a biological being…………………….5
2. A plant is a biological being………………………6

Chapter 2. Object of study…………………………………………………9

1. Flora of the Republic of Khakassia.

1. History of development and originality of flora………...15
2. Modern floristic composition…………..16
3. The history of the study of vegetation cover………18

1. Fauna of the Republic of Khakassia.

1. Fauna of the Republic of Khakassia……………..23
2. The history of the study of the animal world……………….25

1. Man is nature.

1. The relationship of a person with the outside world..28

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...45

List of used literature ………………………………………

INTRODUCTION

The variety of natural conditions characteristic of each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation have led to a wide variety of vegetation types - steppe, forest, meadow, tundra and marsh. The history of the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia can be divided into several periods.

The names of D.G. Messerschmidt, and G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, Johann Sievers, who led the expeditions sent by the Russian Academy of Sciences to Asian Russia. The routes of these first academic expeditions passed through many regions of Siberia and partially captured the territory of modern Khakassia.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia.

This goal is realized by solving the following tasks:

To study and analyze studies on the flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia, as well as characterize the anthropogenic impact;

The subject of this study is flora and fauna. The object of the study is the Republic of Khakassia with its biogeographical diversity.

The structure of this work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study and, in accordance with this, it consists of: an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a literature review.

Research topic - Flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia: Modern floristic and faunal composition. History of study and anthropogenic impact

Research hypothesis - The variety of natural conditions characteristic of each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation have led to a wide variety of vegetation types

Chapter 1. Literature review.

1.1. An animal is a biological being.

Animals, the kingdom of living organisms, is one of the largest divisions in the system of the organic world. They probably appeared about 1-1.5 billion years ago in the sea in the form of cells resembling microscopic chlorophyll-free amoeboid flagellates. Terrestrial animals originate from marine and freshwater forms, but some of them have returned to habitation

IN aquatic environment. Animals appeared on Earth after prokaryotes, algae, fungi; the age of their reliable remains does not exceed 0.8 billion years. The remains of multicellular animals (coelenterates, worms, forms close to primitive arthropods) are first found in the Late Cambrian deposits of the Vendian system (690-570 million years ago). Since the beginning of the Cambrian period (570-490 million years ago), most groups of invertebrates with a mineralized (shell, or chitinous) external skeleton appear - trilobites, brachiopods, mollusks, archaeocyates. Since the end of the Cambrian, vertebrates (ancient relatives of cyclostomes) have been known to have an external skeleton. The development of land by animals began in the Silurian (445-400 million years ago) simultaneously with the appearance of land plants, the first representatives of scorpions are known from the late Silurian, at the end of the Devonian (400-345 million years ago) the first vertebrates appeared - archaic amphibians. In the Carboniferous (345-280 million years ago) Ra land was already dominated by invertebrates - insects, from vertebrates - primitive reptiles and amphibians. In the Mesozoic era (Triassic, Jura and Cretaceous; 230-66 million years ago), reptiles dominated. From the middle of the Triassic (230-195 million years ago), dinosaurs appeared, and at the very end - mammals. Birds have been known since the end of the Jura (195-136 million years ago). At the end of the Cretaceous (136-66 million years ago), many groups of marine invertebrates, marine and terrestrial reptiles, including dinosaurs, became extinct.

1.2. A plant is a biological being.

Our knowledge of plants is not yet sufficient, which is reflected in their classification and systematics. Until the middle of the twentieth century. All plants were traditionally divided into lower plants (bacteria, algae, slime molds, fungi, lichens) and higher plants (rhinium, bryophytes, psilots, lycopsids, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering, or angiosperms). At present, bacteria and fungi separate independent kingdoms, so the artificial grouping - lower plants - has retained mainly historical interest. In the modern sense, the plant kingdom includes three sub-kingdoms: purple, real algae, higher plants. These sub-kingdoms cover the entire diversity of the plant kingdom with a total number of species of about 350 thousand.

The origin of plants is associated with the first stages of the development of life on Earth. Even in the Archaean, organisms similar to blue-green algae or their predecessors appeared; about 2 billion years ago, blue-green algae with large thick shells arose, which, apparently, were already characterized by oxidative metabolism. True algae appeared in the Proterozoic. In the early Paleozoic, green and red algae are known, and other groups of true algae may have appeared at the same time. When plants began to conquer land is unknown. The first microscopic terrestrial plants probably also appeared at the border between the Proterozoic and the Poleozoic. The first higher land plants, rhinophytes, existed in the second half of the Selur. They had no roots, and the structural elements of the body were the so-called. telomas. In the Early Devonian, higher plants were already very diverse and had roots and rudiments of blood vessels. At the end of the Devonian, gymnosperms appeared, in the Carboniferous, tree-like ferns flourished, which were replaced in Perm by modern ferns. In the Carboniferous, conifers appeared, which, together with other gymnosperms, became widespread in the Triassic and Jurassic. The crown of plant evolution was flowering, which arose in the early Cretaceous and then became dominant in the flora of the Earth.

The special role of plants in the life of our planet is that without them the existence of animals and humans would be impossible. Only green plants containing chlorophyll are able to accumulate the energy of the sun, creating organic substances from inorganic ones; while plants extract CO from the atmosphere 2 and release O 2 maintaining its constant composition. as primary producers organic matter Plants are the defining link in the complex food chains of all heterotrophic organisms inhabiting the Earth. Land plants are represented by a wide variety of life forms. Growing in certain conditions, they form various plant communities, causing the landscape diversity of the Earth and an endless variety of ecological conditions for other organisms. With the direct participation of plants, soil and peat are formed; accumulations of fossil plants formed brown and hard coal.

Chapter 3. Object of study.

RH is located in the southwestern part of Central Siberia and occupies 61.5 thousand km 2 . It borders in the west with the Kemerovo Region, in the southwest with the Republic of Altai, in the south with the Republic of Tyva, in the southeast, east and north with the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is the central part of the Asian continent, which is part of the Altai - Sayan ecological region, also includes the territories of the republics of Altai, Tyva, the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The territory within the administrative boundaries of the three republics, as a natural object, is distinguished by a pronounced nature of biospheric processes, which is why almost all landscapes are represented here - natural areas Lands: semi-deserts, steppes, forest-steppes, taiga, high-mountain alpine meadows, high-mountain tundras and glaciers.

Rice. 1. Physical and geographical map of Khakassia

By the nature of natural conditions, Khakassia is heterogeneous and belongs to three large geographical regions: the Western Sayan, the Kuznetsk Highlands and the Minusinsk Basin, which are interconnected as separate parts of the Altai-Sayan mountain system.

Western Sayan on the territory of Khakassia it is represented by the western part of its northern macroslope, it occupies an area of ​​20.5 thousand km2. 2 and is a watershed between the basins of the Abakan and Yenisei rivers. The administrative border of Khakassia with Altai and Tuva passes along it. Eastern marks within the watershed range everywhere exceed 2000 m and increase in the south-west direction, reaching an absolute mark of 2930 m (Mount Karatogi).

The high-mountainous part is characterized by alpine landforms, the absence of woody vegetation and numerous traces of glacier activity (trough valleys, cirques, moraines, lakes). On the watershed of the Ona and Kantegir rivers, there is a large mountain junction with subparallel ridges (Kantegirsky, Joysky, Dzhebashsky) with elevations varying from 1500 to 2500 m. The forest boundary in the Western Sayan ranges runs at an altitude of 1500 - 1700 m. mid-mountain relief with heights of 800 - 1700 m, steep slopes and narrow river valleys. There are also small intermountain basins with a calmer, more harmonious relief.

The low-mountain belt is characteristic of complex spurs of mountain ranges; it stretches in a narrow strip around the Minusinsk basin.

Kuznetsk highlandson the territory of Khakassia, it includes the eastern macroslope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Abakan Ridge, the Batenevsky Ridge and covers an area of ​​19.5 thousand km2. 2 .

The mountain system occupies the entire western part of Khakassia, has a submeridional strike, is a watershed range between the Chulym and Tom rivers. Altitude marks here rise from north to south from 1250 - 1550 m (Belaya Mountain) to 2178 (Upper Tooth Mountain). The ridge is characterized by a combination of alpine high-mountain relief with traces of recent glacial activity (channels, troughs, plowing basins filled with lakes, etc.) with ridges covered with black taiga.

Mountain ranges of the second order depart from the main watershed ridge in the north-east direction, the largest of which are the Batenevsky ridge, the Cannes ridge. These highlands are characterized by medium and high mountain relief, their highest peaks (Mount Buya - 1373 m., etc.) do not rise above the forest line. Their territories are characterized by massively smoothed landforms, but with a large number of destroyed cars and circuses occupied by mountain lakes, snowfields in the Kuznetsk Alatau are found even at an altitude of 900-1000 m (Saralinskie squirrels).

The middle mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau, as in the Sayan Mountains, are characterized by steep mountain slopes and narrow river valleys. However, wide river valleys and intermountain closed basins (Ulenskaya, Balyksinskaya) are more common here.

The Abakan Ridge in the extreme south - western part of the republic stretches in the north - east direction, representing a natural watershed of the Bolshoy Abakan, Chulyman, Mrassu and Tom rivers. The height marks of the ridge range from 1600 to 1900 m. The maximum elevations in the northern part of the ridge (mountain Karlygan) reach 1747 m. In the southern part, on the border with the Altai Republic - 2510 m (mountain Kosbazhi). The lower mountain belt occupies a significant area of ​​outlying spurs, which are characterized by weak dissection and rounded mountain peaks with gentle slopes (with the exception of the southern ones). The low-mountain relief is also characteristic of the Batenevsky Ridge, which stretches from the Kuznetsk Alatau to the east to the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir. The wide and powerful development of limestones in the Kuznetsk Alatau contributes to the formation of a large number of caves on its territory.

Minusinsk basin, which is part of the territory of Khakassia with its western part and covers an area of ​​21.5 thousand km2. 2 , is divided by the Batenevsky Ridge into three independent basins: in the north of Chulym - Yenisei, in the south of Sydo - Yerbinskaya and Abakanskaya.

The relief of the basin is quite complex and is determined by a combination of hilly-flat spaces of river valleys and lakeside depressions with low hilly-ridged ridges, and small isolated mountain ranges, the separated peaks of which reach a height of 800-900 m.

The Chulym-Yenisei basin includes the Shirinskaya lake-hollow steppe, the Uzhur-Kopyevskaya hilly-ridged steppe, and the Iyusskaya forest-steppe. The Sydo-Erbinskaya basin consists of the Bograd hilly-hilly steppe and the Betenevskaya mountainous forest-steppe, the Abak4an basin - from the Abakan valley steppe, the Saksar rocky mountain steppe, the Uybat flat-hilly solonchak steppe, the Bidzhinskaya slightly hilly steppe, the Sorokoozernaya plain-saline-sandy hilly steppe, the Koybal steppes, the Sabinsky plain steppe, the Beisky mountainous-hilly steppe, the Juda foothill meadow steppe and the Tashtyp foothill steppe.

Climate Khakassia is sharply continental, with cold winters and hot summers. It is characterized by large fluctuations not only in annual, but also in average daily temperatures.

The average monthly temperatures of January in the steppe are minus 18-21 o C, mountains -16 o WITH; July - in the steppe 17 -19 o C, in the mountains - 12-15 o C (In some years, the minimum temperature may decrease to 52 O . The reason for such low winter temperatures is the conditions of orography, which contribute to the runoff and stagnation in the basin of cold air.). The duration of the frost-free period is from 80 to 120 days (in the steppes 100-120, in the forest-steppe 110-90, in the mountains less than 85 days).

Diagram No. 1 - Average monthly temperatures.

Atmospheric moisture is unstable and uneven, since most of the territory is located in the rain shadow of the Kuznetsk Highlands. The total annual precipitation in the steppe is 250-350 mm, in the forest-steppe 350-600 mm and in the mountains up to 1000 mm. The minimum precipitation (less than 250 mm) is received by the Shirinskaya and Uybatskaya steppes, and the maximum (1700 mm) is received by the Tom River basin and the area of ​​the Priiskovy settlement (1092 mm). Most of the precipitation occurs during the warm season. In winter (November - March), they fall in the steppe 24-49 mm, in the mountains 50-303 mm. Snow cover in the steppe lasts 140 days, with an average height of 13-15 cm, in the Uibat steppe 9 cm. However, snow is often blown away by winds into logs, ravines and other windy places. In the mountains, the snow cover lasts 220 days at an average height of 30-60 cm, and in the mountain taiga and high mountains it reaches a height of more than 1 meter.

Diagram No. 2 - The amount of annual precipitation (by natural zones).

The territory of Khakassia receives a large amount solar heat. The duration of sunshine is from 2030 hours in the Abakan steppe to 1950 hours in the dark coniferous taiga belt. The amount of radiation in the Abakan steppe is 100-105 kcal/cm 2 per year, which is much higher than in the western regions of the country located at the same latitudes.

The wind regime has a great influence on the climate. The weather in Khakassia is formed under the influence of continental air entering the rear of the western cyclones. In winter, in the conditions of the complex relief of the basin, cold air stagnates, temperature inversions, which are destroyed only during the passage of fronts with increased turbulent mixing. Often, especially in spring and in the first half of summer, tropical air enters Khakassia in front of the southwestern cyclones, bringing very hot and dry weather.

ground coverrepresented by a wide variety of soils: tundra and mountain-meadow soils along the tops of the ridges; podzolic, brown and gray forest on mountain slopes; chernozem and chestnut soils on the plains. There are sandy, sandy and loamy soil types. In general, ordinary and southern chernozems prevail in the territory of Khakassia (19% of the total area), which makes it possible to speak of the Minusinsk chernozem soil district. The same area is occupied by chestnut-meadow and saline soils. Primitive, not fully developed soils, including outcrops of slightly weathered rocks, and primitive rubble soils of an undeveloped profile occupy an area of ​​about 400 thousand hectares, or 7% of the territory of the republic.

Salt marshes, together with bog-saline soils, have a small distribution, occupying about 50 thousand hectares (less than 1%).

Diagram No. 3 - Types of soils (as a percentage of the total area)

The soils of Khakassia are very vulnerable, easily subjected to technogenic destruction and degradation, and require a careful and scientifically based attitude.

Water resources represented by river systems, lakes and artificial reservoirs.

The rivers form an uneven hydrographic network. Most of them are in the mountainous part of the republic and much less within the steppe zone of the Minusinsk depression. All rivers originate in the mountains, where they have narrow valleys, rocky bottoms, fast currents, many rifts and rapids. When leaving the mountains, the rivers become calm, their valleys widen, the channels break into many branches.

Rivers are fed by groundwater and surface water, which makes them dependent on climatic conditions. In years with heavy rainfall, the rivers are full-flowing throughout the year, in dry years they become very shallow. Usually floods on the rivers are repeated annually with a double rise in water in spring and especially in summer. The ice cover on the rivers is established in the first half of November, and its duration is 150-160 days. Most of the rivers open up in the second half of April.

However, some mountain rivers are only partially covered with ice. The Yenisei River does not freeze in the area of ​​the downstream of the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations (100-150 km).

In Khakassia, there are 320 small rivers with a length of more than 10 km. Their total length is 8.5 thousand km.

Most of the rivers of southern Khakassia belong to the Yenisei river basin, in the northern and northwestern parts of the republic - to the Ob river basin.

most major river Khakassia is the Yenisei, which has been turned into the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, along the fairway of which the border with Krasnoyarsk Territory. The depth of the reservoir is 50 m.

The left tributary of the Yenisei - the Abakan River - is formed at the confluence of the Small and Big Abakan, whose sources are in the Western Sayan. The length of the river is 514 km, the catchment area is 32 thousand km 2 . Among the many tributaries that form the hydrographic network of the Abakan River, the Ona, Tashtyp, Dzhebash, Askiz, Uybat, etc. rivers stand out. In the middle and upper reaches, the Abakan River has a mountainous character; , winding channel, numerous islands and tributaries.

The Ob basin includes the Tom, Bely and Cherny Iyus rivers, which form the Chulym River at the confluence, and their numerous small tributaries.

A number of small rivers flow into endorheic lakes: the Kar'in River in the lake. Itkul, river Tuim in the lake. Bele, Son River in Shira Lake.

The lakes are concentrated mainly in the steppe and high mountain belts. They are different in origin, size, depth and degree of water mineralization.

In the steppe and forest-steppe belts, lakes are located in depressions of eolian, tectonic, karst origin or are artificially created. The largest lakes: Bele (7714 ha), Shira (3470 ha), Chernoe (2548 ha), Itkul (2140 ha), are concentrated in the Shirinsky district. Many of them are mineralized (Lake Tus 140 g/l, Lake Shira up to 20 g/l, etc.) and have healing properties (lake Shira, Tus, Bele, Shunet, a lot others). Many artificial lakes were formed during the construction of dams blocking small rivers and ravines. In the Koibal steppe, a large number of lakes were formed on the site of small depressions and swampy areas when they were filled with the waters of the Koibal irrigation system in the 1960s-1970s. Most of the lakes freeze in late October - early November and open in late April - early May.

Chapter 3. Results of the study.

3.1. Flora of the Republic of Khakassia

3.1.1. History of development and originality of flora.

In accordance with the features of the relief and the history of formation, the flora and vegetation of Khakassia went through a difficult path of development before appearing in its modern form. Floristic elements of the Pliocene nemoral complex have been preserved on the slopes of the Abakan Ridge and the Western Sayan. Here you can find ferns - Brown's multi-row and male shield, Krylov's forget-me-not and Siberian bruner, giant and tall fescue, lumpy sedge, Siberian kandyk, etc. on stony outcrops of ultrabasic rocks in the vicinity of st. The oldest fern, the Sayan kostenets, was discovered in Balyksu with the closest family ties in a remote South-East Asia. ice time significantly influenced the nature of the flora of the basins, especially in their Kuznetsk part. According to paleobotanists, the climatic conditions here have not changed much since the last glaciation, so glacial relics are frequent in their vegetation cover. In some places, as, for example, in the vicinity of the lake. Balankul, to the east about 500 m. grow forming phytocenoses, typical alpine species, such as dryad sharp-toothed (partridge grass), Saussurea Shangin, etc. In the Uibat steppe, communities with the participation of alpine species were studied by V.V. Reverdatto, K.A. Sobolevskaya. In the vicinity of the lake Bele on Mount Chelpan, surrounded by steppe landscapes, alpine and arcto-alpine species feel good - Siberian patrinia, beautiful mytnik. In the Pliocene, on the site of the modern Western Sayan, landscapes dominated, which did not prevent the free movement of desert-steppe species from Mongolia. Witnesses of these epochs are occasionally found in Khakassia - Karagana Bunge, tragacanth ostrich, etc. Here, isolated from the main part of the range, the location of the mountain-steppe species of three-cavity spirea is known (even in the highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau), Cossack juniper, etc.

Unlike the neighboring Kuznetsk Basin, the territory of Khakassia is characterized by high endemism. Along with the endemics of the Altai-Sayan region (Siberian kandyk, Altai euphorbia, Pasco and two-flowered wrestlers, Dorogostoikogo and Baikal Saussureans, etc., Khakassian endemism of different ages is quite pronounced here. The Tatar stork, common in the Shirin steppes, has the closest related species on the Iberian Peninsula and, of course, , belongs to paleoendemics, and another endemic is the Khakassian poppy, having relatives in Transbaikalia, undoubtedly of a younger age.Khakassia is one of the centers of endemism in the genera astragalus and holly.

Most endemics grow in places with a large anthropogenic load, and therefore can be easily destroyed. In this regard, the organization of the Chazy steppe reserve, which was later transformed into Khakassky, was timely. However, in some places, in order to fully cover endangered species, it is necessary to adjust the boundaries of some sections of the reserve. In particular, the site on the lake. It is extremely necessary to expand Bela by including the coast from Mount Chelpan to the south to 3-5 km with coastal larch forests and shrubs containing a large set of Red Book species, noted in one or two places in Khakassia, since modern climatic conditions are not very consistent ecological nature of these species.

The "Red Book of the Russian Orthodox Church" includes a group of species, the so-called pacific relics of the nemoral complex, relatively widespread in the Russian Far East. In Khakassia, they have the westernmost points of their ranges. These are Dahurian moonseed, Far Eastern fescue, Baikal cornflower, etc.

As we can see, many species of the flora of Khakassia are living witnesses of a long and amazing story formation of the landscapes of this country over the past 40-30 million years. And of course, these dumb, modest and vulnerable eyewitnesses ask for a sensitive attentive attitude towards them.

As a result of increased anthropogenic impact over the past few decades, many newcomers from other regions of Eurasia and America have appeared in the expanses of Khakassia: for example, an ordinary bruise, deceptive fruit, etc. In many places, newcomers are crowding modest natives, not wanting to coexist peacefully.

3.1.2. Modern floristic composition.

On the territory of Khakassia, 1526 species of higher plants have been noted, of which 85 species are endemic to the Altai-Sayan mountainous country and 28 are endemic to the Khakass steppes.

Forest vegetation covers 12.2% of the territory of the republic. The largest area is occupied by small sod (cereal, sedge, wormwood) and large sod (feather grass, oats) real steppes. Stony, meadow (forb-grass, shrub) and solonetsous (chievy, pikulnikovy) steppes are widespread. Desertified, sandy and Karagan steppes are represented by separate fragments.

Meadow vegetation, represented by valley and upland meadows, occupies 11.6% of the territory. Of the valley meadows, real (cereal, forb-cereal), steppe, swampy and solonchak meadows prevail, of the upland meadows - forest upland meadows found in the subtaiga and mountain-taiga belts in glades among the forest, along river valleys, clearings and burnt areas. Insignificant areas are occupied by steppe and real dry meadows, which are distributed in the forest-steppe belt, as well as in areas of mountain steppe and forest-steppe in the low-mountain and middle-mountain belts.

Forest vegetation is widespread along the slopes of the Western Sayan and Kuznetsk highlands. Small areas of forests are found in the Minusinsk depression. Forest vegetation covers 46.2% of the territory of Khakassia. Basically, these are dark coniferous mid-mountain forests, among which cedar-fir, fir, cedar and spruce dominate. On the border of the mid-mountain and low-mountain belts, mixed light-coniferous-dark-coniferous forests are formed. Below all dark coniferous species, spruce floodplain forests descend, which grow in the forest-steppe and even steppe belts. Light coniferous forests are distributed mainly in the subtaiga belt and foothills of the Minusinsk depression. In the basin of the Ona River, larch forests reach the high mountain belt. In the Kuznetsk Alatau, they also grow in the middle mountain zone. The largest area is occupied by larch forests, a somewhat smaller area by pine forests, deciduous forests are mostly located in the subtaiga belt, and in the forest-steppe and especially in the mountain taiga they occupy insignificant areas. Deciduous forests are predominantly of secondary origin, that is, they arise in place of light coniferous and dark coniferous forests. And only in the steppe and forest-steppe belts are they primary, because they are originally associated with these places. Birch forests predominate, very rarely aspen forests. In the floodplains of the steppe rivers, poplar forests grow with an admixture of birches and tree-like willows.

Shrub vegetation forms independent phytocenoses, especially in the steppe and alpine belts, and is part of the undergrowth of various forests. The most common are willow, rhododendron, spiraea, cotoneaster, bird cherry, caragann thickets, as well as thickets of Kuril tea, shrub alder, round birch, raspberry, etc.

Artificial forests are represented by field-protective and roadside forest belts, as well as plantations around lakes and waste lands.

Alpine vegetation occupies 10.6% of the territory and is represented by light cedar or fir forests, subalpine and alpine meadows, moss-lichen, stony-lichen, grass-shrub and shrub (dwarf) tundra. In the Kuznetsk Alatau in the high-mountain belt (Saralinskie squirrels) there are groves of birch winding.

Solonchak vegetation has a small distribution and is found mainly around highly mineralized lakes and on solonchak soils.

Fallows and weedy vegetation are common on abandoned, previously cultivated lands, around fields, settlements and other places with disturbed soil cover.

Aquatic and swamp vegetation. Bogs occupy only 0.6% of the territory of Khakassia and are found in small areas from the steppe to the high mountain belt. Basically, these are lowland sedge and sedge-moss bogs. Reed, sedge and rocky bogs form near the lakes, and forested and bushy bogs form in the forest belt.

Agrophytocenoses occupy 13.8% of the territory and are represented by grain and industrial crops, perennial grasses.

Diagram No. 4 - Types of vegetation (in % relation to the territory).

Despite the diversity and mosaic nature of plant communities, the vegetation cover is subject to the laws of altitudinal zonality, which makes it possible to clearly distinguish the steppe, forest-steppe, subtaiga, mountain-taiga, and high-mountain vegetation belts.

3.1.3. HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF VEGETATION COVER

The history of the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia can be divided into several periods, as was done in its time for Altai.

The names of D.G. Messerschmidt, and G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, Johann Sievers, who led the expeditions sent by the Russian Academy of Sciences to Asian Russia. The routes of these first academic expeditions passed through many regions of Siberia and partially captured the territory of modern Khakassia. So, D.G. Messerschmidt was in separate places in the basins of the White and Black Iyus, Uibat and Abakan rivers; I.G. Gmelin drove through the Abakan steppe to Askiz; P.S. Pallas was in the vicinity of the lakes Bele, Itkul, Shira, the villages of Askiz and Tashtyp; Johann Sievers in one of his routes captured the northern part of Khakassia. The expedition's programs were wide, much attention was paid to ethnographic issues, notes on nature provided some information about vegetation, and the collected plants laid the foundation for the study of flora.

Researches of the second period (the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century) marked the beginning of a systematic study of the flora, which is primarily associated with the name of the Minusinsk local historian N.M. Martyanov. N.M. Martyanov devoted thirty years of his life (from 1874 to 1904) to the study of the flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, making routes through the territory of modern Khakassia. In 1876, his route passed along the Beya and Tabat rivers, tributaries of the Abakan, capturing the ridge. Sailor, Abakan plant (Abaza), Askiz and Tashtyp villages, Uzunzhul river, Uibat and Kachin steppes. He made trips to the regions of Kuznetsk Alatau in 1880, 1887, 1893 and 1900; to the areas of the Western Sayan - in 1892, 1893, 1900; repeatedly traveled to the steppe regions. The results of N.M. Martyanov's extensive floristic collections are reflected in his printed works, including the "Flora of the Southern Yenisei", published after the author's death (Martyanov, 1923).

In 1834 Lessing carried out floristic research in the western part of the Sayan. Large floristic collections from the regions of the Abakan Range and the Western Sayan in the 19th century. collected by D.A. Klements, and before the Great October Socialist Revolution - by B.K. Shishkin and A.Ya. Tugarinov.

At the end of the second period, the beginning of the study of vegetation by expeditions of the Resettlement Administration was laid. These studies were carried out from 1909 to 1914 (V.I. Smirnov carried out work in the Abakan valley, in the Black Iyus river basin and in the Iyuso-Shirinsky steppe, and M.M. Ilyin in the Abakan steppe). Expeditions of the Resettlement Administration covered less extensive areas here than in other places of the border strip of Siberia, but they were the first rudiments of territorial geobotanical research, which received the greatest development in subsequent periods.

The third, modern, period in the history of the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and continues to the present. New opportunities in scientific research related to the organization of research institutions, great attention to the study of the productive forces of Siberia, the demands of the national economy, served as a powerful impetus for a comprehensive study of the vegetation cover throughout our country, including Khakassia.

The study of the vegetation cover in Khakassia (from 1921 to 1953) is associated with the name of V.V. Reverdatto. During this period, almost every year, he personally participated and led teams that conducted various expeditionary studies. For the first time, detailed studies of the structure and composition of phytocenoses were carried out, closely related to the analysis of environmental conditions. Much attention was paid to the study of flora, the processes of development of vegetation in connection with irrigation; observations were made on the eating of plants by animals. During the years of collectivization and the organization of state farms, V.V. Reverdatto led extensive work on geobotanical survey of land use farms, carried out simultaneously in Western and Eastern Siberia. Field studies provided material for compiling a vegetation map of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which shows in detail the vegetation cover of the steppe part of Khakassia.

VV Reverdatto made a great contribution to the study of medicinal plants on the territory of Khakassia.

During his research, V.V. Reverdatto paid attention to all types of vegetation that make up the vegetation cover of Khakassia: steppes, forests, meadows, high-mountain tundras, but for many years he studied the steppes in all regions in most detail. In 1927 and 1928 complex riding routes were carried out in the mountains of the Western Sayan: in the first year to the Khansyn ridge, in the second - to the upper reaches of the river. Big He, pass Sur-Daban and lake. Kara-Kol, located on the territory of Tuva. The route ran through unexplored terrain and was accompanied by an eye survey conducted by V.P. Golubintsev. As a result of these expeditions, materials characterizing the vegetation cover of this region of Khakassia were obtained for the first time.

During the expeditions of V.V. Reverdatto was attended by L.F. Reverdatto, N.V. Kuminova, V.P. Golubintseva, E.I. Steinberg, K.K. Semi-yachts. V.V. Tarchevsky, Z.I. Tarchevskaya and others. About the routes of V.V. Reverdatto, as well as about the routes of other researchers up to 1953, is described in detail in the work of L.M. Cherepnin (1954) "History of the study of the vegetation cover of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory".

In 1921, a long and difficult route from Tashtyp to the upper reaches of Abakan and to the Kazyr ridge with access to the Kuznetsk basin was carried out by L.F. Reverdatto (1926). In 1931, rubber plants in the Kantegir basin (Western Sayan) were studied by M.M. Ilyin.

At the beginning of the 40s of the last century, the vegetation and flora of Khakassia was studied by L.M. Cherepnin. His routes in Khakassia took place in 1942, 1944, 1946 and 1948. Geobotanical research was combined with floristic and medicinal plant collection (Cherepnin, 1956, 1961). The main work of L.M. Cherepnin should be considered the floristic summary "Flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory", the latest editions of which were finalized by his students and were published after his death. Botanists T.K. worked together with L.M. Cherepnin. Nekoshnova, A.S. Koroleva, A.V. Skvortsova, A.P. Samoilov. In the future, A.V. Skvortsova studied the irrigated meadows of Khakassia, and A.P. Samoilov by studying halophytic vegetation along the shores of salt lakes.

A number of interesting issues related to the analysis of the geographical elements of the flora and the locations of relict species and associations of the Ice Age on the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and in the Ulenskaya depression are reflected in the works of K.A. Sobolevskaya (1945, 1946, a, b). The studies of A.V. Polozhiy (1957, 1964, 1965, 1972; and others), carried out in many districts of Central Siberia, but these authors studied the territory of the southern steppe regions of Khakassia in most detail. To study the vegetation cover, the works of D.I. Nazimova (1969) and I.V. Kamenetskaya (1969), who studied the forests of the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Despite the fact that the vegetation cover of Khakassia has been studied more fully than in other regions of Siberia, there is still no work characterizing the vegetation cover of this entire territory as a whole, and the need for it is constantly felt. In particular, agricultural production needs new materials to evaluate the natural forage base of animal husbandry.

To carry out a large research program, the plan of the laboratory of geobotany of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences included the topic "Vegetation cover of Khakassia", work on which was carried out from 1966 to 1972.

The Khakass Geobotanical Expedition carried out research under the leadership of A.V. Kuminova, the work was attended by: G.G. Pavlova, Yu.M. Maskaev, G.A. Zvereva, N.V. Logutenko, E.Ya. Neifeld, E.A. Ershova, I.M. Krasnoborov, A.S. Koroleva, T.G. Lamanova, V.P. Sedelnikov, N.L. Alekseeva, V.R. Lykov. Cartographic materials were mainly made by L.G. Morgacheva, A.D. Romanova, V.I. Rezinkina. Assistance in field research was provided by students from Perm, Tomsk, Leningrad and Novosibirsk Universities, Abakan and Novokuznetsk institutes, who were undergoing industrial practice.

The monographic study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia included the identification of the full typological diversity of vegetation, the study of the patterns of geographical distribution, ecological relationships, the structure, dynamics and productivity of phytocenoses, the inventory of flora, and geobotanical mapping.

When studying the vegetation cover, route, detailed-route and semi-stationary methods of geobotanical research were used.

The method of detailed route research was the main one in the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia. It made it possible to most fully reveal the formational diversity of vegetation and conduct geobotanical mapping in the inhabited part of the republic, which occupies an area of ​​22 thousand km2. 2 . A generalized large-scale vegetation map has been compiled for the entire territory of Khakassia in the context of administrative districts. The availability of full-fledged cartographic materials made it possible to calculate the areas occupied by each unit of vegetation, determine the structure of the vegetation cover and conduct fractional geobotanical zoning, which took into account the entire range of natural conditions.

Semi-stationary studies were carried out on typical areas of steppe vegetation in the valley of the river. Baiks in the Uybat steppe, on the western spurs of the Batenevsky ridge, on forest associations along the slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau in the Uybat river basin, at the top of the river. Big He in the Western Sayan and at the top of the river. Saraly in the highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau. During semi-stationary studies, seasonal changes in the structure species composition and productivity of phytocenoses, the most common and typical for various mountain belts. The method of laying complex profiles with the simultaneous study of vegetation, soil cover and macroclimate was also widely used, which made it possible to reveal the relationship between vegetation and the main factors of the ecological environment.

In total, more than 3200 specific areas of plant associations were analyzed, including steppe vegetation - 1300, meadow - 830, forest - 740, shrub - 110, fallow - 115, other - 146. When studying the structure of phytocenoses, in addition to subjective methods of accounting for abundance, the method of weight analysis with the identification of participation in the herbage of individual species. Of the 2400 weight counts, more than 1000 were taken with a species-by-species analysis. The vertical structure of the herbage was taken into account, root systems were studied, and the occurrence of species was determined on typical phytocenoses, cover, turfiness and vertical transects were sketched.

Much attention is paid to floristic research: specification of the general list of flora, previously compiled according to literature data, identification of formational floras of geobotanical provinces, specification of plant ranges within Khakassia, and collection of herbarium. In total, 24 thousand herbarium sheets of higher plants were collected and processed.

The study of modern flora and vegetation and their comparison with the stages of development of the relief of this part of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country made it possible to understand in more detail the history of the formation and development of the vegetation cover of Khakassia.

The study of the vegetation cover throughout the entire period was combined with applied research on the natural forage base of animal husbandry - this part of the work was published in a separate book "Natural hayfields and pastures of the Khakass Autonomous Region" (1974).

In the last decades of the 20th century, the botanists of KhSU joined the study of the flora of Khakassia. Among them are N.G. Demorenko, who studied the vegetation cover of the Kaibal steppe, E.S. Ankipovich - the flora of the Abakan Range (which was almost a white spot in botanical terms), I.A. Ankipovich - the flora of the Eastern macroslope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, E.A. Lebedev, who studied the biology and ecology of rare species from the genera Astragalus and Ostrolodochnik. An employee of the Chazy Reserve (now the Khakassky Reserve) O.O. Lipatkina studied the flora of the steppe areas of the reserve. A scientific herbarium has been founded at KhSU, in which collections of about ten thousand samples belonging to 1,500 species are kept in a satisfactory condition, graduate students and graduate students of the university are energetically studying the flora. The book “Rare and endangered plant species of Khakassia” (1999), prepared by E.S. Ankipovich, I.A. Ankipovich, M.K. Voronina, L.P. Kravtsova, E.A. .Lebedev, N.I. Likhovid, M.A. Martynova, L.D. Utenova - employees of the Research Institute of Agrarian Problems of Khakassia and KhSU named after N.F. Katanov. This book stimulated research on the establishment of new locations for a short period of time, after its release, the rarest species in the territory of the republic. It should be noted the great role of the employees of the Research Institute of Agrarian Problems in the study and introduction of useful and rare plant species of Khakassia, working under the leadership of N.I. Likhovid.

3.2. Fauna of the Republic of Khakassia.

3.2.1. Fauna of the Republic of Khakassia

The fauna of the Republic of Khakassia is extremely diverse and numerous, which is explained by the variety of natural conditions and the position of the territory in transition zone, where western, eastern faunistic groups are found, and Central Asian, Tibetan and Arctic faunistic complexes also penetrate.

Insects of Khakassia remain the least studied, which allows only a brief description of their individual groups and orders.

More than forty species of ants, about 140 species of lepidoptera or diurnal butterflies, more than 180 species of leaf beetles and 50 species of orthoptera have been recorded. In forest biocenoses, the red ant, thin-headed and light-brown lasnus are the most common. In the steppe belt, a black shiny ant is often found.

Diagram No. 5 - Number of insect species.

The order Lepidoptera unites numerous butterflies. The lower moths with different noses include the families of true moths, leafworms, woodworms, gerbils; to the higher dissimilars - peacock-eyes, hawks, corydalis, silkworms, scoops, bears. Club-whiskered (diurnal) butterflies are combined into seven families and 140 species. Of these, the most common are mahaoi, whitefish, hawthorn, cabbage, pigeons, large-eyed, lycaon, antler, urticaria, mourning, peacock eye, etc. Of the Locust, grasshoppers, horses, herbs, greenfinches are common; from grasshoppers - steppes, spotted, songbird, jumpers. 5 species of insects are included in the Red Book of Russia (carpenter bee, Armenian bumblebee, Apollo, etc.). Rare are: the nameon sailboat, Fletcher's nigella, Kian's pigeon, Frivaldsky's tail, Siberian ascolaf, lemongrass, poplar ribbon, mourning, rhinoceros beetle, etc.)

37 species of fish live on the territory of Khakassia, of which 10 species are acclimatized: rainbow trout, chum salmon, vendace, Baikal omul, peled, carp (carp), etc. Of the most valuable species live: Siberian sturgeon (two forms are semi-anadromous and freshwater), sterlet, taimen, lenok, grayling, tugun, whitefish, whitefish (two forms), there are nelma and pike perch. Rare species include: Siberian sturgeon, nelma, sterlet. The bream is actively developing the water resources of the republic. According to the Khakass fish inspection, along the river. Abakan bream meets up from the city of Abaza for 200 km

Amphibians are not numerous and are represented by 4 species of amphibians - the Siberian frog and the moor, the common toad and the Siberian salamander. It is possible to find two more species (common newt and green toad).

Reptiles are ubiquitous and are represented by 6 species (fast and viviparous lizard, common snake, patterned snake, common viper and common muzzle).

In Khakassia, 334 species of birds belonging to 19 orders have been recorded. By the nature of their stay, the largest group is made up of nesting birds - 254 (of which 55 are sedentary and semi-sedentary and 199 migratory species). Migratory species include 22 species, flying - 17, vagrant - 16, arriving for the winter - 5. An independent group consists of 20 species with very rare summer occurrences, the nature of which is unclear - they may nest. In the summer period, 307 species are observed, of which 254 are nesting and 53 are not nesting. In winter, 118 species are recorded, of which 55 are sedentary and semi-sedentary, 23 are nomadic, 5 arrive for the winter, 34 irregularly or partially wintering, stray - 1.

The distribution of birds across the territory of Khakassia is uneven. The largest number of species (295) was noted in the steppe and forest-steppe belts. Significantly less - subtaiga (196), mountain-taiga - (149) and high-mountain (143) belts. Such a significant species diversity of birds in the steppe and forest-steppe belts (89% of all registered in the Republic) is due to the high mosaic nature of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes.

Diagram No. 6 - Distribution of birds across the territory of Khakassia (by belts).

In Khakassia, there are 40 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation; 28-globally rare for Europe and Asia; 202 - included in the list of the International Convention concluded between the governments of the USSR and India on the Protection of Migratory Birds; 62 - listed in the International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Mammals of Khakassia are assigned to 6 orders in which 76 species are known (artiodactyls - 8, carnivores - 154, insectivores - 11) 3 species (hare, American mink, muskrat) appeared as a result of acclimatization, and two (beaver and wild boar) - when moving from other areas. There is a change in the number of mammals. In recent decades, the number of steppe polecat, northern deer, Siberian ibex, and musk deer has sharply decreased. Argali and red wolf have become exceptionally rare. At the same time, the number of wolves, bears, and foxes increased. Three species inhabiting mountain regions (red wolf, snow leopard and argali) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the International Red Book.

Diagram No. 7 - Mammals of Khakassia (by orders).

3.2.2. History of the study of the animal world.

Khakassia still belongs to the few republics of Russia that are still poorly studied in terms of fauna. The study of the vertebrate fauna, in particular the fauna of mammals, began here much later than in other parts of Siberia. The first attempt to penetrate the study area dates back to 1778, when P.S. Pallas collected a series of narrow-skulled vole specimens along the Abakan and Chulym valleys.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. Khakassia was visited by A.Ya. Tugarinov, who described the state of sable reserves in the article "Sable in the Yenisei province" (1923). In 1914, the famous geographer and historian of Asia G.E. Grum-Grzhimailo noted the presence of an otter in the basin of the river. Abakan and its tributary Tashtyp. In the summer of 1915, Professor of Tomsk University M.Yu. Ruzsky, conducting zoological research in the Minusinsk district, along the way caught a field vole along the Abakan River.

In 1927, the work of B.S. Vinogradov, in which he described the collection material of the Minusinsk Museum. Martyanova, where collections of 6 species of animals from the territory of Khakassia were kept. In the 20s. M.K. Serebrennikov in the Abakan, Sagai, Kachinskaya steppes collected about a dozen species of mouse-like rodents. The first zoologists who provided extensive material on mammals were N.M. Dukelskaya and M.D. Zverev. In the summer of 1927-1928. N.M. Dukelskaya in the vicinity of the villages of Monok, Ust-Tashtyp and Oznachennoe collected a collection of animals of more than 20 species and, based on this material, published an article in a German journal.

In the same years, in the former Minusinsk and Khakass districts, the Siberian regional STAZRA carried out work on the study of the biology of the long-tailed ground squirrel and developed measures to combat it. Members of the expedition made a trip to the upper reaches of the Askiz River on the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau (Mount Karylgan) and along the Anna (She) River in the Western Sayan Mountains (Khan-Syn Ridge). As a result, 300 specimens of small rodents were collected.

M.D. Zverev, on the basis of the materials collected during this expedition, wrote the articles “Survey of the lands occupied by gophers” (1928), “ Mass reproduction steppe pied and water rats in Siberia" (1928), "Review of rodents in the southern parts of the Minusinsk and Khakass districts" (1930). In 1930, O. and M. Zverev published an article “Botanical and zoological notes of the eastern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau”.

In the summer of 1928, the Abakan expedition of the Society for the Study of Siberia worked in the region of the northeastern Altai, in which the zoologist V.N. Rock. Based on the materials he collected during this and other expeditions, he published a number of works (1929, 1936, 1949), where he reported on the presence of the northern pika and the Siberian ibex in the valley of the river. Anna (She), about the reindeer entering the area between the Ona and Maly Abakan rivers, about its abundance of mountain goats, deer, roe deer, elk, about the mountain sheep living in the headwaters of the river. Chekhan. V.N. Skalon collected mouse-like rodents in the valleys of the Monok and Nenya rivers.

In the 30s. in the Altai Reserve, the northern part of which was formed at the expense of the territory of the Tashtyp region, an expedition led by professors S.S. Turov and V.G. Geptner. Ungulates P.M. were also studied here in different years. Zelessky (1934), V.V. Dmitriev (1938) and F.D. Shaposhnikov (1951, 1955), V.N. Nadev (1940, 1947) studied the biology of the Altai squirrel and the distribution of the sable.

These travelers and zoologists have made a significant contribution to the study of mammals in Khakassia. However, until recently, only comparatively small areas and far from all species of mammals have been studied. A lot of the data is outdated. Materials about mammals that have retained their significance are in most cases dispersed in various publications, many of which are now bibliographic rarities and are not available to a wide range of readers.

The most complete information about the mammals of Khakassia, taking into account their practical significance, is presented by N.A. Kokhanovsky (1962).

In the middle of the 20th century, a new stage began in a more detailed study of the fauna of Khakassia, carried out by zoologists from a number of scientific institutions in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), as well as Moscow and Leningrad. Since the early 1960s a survey of the Yenisei part of the Western Sayan was carried out by employees of the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Forestry and Wood. V.N. Sukachev SOAN USSR (G.A. Sokolov, V.M. Yanovsky and others). Their research emphasized the uniqueness of the natural complexes of the Sayan Range and the Yenisei Valley. Works were launched to identify the biocenotic role of large carnivores and ungulates, issues of ecology and protection of rare animal species of the Western Sayan and adjacent territories (B.P. Zavatsky, V.A. Stakheev, S.Yu. Petrov, A.Ya. Uglev and etc.).

The ecology of small rodents and a number of game animals was studied by G.A. Sokolov, A.I. Khlebnikov, I.P. Khlebnikova, F.R. Shtilmark and others. Almost simultaneously, the fauna of mammals and birds was studied by B.S. Yudin, A.F. Potapkina, L.I. Galkina and other employees of the Biological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), as well as T.A. Kim (Krasnoyarsk). In 1960-1970. Khakassia was repeatedly visited by zoologists E.V. Rogacheva and E.E. Syroechkovsky (Moscow). The data they collected was included in large summary monographs. Since the 1970s a systematic study of the animal world began by local zoologists - B.S. Nalobin, S.M. Prokofiev, Yu.I. Kustov. The latter, being employees of the scientific department of the state nature reserve"Khakassky", made a significant contribution to the knowledge of rare species of birds and mammals. The research activity of the reserve "Khakassky" is aimed at studying the flora and fauna and all natural complex within the framework of the unified program of Russian reserves "Chronicles of Nature". At present, the reserve has almost completed the inventory lists of vertebrate animals of protected areas.

In some years, bird observations were carried out by D.V. Vladyshevsky, A.A. Baranov, V.I. Bezborodov, S.P. Gureev, I.K. Gavrilov, V.N. Vamokh. Since 1985, employees of the Krasnoyarsk state university(V.I. Emelyanov, A.V. Kutyanina, N.I. Maltsev, N.V. Karpova, A.S. Zolotykh, E.V. Khokhryakov and others) under the direction of A.P. Savchenko, systematic studies of migrations of terrestrial vertebrates and the ecology of waterfowl and semiaquatic birds are carried out. Long-term observations of the state of the number of migratory and nesting bird species, especially rare and endangered, have become priority and guides. For the first time on the territory of Khakassia, mass ringing and tagging was undertaken, in total more than 26 thousand birds belonging to 149 species were caught, as a result, their territorial connections, the main routes of flight and the most important places of stops and concentrations, such as Lake. Ulug-Khol, the tract of three lakes, etc.

In accordance with this cycle of works, V.I. Emelyanov collected and summarized unique material on goose, proposed measures for their protection and rational use. N.I. Maltsev identified and characterized the operational groups of roe deer, key areas of their habitat, migratory movements of the species, the main trends in the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, features of ecology and adaptations. One of the most important areas - conducting accounting work and monitoring the dynamics of the population of the main commercial (bear, deer, sable, etc.) and rare species of animals (irbis, Siberian goat, argali) - is supervised by Doctor of Biological Sciences, professors of KrasSU M. N. Smirnov and G.A. Sokolov. In 2004, under the leadership of M.N. Smirnova V.S. Okaimov carried out scientific work on the study of the brown bear of the Kuznetsk Alatau.

3.3. Man is nature.

3.3.1. The relationship of a person with the outside world.

The most ancient settlement of Homo sapiens is the Upper Paleolithic site Malaya Syya, explored on the banks of the river. White Ius. The age of this "Village" of the Stone Age, consisting of 10 round dugouts, totals (according to radiocarbon) 34 thousand years. The inhabitants, judging by the remaining animal bones, were mainly engaged in hunting reindeer, mountain sheep, saigas, bison, as well as small fur-bearing animals. Mammoth and rhinoceros bones have been found. Stone and bone tools of the ancient Siberians characterize the level of development of their culture. So, for example, about the drawings on the Boyarskaya pisanitsa of the era of the "Tagar culture" of the UP - III centuries. BC. we read: “The drawings of animals depicted in profile reveal the deep observation of the performers and good knowledge of individual characteristics (animals).

With the repetition of patterns, it is impossible to find identical figures. The images of animals are dynamic, full of expression"

A later settlement of people of the Stone Age (20-10 thousand years ago) was found on the banks of the Chulym, Abakan, Yenisei. It was the time of the last glaciation. The tundra zone penetrated far to the south. Mammoths, woolly rhinos, herds of reindeer, musk oxen, as well as arctic foxes and lemmengs roamed the expanses. To the south, horses, saigas, bison and deer lived in the steppes. Hunters of mammoths, reindeer, bison and other animals still lived sedentary, in earthen dwellings with domed roofs. Stone tools were made from river pebbles and quartzites. The tips of spears and darts, knives with grooves, awls of the game, etc. were cut out of the bones.

Late steppe sites were settled seasonally, and people lived there in ground dwellings with pits-hearths lined with limestone. Wandering hunters with moving herds of wild animals had the first pets - a dog.

New progressive forms of management, way of life, culture, human collectives were formed. In addition to hunting, people have mastered fishing. There were bows and arrows, bone harpoons, hooks and nets. The importance of hunting for large forest animals (moose, deer and roe deer) has increased. Weaving, stone grinding were born, such tools as stone axes, adzes, and knives arose. Tools with polished blades were much more productive than before. Dugout canoes, rafts, traps and gear were built from processed wood. People learned how to make pottery and cook food in it.

All this is confirmed by the sites and burial grounds excavated by archaeologists on the lakes, in the valleys of the Yenisei, Tom, Abakan, Chulym.

Conclusion.

In accordance with the features of the relief and the history of formation, the flora and vegetation of Khakassia went through a difficult path of development before appearing in its modern form.

As we can see, many species of the flora of Khakassia are living witnesses to the long and amazing history of the formation of the landscapes of this country over the past 40-30 million years. And of course, these dumb, modest and vulnerable eyewitnesses ask for a sensitive attentive attitude towards them.

The variety of natural conditions characteristic of each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation have led to a wide variety of vegetation types - steppe, forest, meadow, tundra and marsh. In addition, under the influence of anthropogenic factors, peculiar types of vegetation are formed that are not characteristic of the natural vegetation cover: agrophytocenoses, fallows, thickets of weedy vegetation, forest belts.

The history of the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia can be divided into several periods.

The names of D.G. Messerschmidt, and G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, Johann Sievers, who led the expeditions sent by the Russian Academy of Sciences to Asian Russia. The routes of these first academic expeditions passed through many regions of Siberia and partially captured the territory of modern Khakassia.

Studies of the second period (the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century) marked the beginning of a systematic study of flora, which is primarily associated with the name of the Minusinsk local historian N.M. Martyanov

The third, modern, period in the history of the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and continues to the present. New opportunities in scientific research related to the organization of research institutions, great attention to the study of the productive forces of Siberia, the demands of the national economy, served as a powerful impetus for a comprehensive study of the vegetation cover throughout our country, including Khakassia.

The fauna of the Republic of Khakassia is exceptionally diverse and numerous, which is explained by the variety of natural conditions and the position of the territory in the transition zone, where western, eastern faunal groups meet, and Central Asian, Tibetan and Arctic faunal complexes penetrate.

Khakassia still belongs to the few republics of Russia that are still poorly studied in terms of fauna. The study of the vertebrate fauna, in particular the fauna of mammals, began here much later than in other parts of Siberia. The first attempt to penetrate the study area dates back to 1778, when P.S. Pallas collected a series of narrow-skulled vole specimens along the Abakan and Chulym valleys.

The relationship of a person with the outside world, first of all, manifested itself in obtaining food, ensuring life, as can be judged from archaeological finds and rock paintings.

Thus, after analyzing the available scientific sources, we can draw the following conclusions:

Flora and fauna of Khakassia are in many respects relic and peculiar structural units of nature;