Participle agrees with. Communion is the grace-filled communion of the soul with eternal life. How do the full forms of the sacrament change?
Participles have some grammatical features of a verb, noun and adjective.
Participles, as a special form of the verb, are of two types:
- perfect form - decided (from deciding), prompting (from inducing), excited (from agitating);
- imperfect type - falling asleep (from falling asleep), worried (from worrying).
Participles have two tenses:
- past - decided (one who dared), excited (one who was excited);
- present - falling asleep (one who falls asleep), worried (one who is worried).
Participles do not have the form of the future tense.
Participles are:
- returnable - with the suffix -sya (decided, rushing),
irrevocable - without the suffix -sya (prompted, built); - real - reflect the sign of an object or object as the initiator of an action, that is, those who "act" (a dared swimmer - who decided, a prompting reason - which prompted);
passive - reflect the sign of an object or object as a performer of an action that "suffer" and perform an action on the initiative of another (agitated sea - which was agitated by the wind, I am agitated - who is worried about memories).
Like nouns and adjectives, participles change by case, number, gender. At participles:
- Cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (awakened day, awakened day, awakened day, etc.);
- Numbers - singular and plural (falling asleep child, falling asleep children);
- Gender - male, female, middle (boiling stream, boiling water, boiling milk).
The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun with which the participle corresponds (under a waving flag - the noun has a flag and the participle has a waving singular, masculine, instrumental case). Full participles are declined like adjectives.
Some participles, like adjectives, have two forms:
- Full form - flooded, covered,
- Short form - flooded, covered.
The initial participle form is the nominative singular masculine. Morphological signs of participles are correlated with the indefinite form of the verb, it is used to determine transitivity or intransitivity, perfect or imperfect species.
Participle examples
Here are some examples of sentences with participles. Participles are highlighted in color.
The painting, drawn by a fifth grade student, was exhibited at a citywide competition. The sailors did not dare to go into agitated stormy sea. He noticed a friend climbing the stairs to the second floor.
By numbers
My work of many years is over.
All preparations were completed.
By forms
The boat was exactly glued to the black water, densely decorated with yellow leaves (M. Gorky).
The chest of his starched shirt was decorated with a devilishly colorful tie (M. Gorky).
Starched, decorated - passive participles in full form. Glued, decorated - passive participles in short form.
By the times
Examples of passive and active participles at different times from the works of M. Lermontov:
Valid Present Tense:
Suddenly, a shadow flickered across the bright strip that crossed the floor.
Valid past tense:
In the passage she knocked over a teapot and a candle that stood on the floor.
Passive present tense:
An oak leaf broke away from a native branch and rolled off into the steppe, driven by a cruel storm.
Passive past tense:
Mashuk's head was smoking like an extinguished torch.
Syntactic role
The participle in full form in the sentence acts as a definition.
The resting trees silently and obediently dropped their yellow leaves (A. Kuprin).
On the dried-up compressed fields, on their prickly yellow bristles, an autumn cobweb shone with a mica sheen (A. Kuprin).
Participles in short form appear in the sentence only as the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Long earrings are hung like bells along the branches (E. Maksimov).
The glow of sunset embraces the distance of heaven (S. Nadson).
Participle- this is a non-conjugated form of a verb that expresses a sign of a person, an object and that arose as a result of an action:
comrade (what?) who came from Moscow (comrade who came from Moscow);
pamphlet (what?) that I have read (pamphlet that I have read).
The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective. In it, as in the verb, the form, time, transitivity and intransitivity, reflexivity are distinguished; the participle governs the same case as the verb, the same adverbs can adjoin the participle as to the verb. But at the same time, the participle declines and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case, like an adjective.
Participles are real and passive, present and past tense. Communion cannot have a future tense.
Valid participles
Real participles denote a sign of a person, object and arise as a result of the actions of this person, object: a student reading a book, a table standing in the room.
Real participles form from transitive and intransitive verbs, they retain the control inherent in the verb; real participles from reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya (meeting, met, met).
How are real participles formed?
Real participles of the present tense are formed only from imperfective verbs by adding suffixes to the stem of the present tense -usch-/-yusch-(for the first conjugation) or -ash-/-box-
write-ut - write-usch-th (writing, writing, writing);
know-yut - knowing (knowing, knowing, knowing);
knock-at - knock-ash-th (knocking, knocking, knocking);
build-yat - build-box-th (building, building, building).
The real participles of the past tense are formed from imperfective and perfective verbs by adding a suffix to the stem of the past tense -vsh-(after a vowel) or -sh-(after a consonant) plus generic adjective endings:
write-l (non-Sov.) - write-vsh-th, wrote-l (owl.) - write-vsh-th;
brought (non-Sov.) - brought-sh-th, brought (owl.) - brought-sh-th.
Passive participles
Passive participles denote a sign of a person, an object with which an action takes place:
a book read by a friend (a book read by a friend);
house built by workers (house built by workers).
Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.
The formation of passive participles
Passive present participles are formed from imperfective verbs by adding a suffix to the stem of the present tense -eat-(for the first conjugation) or -them-(for the second conjugation) plus the generic endings of the adjective:
read - read-em-th (readable, readable, readable);
view-im - view-im-th (visible, visible, visible).
It is impossible to form passive present participles from many transitive imperfective verbs (for example, from save, beat, shave, bend, warm, hold, fry, measure, wash, knead, drink and so on.).
Passive past participles are formed from transitive imperfective and perfective verbs by adding suffixes to the stem of the past tense -nn-, -enn-, -t- plus the generic endings of the adjective: read-l - read-nn-th, brought - brought-yonn-th, closed-l - closed-t-th.
Suffix -nn- joins past tense stems ending in a vowel and I, Sometimes e: sow-l - sow-nn-th, saw-l - see-nn-th.
Suffix -enn-(or -yonn-) is attached to stems ending in a consonant or a vowel And, which drops out (in this case, the final consonants of the stem alternate, similar to the alternations in the formation of the 1st liter of the present or future simple tense): buy-l - purchase-enn-th (cf. buy), ask-l - ask-enn-th (cf. ask).
Suffix -T- joins the stems of verbs ending in the indefinite form in -nut, -ot, -eret, and to monosyllabic stems (the prefix is not taken into account): took out-l (from take out) - taken out-t-th, colo-l (from prick) - colo-t-th, wiped (from wipe) - wiped-t-th, bi-l (from beat) - bú- t-th (similarly: nailed, broken).
Together with the article “What is the participle in Russian?” read:
Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.
As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
- Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic signs of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).
Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.
Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.
Participles have initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.
They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
- -im- for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Real participles.
Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes
Communion in Russian to this day is the subject of discussion of linguists: some believe that the sacrament is special verb form, others believe that the sacrament is a separate independent part of speech.
Based on this, participle- this is a special form of the verb (or an independent part of speech), which indicates the sign of the subject regarding the action, combines the characteristics of both the verb and the adjective, and answers the question "Which?" (what? what? what?). Like an adjective, participle agrees with a noun in number, gender (singular) and case.
initial participle form(as with an adjective) is a singular form, masculine in the nominative case: flying, standing, running.
Morphological signs of communion.
1. The participle is inextricably linked with the verb, since it is formed from it, therefore it takes over from the verb such signs:
Transitivity;
Recurrence.
2. Despite the similarity in features with the verb, participles do not have a future tense form. Only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have the present tense form: read (imperfective) - reading (present tense), reading (past tense); read (perfect form) - read (past tense).
3. On behalf of the adjective, the participle has the following signs:
The ability to change by gender (in singular), numbers and cases: flying, flying, flying, flying;
Ability to agree with a noun in number, gender and case: thinking old man, used opportunity, boiled milk;
Like qualitative adjectives, passive participles have not only full, but also short form: P rochitanny - read, completed - completed.
Ranks of sacraments.
According to the lexical feature, two categories of participles are distinguished: real participles And passive participles.
- Valid participles- participles that denote a sign of an action performed by an object, object or person referred to in the sentence (text):
A reader will always be one step ahead of what he does not like to read.
- Passive participles- these are participles that indicate a sign that appears in an object, person or object under the influence of another object:
A song sung by an artist is a song that an artist sang, a tree cut down by lumberjacks is a tree cut down by lumberjacks.
Features of passive participles.
- Passive participles have a full and short form: book read - book read; watched movie - the movie was watched.
- Passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs: watch movie - watched movie; listen to music - listened to music.
- Passive participle phrases can be extended by the pronoun or noun that is the subject of the action: an abstract written (by whom?) by the student; cooked (by whom?) girl lasagna.
The syntactic role of the participle in a sentence.
Communions, like adjectives, can act as a definition in a sentence or :
Nature looked asleep until spring (compound nominal predicate). I took it from the shelf more than once read book (definition).
Short participles also act as compound nominal predicate:
I read the book in 3 hours.
Plan and sample of the morphological analysis of the sacrament.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament carried out according to the following plan:
1) Part of speech;
2) Initial form;
3) The discharge of the sacrament;
4) Signs of the verb: aspect, recurrence, time;
5) Signs of an adjective: full or short form (for passive participles), number, gender, case;
6) What member of the proposal is he?
Example. Our house was built in just six months.
built - participle, indicates the sign of the object by action, answers the question "what?"; n.f. - built; passive, perfective, irrevocable, past tense; short form, singular, masculine; acts as a predicate in a sentence.
Participle as a special form of the verb
A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and has the properties of not only a verb, but also an adjective.
Words that are called in grammarparticiples , denote thosesigns of the subject that are createdaction . IN writing participles are used much more often than in oral.
Morphological features participles - combining the properties of a verb and an adjective in one word.
Syntactic signs participles: in a sentence, participles are predominantly attributions.The smell of cut grass .
We can say that the Communion is the child of two parents - the Verb-dad and the Adjective-mother. Communion, like any child, inherited many features from his parents: from his father - a love of time travel, efficiency and efficiency, from his mother - constant variability in gender, numbers and cases. Here is how a teacher from Novosibirsk K. Timofeev writes about this “family”:
“Here is a King named Verb, he has a present, past and future tense, loves to answer questionswhat to do? what to do?, but can also cry out in anger:"What are you doing?!" Still would! He is the head of the royal family. But the Queen, named Adjective, always looks in the mirror with a question"What am I?" And here are their children - sons and daughters, Princes and Princesses, in which the features of their parents appear: either the ears of the father and the eyes of the mother, then the lips of the father and the nose of the mother ... It is the same in Communion - the properties of the Verb and the Adjective appear, then brighter, then weaker , and the Communions themselves, like children of the same family, are not always similar in behavior and character ... "
Signs of a verb in participle
Participles are formed from verbs and inherit individual features:
View - perfect and imperfect .
Participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed:
believe - believed
(imperfect view) (imperfect view)
believe - believing
(perfect view) (perfect view)
Time is present and past.
(formfuture tense at communionNo! )
flying - flying
(present tense) (past tense)
Return - irrevocable
Participles, like verbs, can be reflexive and irrevocable:
bathe - bathing
(irreflexive verb) (irreflexive participle)
swim - swimmer
(reflexive verb) (reflexive participle)
Transitivity - intransitivity
Participles are transitive and intransitive:
see a friend - seeing a friend
(transitive verb) (transitive participle)
walk on the road - walking on the road
(intransitive verb) (intransitive participle)
Test yourself! Do you know exactly what verbs are calledtransitional ? Areturnable ? What is the aspect of the verb? This is important to know when studying the sacrament.
Note!
Reflexive verbs are never transitional!
Signs of an adjective in participle
The participle, like an adjective, denotes a sign of an object, answers the question what? and changes:
childbirth plucked flower plucked branch plucked apple
Bynumbers dancing girl dancing girls
cases open window open window open window
open windows etc.
Like quality adjectives, some participles have two forms - full and short:
corrected - corrected read - read
Short participles in cases do not change and are predicates in the sentence:The grass is cut. Window open
Family Tree of Communion
recurrence
Genus
case
View
Question
Sign by action
Transitivity
Number
Time
Participle Declension
Participles have the same case endings as adjectives:
Adjective
Participle
Masculine:
HowOuch ?
redth
gooduy
readth
readinguy
Feminine gender:
Howand I ?
redand I
goodand I
readand I
readingand I
Howoh ?
redoh
goodher
readoh
readingher
Plural:
Howie ?
reds
goodie
reads
readingie
Declension of participles with a solid stem
Male and
neuter gender
Feminine
plural
number
AND. (HowOuch ?)
readth
(Howoh ?)
readoh
R. (HowWow ?)
readWow
D. (Howomu ?)
readomu
IN. HowAND. orR. (m.r.),
HowAND. (cf.)
T. (Howthem ?)
readth
P. (about what?)
o readohm
(Howand I ?)
readand I
(HowOuch ?)
readOuch
(HowOuch ?)
readOuch
(Howwow ?)
readwow
(HowOuch ?)
readOuch (- oyu )
(oh howOuch ?)
o readOuch
(Howie ?)
reads
(Howtheir ?)
reads
(Howthem ?)
readth
HowAND. orR.
(Howthem ?)
reads
(oh howtheir ?)
o reads
Declension of participles with stem into sibilant
Male and
neuter gender
Feminine
plural
number
AND. (HowOuch ?)
readinguy
occupyinguy Xia
(Howoh ?)
readingher
occupyingher Xia
R. (HowWow ?)
readinghis
occupyinghis Xia
D. (Howomu ?)
readingto him
occupyingto him Xia
IN. HowAND . orR. (m.s.)
HowAND. (cf.)
T. (Howthem ?)
readingthem
occupyingthem Xia
P . (oh howohm ?)
about readingeat
about occupyingeat Xia
(Howand I ?)
readingand I
occupyingand I Xia
(HowOuch ?)
readingto her
occupyingto her Xia
(HowOuch ?)
readingto her
occupyingto her Xia
(Howwow ?)
readingwow
occupyingwow Xia
(HowOuch ?)
readingto her
occupyingto her Xia
(oh howOuch ?)
about readingto her
about occupyingto her Xia
(Howie ?)
readingie
occupyingie Xia
(Howtheir ?)
readingtheir
occupyingtheir Xia
(Howthem ?)
readingthem
occupyingthem Xia
HowAND. orR.
(Howthem ?)
readingthem
occupyingthem Xia
(oh howtheir ?)
about readingtheir
about occupyingtheir Xia
Vowels in the case endings of participles are determined in the same way as in the endings of adjectives - on the question.
Sample:
Howthem ?
for driving them Xia cyclone (T.);
oh how ohm ?
about driving eat sya cyclone (P.).
The participle, like the verb, can have dependent words:
play the dombra - playing the dombra, playing the dombra
Participle with dependent words is called participle turnover : The water in the pond was covered with leaves, fallen from the trees.
The smell of white carnations, heated by the sun, filled the room.
The participial turnover does not include the word it defines.
The participial turnover can be asbefore the defined word , andafter him:
participial phrase is a defined word.
defined word, participial phrase.
If the participial turnover is afterdefined word , then heseparates , that isseparated by commas.
Life, eventful , threw Satpayev from one region to another.
If the participial turnover isbefore the defined word , it is usually commasnot highlighted .
Eventful life threw Satpayev from one region to another.
However, if the participial turnover is worthbefore the defined word , expressedpersonal pronoun , it is also separated by commas:Lulled by sweet hopes He slept soundly. (Ch.) Struck by fear, I I'm going after my mother. (P.)
From participial turnover, consistent with the word being defined, must be distinguishedparticiple usedin the meaning of a noun and having dependent words. Such combinations are not separated by commas:Majority subscribers to the magazine have already received it. Performers on stage had great success.
Participles with dependent words are not isolated, if they are in meaningrefer to the predicate and can also be used in the instrumental case:We hit the road well-rested (departed well-rested).
Two participial revolutions referring to the same defined word andunited by union And , separated by commasare not separated:
And suddenly jumped up stunned by this news and blinded, as it were, by an explosion of magnesium. (Boon.)
Active and passive participles
According to the meaning of participles there arevalid Andpassive .
Valid participles denote a sign of an object that acts independently:victorious athlete - an athlete who won myself .
Passive participles designate a sign of the object that is exposed to:defeated athlete - an athlete who has been defeated.
Transitive verbs form both real and passive participles, intransitive verbs - only real:
want willing (active participle)
(transitive verb)desiring (active participle)
desired (suffering communion)
desired (suffering communion)
step walking (active participle)
(intransitive verb)striding (active participle)
Passive participles are not formed .
Formation of real participles
present and past tense
Valid participlespresent time formed from the stem of the present tense verbI conjugations with suffixes-usch-, -yusch-, AII conjugations - using suffixes -ash-, -yash-;
Iconjugation:id - ut id- yi -th
By - ut By- Yusch -th
IIconjugation:silently at silently ash -th
love- yat love- crate -th
Valid participlespast tense are formed from the stem of the past tense verb (or from the stem of the infinitive) with the help of suffixes -vsh, -sh-:
form – l video-vsh -th
she – l shed-w -th
Real participles have onlycomplete shape.
Note! Your literacy depends on it!
In real past participles before the suffix -vsh- the same vowel is retained as in the indefinite form of the verb:
hope I tsya - hope I hope - hope I left,
stuck e t - hung e l - hung e former.
Forming Passive Present Participles
Passive participlespresent time formed from the basis of present tensetransitive verbs I conjugations with a suffix–eat- (-om-), II conjugations -using the suffix -im-:
Iconjugation: chita -ut -read-eat th
Vedas -ut - lead-ohm th
IIconjugation: kind-yat - view-them th
hear-at - hear-them th
Forming Passive Past Participles
Passive Communionpast tense formed from the basis of the past tense or indefinite formtransitional verbs with suffixes–enn-, -nn-, -t-:
check –il - check –enn - th
made - al - did -nn - th
close - yl - closed -T -th.
Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs!
Note! Your literacy depends on it!
If the stem contains a suffix-And- , then when the passive participle of the past tense is formed, it is omitted and the suffix joins -enn-:
Okle-And -t - okle -And -l - okle -enn -th.
Before suffix–enn-(-enn-) often there is an alternation of consonants:
rewardd it - rewardrailway yonny,
deputyT it - replaceh enny,
Nalad it - nalaand enny,
vyrast silt - vyrasch enny,
ispeTo – ispeh enny.
After hissing in the suffix–enn- spelledyo , although pronounced(O): reshyonn oh, burnyonn th.
Vowels in participles before -nn-
If the participle is formed from verbs in–at or–yat , then before the suffix-nn- letters are writtenA orI :
heardA t - hearA ny,
shootingI t - shootingI ny.
If the sacrament is formedfrom any other verbs , then before–nn- spellede :
ShotAnd t - shote ny.
Short passive participles
Passive past participles havecomplete Andbrief form:
learned phenomenon - phenomenonstudied
Short passive participles change according tonumbers and in the singularchildbirth , Butdo not bow . In a sentence, they perform the functionpredicate : Book lost . Exercise made. doors closed .
In short passive past participles, one letter is writtenn : Novel read n . story story n A. Poem learn n O.
Passive present participles can also have a short form, but in modern speech it is used extremely rarely:The error will be corrected. Vysotsky was popularly loved.
Genus,
number
present tense
Past tense
complete
short
complete
short
M.r.
Zh.r.
Wed
Plural
lovethem th
lovethem and I
lovethem oh
lovethem s
lovethem
lovethem A
lovethem O
lovethem s
readnn th
takingT th
readnn and I
takingT and I
readnn oh
takingT oh
readnn s
takingT s
readn
takingT
readn A
takingT A
readn O
takingT O
readn s
takingT s
Short passive present participle in modern language almost never used. However, in poetry we will meet poetic lines with such participles: “Spiritual thirstlanguish , in the miserable desert I dragged myself ... "," You were usloved and for dearstored ". (A. Pushkin)
Spelling Not with participles
Not spelled with full participles
separately: together :
1. If the sacrament has 1. If the sacrament does not have
dependent words: dependent words:
On the table lay not read- On the table lay
naya me book. unread book.
lil never ending lil incessant
minute rain. rain.
2. If the offer contains 2. If the sacrament is withoutNot Not
opposition with the union is used:
A :
It was not finished , A He drew attention to her
work just begun. indignant sight.
3. With short participles 3. If there are adverbs of measure
particle is not written separately: and degreeabsolutely, very,
Task Not resolved. very, extremely, extremely
Exercise Not prepared degree, quite
Absolutely unprepared
answer,extremely unreasonable
statement.
Spelling –nn- and –n- in participles and
In full passive participles with suffixes–enn- (-enn-) And –nn - two lettersn (n) written if:
The participle has a prefix (except for the prefixNot-):
sun boiling hot nn oh water, By more beautiful nn th floor ,
(But:Not boiling hot n th water Not more beautiful n th floor )
The participle has dependent words:
wound nn th in leg fighter, better nn th emulsion ceiling.
Perfect participle:
floodplain nn th ball, check nn th essay .
The participle is formed from verbs with suffixes–ova-, -eva-, -irova -:
marinovann cucumbers, asphaltnn th road, illustratednn th magazine.
If a word does not have the above characteristics, it isverbal adjective and spelled with onen :
brew n th fish, tople n oh milk, heat n th potato .
Remember the most common ones : wounded, boiled, boiled, dried, baked, fried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, pickled, confused, torn.
Real Communion
Singular
plural
number
Suffixes
Male
genus
Female
genus
Average
genus
present tense
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
who wrote
read
screaming
who spoke
carrying
withered
-usch-
-yusch-
-ash-
-box-
-vsh-
-vsh-
-vsh-
-vsh-
-sh-
-sh-
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
Past tense
who wrote
reading
screaming
speaking
bearing
withered
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
bearing
withered
who wrote
reading
screaming
speaking
bearing
withered
Passive Communion
Singular
plural
number
Suffixes
Male
genus
Female
genus
Average
genus
present tense
Readable
favorite
read
studied
taken
-eat-
-them-
-nn-
-enn-
(-yonn-)
-T-
readable
Darling
readable
darling
readable
favorite
Past tense
read
studied
taken
read
studied
taken
read
learned
taken
Control questions
What is a sacrament?
What verb features does the participle have?
What adjectival features does the participle have?
What is the difference between real and passive participles?
What are the general and various properties have full and short participles?
What rules you need to know when writing vowels in participle suffixes–usch- (-yusch-) And–ash- (-ash-) ; in suffixes–eat-(-om-) and –im-?
When in passive participles before–nn- spelledand I), and when–e ?
How many lettersn written in suffixes of full and short passive participles?
When is it written–n-, and when–nn- in suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives?
How do you spellNot with participles?
What is a participle turnover? When is the participial turnover separated by commas in a letter?