How to create a nuclear warhead at home. Hydrogen versus nuclear. What you need to know about nuclear weapons. Where did the “newbies” get nuclear weapons from?
Hi all! Today I will tell you how to make a nuclear bomb in Minectaft without special mods, cheats and other various things.
To begin with, of course, turn on the game, then I advise you to try it first in creative mode, because it is best to experiment where there are endless materials. So, you have entered the game, from the inventory we take the material we need. The materials we need include: any block (smooth sandstone, stone, clay, sand, etc.), a regular rail (you can use an energy rail), a trolley with dynamite and a red torch - all the necessary materials. Then we choose a territory convenient for us (a nuclear bomb will not take up much space). After which, we place one rail, and on both sides the block that you have chosen. Only these two blocks should be opposite each other. Afterwards, above the (energy) rail, we place another block so that the two blocks that stand on the sides should hold it. And we get some kind of mini-tower of three blocks, and under this tower there is a rail. So, why did we take the trolley with dynamite? And we took it in order to put this trolley on the rail. We place as many trolleys with dynamite under the blocks as possible (the more, the louder our nuclear bomb will thunder and the less there will be left around). After all these actions, you should have got: a lot of trolleys with dynamites, surrounded on both sides by blocks and one block above the trolleys. Then, on any side on which we have blocks (except for the top block), we will place our red torch at a distance of one block. Well, we are almost at the end, then we break all the blocks and we should be left with carts with dynamites and a red torch. And we approach the trolleys and push them towards the red torch, while we move away as far as possible to watch this spectacle.
I hope you did everything as I explained to you. If you did everything as I explained to you, then you should have been left with a large hole. Just imagine how long it would take you to dig this hole, and then build a nuclear bomb and everything is ready! Good luck!
Video on how to make a nuclear bomb in Minecraft without mods
How to make a bomb in Minecraft?
The Minecraft game has a huge world where you can do whatever you want for your own entertainment. You can build cities, have a garden, hunt cubic animals and monsters. It's also always fun to create something that can destroy and then apply it to the game world. Perhaps the most popular thing among Minecraft gamers is dynamite and various types of bombs, including a nuclear bomb. But not every novice gamer knows how to make a bomb in Minecraft.
Let's look at several recipes for dynamite and bombs in more detail below.
How to make dynamite
To make dynamite you need:
- First create a simple TNT from sand and gunpowder. We place gunpowder in the crafting window in the form of a cross in the corners and center. The remaining cells are filled with sand.
- Then we make an improved industrial version of TNT. We place three ordinary TNT horizontally on the middle line of the crafting window. We add silicon to the remaining cells. You will get four blocks of industrial TNT, which will be more powerful than usual. However, such TNT destroys partially dropped blocks, just like regular TNT. Therefore, it is necessary to make dynamite.
- Dynamite is made from industrial grade TNT and thread. It is located randomly in the crafting window. Dynamite is perfect for collecting resources after an explosion, as it does not destroy dropped blocks.
You can also make sticky dynamite. To do this, insert eight blocks of dynamite into the crafting window and rubber in the center. Such dynamite will be attached to the walls when thrown. However, to make a big explosion, you will need a lot of dynamite and space where you place it. There will be no such problem with a nuclear bomb.
How to make a nuclear bomb in Minecraft
The huge advantage of a nuclear bomb in Minecraft is the concentration of enormous explosive power in one block, which is convenient when blowing up large areas and boss battles. It is created like this:
- Obtain the necessary materials: four low-enriched fuel rods, two improved electrical circuits, two uranium blocks and an improved mechanism housing.
- In the crafting window, arrange the resources as follows: four low-enriched fuel rods in the corners, two microcircuits in the center in the top and bottom rows, the mechanism body in the center of the crafting window, and uranium blocks in the remaining cells.
After this, the bomb can be placed anywhere and activated.
North Korea threatens the US with testing a super-powerful hydrogen bomb in the Pacific Ocean. Japan, which may suffer as a result of the tests, called North Korea's plans completely unacceptable. Presidents Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un argue in interviews and talk about open military conflict. For those who do not understand nuclear weapons, but want to be in the know, The Futurist has compiled a guide.
How do nuclear weapons work?
Like a regular stick of dynamite, a nuclear bomb uses energy. Only it is released not during a primitive chemical reaction, but in complex nuclear processes. There are two main ways to extract nuclear energy from an atom. IN nuclear fission the nucleus of an atom decays into two smaller fragments with a neutron. Nuclear fusion – the process by which the Sun produces energy – involves the joining of two smaller atoms to form a larger one. In any process, fission or fusion, large amounts of thermal energy and radiation are released. Depending on whether nuclear fission or fusion is used, bombs are divided into nuclear (atomic) And thermonuclear .
Can you tell me more about nuclear fission?
Atomic bomb explosion over Hiroshima (1945)
As you remember, an atom is made up of three types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. The center of the atom, called core , consists of protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge at all. The proton-electron ratio is always one to one, so the atom as a whole has a neutral charge. For example, a carbon atom has six protons and six electrons. Particles are held together by a fundamental force - strong nuclear force .
The properties of an atom can change significantly depending on how many different particles it contains. If you change the number of protons, you will have a different chemical element. If you change the number of neutrons, you get isotope the same element that you have in your hands. For example, carbon has three isotopes: 1) carbon-12 (six protons + six neutrons), which is a stable and common form of the element, 2) carbon-13 (six protons + seven neutrons), which is stable but rare, and 3) carbon -14 (six protons + eight neutrons), which is rare and unstable (or radioactive).
Most atomic nuclei are stable, but some are unstable (radioactive). These nuclei spontaneously emit particles that scientists call radiation. This process is called radioactive decay . There are three types of decay:
Alpha decay : The nucleus emits an alpha particle - two protons and two neutrons bound together. Beta decay : A neutron turns into a proton, electron and antineutrino. The ejected electron is a beta particle. Spontaneous fission: the nucleus disintegrates into several parts and emits neutrons, and also emits a pulse of electromagnetic energy - a gamma ray. It is the latter type of decay that is used in a nuclear bomb. Free neutrons emitted as a result of fission begin chain reaction , which releases a colossal amount of energy.
What are nuclear bombs made of?
They can be made from uranium-235 and plutonium-239. Uranium occurs in nature as a mixture of three isotopes: 238 U (99.2745% of natural uranium), 235 U (0.72%) and 234 U (0.0055%). The most common 238 U does not support a chain reaction: only 235 U is capable of this. To achieve maximum explosion power, it is necessary that the content of 235 U in the “filling” of the bomb is at least 80%. Therefore, uranium is produced artificially enrich . To do this, the mixture of uranium isotopes is divided into two parts so that one of them contains more than 235 U.
Typically, isotope separation leaves behind a lot of depleted uranium that is unable to undergo a chain reaction—but there is a way to make it do so. The fact is that plutonium-239 does not occur in nature. But it can be obtained by bombarding 238 U with neutrons.
How is their power measured?
The power of a nuclear and thermonuclear charge is measured in TNT equivalent - the amount of trinitrotoluene that must be detonated to obtain a similar result. It is measured in kilotons (kt) and megatons (Mt). The yield of ultra-small nuclear weapons is less than 1 kt, while super-powerful bombs yield more than 1 mt.
The power of the Soviet “Tsar Bomb” was, according to various sources, from 57 to 58.6 megatons in TNT equivalent; the power of the thermonuclear bomb, which the DPRK tested in early September, was about 100 kilotons.
Who created nuclear weapons?
American physicist Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves
In the 1930s, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi demonstrated that elements bombarded by neutrons could be transformed into new elements. The result of this work was the discovery slow neutrons , as well as the discovery of new elements not represented on the periodic table. Soon after Fermi's discovery, German scientists Otto Hahn And Fritz Strassmann bombarded uranium with neutrons, resulting in the formation of a radioactive isotope of barium. They concluded that low-speed neutrons cause the uranium nucleus to break into two smaller pieces.
This work excited the minds of the whole world. At Princeton University Niels Bohr worked with John Wheeler to develop a hypothetical model of the fission process. They suggested that uranium-235 undergoes fission. Around the same time, other scientists discovered that the fission process produced even more neutrons. This prompted Bohr and Wheeler to ask an important question: could the free neutrons created by fission start a chain reaction that would release enormous amounts of energy? If this is so, then it is possible to create weapons of unimaginable power. Their assumptions were confirmed by a French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie . His conclusion became the impetus for developments in the creation of nuclear weapons.
Physicists from Germany, England, the USA, and Japan worked on the creation of atomic weapons. Before the start of World War II Albert Einstein wrote to the US President Franklin Roosevelt that Nazi Germany plans to purify uranium-235 and create an atomic bomb. It now turns out that Germany was far from carrying out a chain reaction: they were working on a “dirty”, highly radioactive bomb. Be that as it may, the US government threw all its efforts into creating an atomic bomb as soon as possible. The Manhattan Project was launched, led by an American physicist Robert Oppenheimer and general Leslie Groves . It was attended by prominent scientists who emigrated from Europe. By the summer of 1945, atomic weapons were created based on two types of fissile material - uranium-235 and plutonium-239. One bomb, the plutonium “Thing,” was detonated during testing, and two more, the uranium “Baby” and the plutonium “Fat Man,” were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
How does a thermonuclear bomb work and who invented it?
Thermonuclear bomb is based on the reaction nuclear fusion . Unlike nuclear fission, which can occur either spontaneously or forcedly, nuclear fusion is impossible without the supply of external energy. Atomic nuclei are positively charged - so they repel each other. This situation is called the Coulomb barrier. To overcome repulsion, these particles must be accelerated to crazy speeds. This can be done at very high temperatures - on the order of several million Kelvin (hence the name). There are three types of thermonuclear reactions: self-sustaining (take place in the depths of stars), controlled and uncontrolled or explosive - they are used in hydrogen bombs.
The idea of a bomb with thermonuclear fusion initiated by an atomic charge was proposed by Enrico Fermi to his colleague Edward Teller back in 1941, at the very beginning of the Manhattan Project. However, this idea was not in demand at that time. Teller's developments were improved Stanislav Ulam , making the idea of a thermonuclear bomb feasible in practice. In 1952, the first thermonuclear explosive device was tested on Enewetak Atoll during Operation Ivy Mike. However, it was a laboratory sample, unsuitable for combat. A year later, the Soviet Union detonated the world's first thermonuclear bomb, assembled according to the design of physicists Andrey Sakharov And Yulia Kharitona . The device resembled a layer cake, so the formidable weapon was nicknamed “Puff”. In the course of further development, the most powerful bomb on Earth, the “Tsar Bomba” or “Kuzka’s Mother,” was born. In October 1961, it was tested on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.
What are thermonuclear bombs made of?
If you thought that hydrogen and thermonuclear bombs are different things, you were wrong. These words are synonymous. It is hydrogen (or rather, its isotopes - deuterium and tritium) that is required to carry out a thermonuclear reaction. However, there is a difficulty: in order to detonate a hydrogen bomb, it is first necessary to obtain a high temperature during a conventional nuclear explosion - only then will the atomic nuclei begin to react. Therefore, in the case of a thermonuclear bomb, design plays a big role.
Two schemes are widely known. The first is Sakharov’s “puff pastry”. In the center was a nuclear detonator, which was surrounded by layers of lithium deuteride mixed with tritium, which were interspersed with layers of enriched uranium. This design made it possible to achieve a power within 1 Mt. The second is the American Teller-Ulam scheme, where the nuclear bomb and hydrogen isotopes were located separately. It looked like this: below there was a container with a mixture of liquid deuterium and tritium, in the center of which there was a “spark plug” - a plutonium rod, and on top - a conventional nuclear charge, and all this in a shell of heavy metal (for example, depleted uranium). Fast neutrons produced during the explosion cause atomic fission reactions in the uranium shell and add energy to the total energy of the explosion. Adding additional layers of lithium uranium-238 deuteride makes it possible to create projectiles of unlimited power. In 1953, Soviet physicist Victor Davidenko accidentally repeated the Teller-Ulam idea, and on its basis Sakharov came up with a multi-stage scheme that made it possible to create weapons of unprecedented power. “Kuzka’s Mother” worked exactly according to this scheme.
What other bombs are there?
There are also neutron ones, but this is generally scary. Essentially, a neutron bomb is a low-power thermonuclear bomb, 80% of the explosion energy of which is radiation (neutron radiation). It looks like an ordinary low-power nuclear charge, to which a block with a beryllium isotope, a source of neutrons, has been added. When a nuclear charge explodes, a thermonuclear reaction is triggered. This type of weapon was developed by an American physicist Samuel Cohen . It was believed that neutron weapons destroy all living things, even in shelters, but the range of destruction of such weapons is small, since the atmosphere scatters streams of fast neutrons, and the shock wave is stronger at large distances.
What about the cobalt bomb?
No, son, this is fantastic. Officially, no country has cobalt bombs. Theoretically, this is a thermonuclear bomb with a cobalt shell, which ensures strong radioactive contamination of the area even with a relatively weak nuclear explosion. 510 tons of cobalt can infect the entire surface of the Earth and destroy all life on the planet. Physicist Leo Szilard , who described this hypothetical design in 1950, called it the "Doomsday Machine".
What's cooler: a nuclear bomb or a thermonuclear one?
Full-scale model of "Tsar Bomba"
The hydrogen bomb is much more advanced and technologically advanced than the atomic one. Its explosive power far exceeds that of an atomic one and is limited only by the number of available components. In a thermonuclear reaction, much more energy is released for each nucleon (the so-called constituent nuclei, protons and neutrons) than in a nuclear reaction. For example, the fission of a uranium nucleus produces 0.9 MeV (megaelectronvolt) per nucleon, and the fusion of a helium nucleus from hydrogen nuclei releases an energy of 6 MeV.
Like bombs deliverto the goal?
At first they were dropped from airplanes, but air defense systems were constantly improving, and delivering nuclear weapons in this way turned out to be unwise. With the growth of missile production, all rights to deliver nuclear weapons were transferred to ballistic and cruise missiles of various bases. Therefore, a bomb now means not a bomb, but a warhead.
It is believed that the North Korean hydrogen bomb is too large to be mounted on a rocket - so if the DPRK decides to carry out the threat, it will be carried by ship to the explosion site.
What are the consequences of a nuclear war?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki are only a small part of the possible apocalypse. For example, the “nuclear winter” hypothesis is known, which was put forward by the American astrophysicist Carl Sagan and the Soviet geophysicist Georgy Golitsyn. It is assumed that the explosion of several nuclear warheads (not in the desert or water, but in populated areas) will cause many fires, and a large amount of smoke and soot will spill into the atmosphere, which will lead to global cooling. The hypothesis has been criticized by comparing the effect to volcanic activity, which has little effect on climate. In addition, some scientists note that global warming is more likely to occur than cooling - although both sides hope that we will never know.
Are nuclear weapons allowed?
After the arms race in the 20th century, countries came to their senses and decided to limit the use of nuclear weapons. The UN adopted treaties on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and the ban on nuclear tests (the latter was not signed by the young nuclear powers India, Pakistan, and the DPRK). In July 2017, a new treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons was adopted.
“Each State Party undertakes never under any circumstances to develop, test, produce, manufacture, otherwise acquire, possess or stockpile nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices,” states the first article of the treaty. .
However, the document will not come into force until 50 states ratify it.
The exact number of nuclear weapons and munitions currently in the world's arsenals is unknown. Perhaps only one figure is generally known. The total capacity of nuclear weapons now amounts to 5 thousand megatons - approximately 1 ton for every inhabitant of the Earth. "Nuclear suitcases" would not attract so much attention if it were not for the threat that they would fall into the hands of terrorists. And the likelihood of such a development cannot be discounted. So, what is the mechanism for the underground production of these terrible weapons of the twentieth century? What are the options for purchasing it? And who today can boast of possessing nuclear weapons?
How to make a bomb?
Although nuclear weapons are nothing more than a mechanism for “intimidating” the enemy, which hardly anyone would risk using, today’s rules of the game in the international arena are as follows: if you want to have influence in the “major league” - and at the same time make it clear to “some” countries that it is better not to mess with you - you will need nuclear weapons. There are three main ways to get it.
The "Just do it!" method. The most common opinion among experts is that making a nuclear bomb is easier than many people think. Making a bomb is even easier than stealing a finished bomb. To make a nuclear explosive device, you need a material that can explosively split atoms, plus experts, equipment, and delivery vehicles. So, the material - a nuclear device can be built from materials not directly intended for this (so as not to disturb the “nuclear experts” who are always ready to come out for inspection) - highly enriched uranium in metallic form will do. Delivering the device to the target, by many estimates, seems to be the simplest task. Experts ridicule the mythologized “suitcase bomb” but speak seriously of the “bomb in a large shipping container” (the so-called “conex bomb”, after the standard steel shipping containers in which most cargo is imported into the United States). In practice, less than 2% of containers are opened for inspection and most containers do not pass through X-ray detectors. So the chances of importing a “suitcase” are very high. Former head of US nuclear arsenals Eugene Habiger says that “the US is not yet able to defend against this.” According to him, it is quite possible to deliver a nuclear device to Philadelphia, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles and kill tens of thousands of people. Apparently that’s why Habiger himself lives in San Antonio, far from river transport routes.
In order to become an “expert” in the difficult task of making a bomb, you will have to look into the library and surf the World Wide Web quite a bit. The basic methods of making an atomic bomb have been known for 50 years and the recipes are described in detail in numerous works on physics. The simplest way is to take a small piece of enriched uranium, about the size of a small melon, and shoot it inside the barrel of a large gun at another uranium melon. Theodore Taylor, nuclear physicist and creator of both the largest and smallest American nuclear warhead, and now a staunch opponent of any nuclear devices, notes that the attentive reader can glean enough information about the nuclear bomb in the public encyclopedia - even the dimensions and workings are indicated there characteristics.
However, the business of creating a bomb is a risky gamble. David Albright, who served as a UN weapons inspector in Iraq, notes that Saddam Hussein's failed attempt at a nuclear weapons program in 1990 shows how one mistake can lead to failure. Iraq obtained nearly enough highly enriched uranium from a research reactor to create a nuclear bomb. However, the person in charge of the casting, for fear of spilling or contaminating the uranium, decided to mix the materials in small quantities. As a result, most of the uranium was still lost and the resulting material was not enough to create a nuclear bomb. Albright notes: "It is theoretically possible to make a bomb, but good organizers are needed to carry out the entire process, and errors are possible."
A way to “borrow a semi-finished product.” There is, however, another way to make your own nuclear weapons: they can be produced from weapons-grade uranium or plutonium purchased in another country. Moreover, the amount of fissile materials required for each charge will be very small. In 2002, the UN proposed adopting the following quantities of fissile components of nuclear weapons as the initial standard: uranium-233 - one kilogram, uranium-235 - three kilograms and plutonium - one kilogram. This amount can be carried in an ordinary suitcase.
So, the task of manufacturing nuclear weapons is greatly simplified. The time for its production is also reduced. Pentagon experts give the time frame: if there is uranium or plutonium with an enrichment level of less than 20%, the required period is about a year. If highly enriched plutonium or uranium in metallic form is used, then the manufacturing time for a nuclear weapon will be only 7-10 days. In addition, it is possible to do without the laborious creation of a complex complex that mines uranium and brings it to the appropriate degree of purification. It is enough just to obtain weapons materials in another country - buy or steal.
"Hot offer" method. Finally, the third way is to obtain the nuclear weapons themselves in combat-ready form. In this case, the bet can be placed on the purchase or theft of only small-sized tactical ammunition - artillery shells, engineering land mines or sabotage backpack mines. And this is even easier to do. Every year, the IAEA records more than 200 attempts to purchase nuclear weapons on the black market. Russia is considered one of the potential “sellers,” since about 15 thousand of the 25 thousand nuclear warheads existing on Earth are located there. The yield of these warheads starts at 500 kilotons, which is enough to devastate most of Manhattan. Every year, the Russian press describes disturbing stories. For example, a 19-year-old sailor carried out a massacre on an Akula-class nuclear submarine, killing eight people and threatening to blow up the boat and its nuclear reactor. Another story: Five soldiers at a Russian nuclear facility killed a guard and took a hostage while trying to take over a plane. This information was indirectly confirmed by the statements of Alexander Lebed and about one and a half dozen examples when various special services discovered nuclear materials stolen from Russian facilities.
Like the "old people" - the owners are trying to curb the ardor of the young
Today there is a supposedly irrefutable thesis: nuclear weapons are a means of “deterring” the enemy, and not as a means of waging war. I deter you from using nuclear weapons by the threat of retaliatory use, and you deter me accordingly. You only hope that the enemy will not attack, because he knows that in return you will destroy him. However, in reality, the “system of mutual deterrence” does not work.
First, there may be nuclear weapons states and there may not be a mutual nuclear deterrence relationship between them because they are beyond the range of their nuclear weapons from each other. For example, Great Britain and China, or Great Britain and India, are nuclear powers, but they simply cannot strike, fight or “intimidate” each other.
The next exception is when there is a huge nuclear superiority of one state over another, as a result of which the “deterrence” is one-sided. A state with superiority can do whatever it wants to another state, even if it has some nuclear weapons. But it doesn't work in the opposite direction. Example: China and the United States of America. Only recently, China has produced several missiles that are capable of reaching the territory of the United States of America. And the United States of America could destroy China over the course of 60 years using both strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, and it retains and will retain this possibility for the entire foreseeable period. China, of course, will most likely increase its nuclear weapons, and gradually deterrence will become more equal, more reciprocal. But it cannot yet be said that there is a nuclear deterrent relationship between the United States and China.
Another exception is India and the Russian Federation. Indian missiles reach Russian territory, and, accordingly, even more so Russian missiles reach India. But Russia does not aim its weapons at India, because they know that Indian nuclear missiles are directed against China and against Pakistan. And therefore Russia is not worried about this. The same can be said about France and Israel. They are not allies, they “get” each other, but their missiles are clearly intended for other purposes. The same can be said about China and Pakistan. China helped Pakistan build nuclear weapons. China is not an ally of Pakistan. But China is confident that Pakistan is targeting its funds at India, not China. Thus, the system of nuclear "checks and balances" does not work.
Where did the “newbies” get nuclear weapons?
Eight countries are known to have nuclear weapons today: the United States, Russia, China, Great Britain, France, India, Pakistan and Israel.
The explosion at the top of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, ushered in the era of nuclear weapons. Just four years later, in August 1949, the Soviet Union tested its bomb. In October 1952, the British tested their nuclear device on the island of Monte Bello, in 1960 the French exploded their bomb in the Sahara Desert, and in 1964 the Chinese exploded their bomb at the test site near Lake Lop Nor. So they legally own nuclear weapons, they are, as it were, “thieves in law”, they have nuclear weapons, which were handed to them by international law and sanctioned by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Treaty directly states that nuclear powers (that is, legitimate) are those that “created nuclear weapons before 1967,” and this includes the top five. But all the rest are already illegal owners. It’s as simple as that: whoever didn’t have time is late. That's all. "Legal production" became "illegal distribution". But then there were misunderstandings and incomprehensible things.
Israel - "a bomb in the basement by someone else's hands." The first country to unofficially add this weapon to its military capabilities was Israel. Israel created its nuclear weapons without conducting a single test at all, so Israel’s model for joining the nuclear club is called a “bomb in the basement,” conditionally. Israel's nuclear program began in 1956 in cooperation with France and with the tacit approval of the United States. France helped Israel build a secret nuclear reactor in Dimona. Although Israel has not officially conducted the test, it is suspected that it has conducted a test with the Republic of South Africa there in southern Africa or the South Atlantic to see if its device works or not. But formally, there was not a single nuclear explosion that could be directly attributed to Israel, for which it would take responsibility. He holds his weapon, content with the fact that the Arabs know that he has it, that is, this weapon performs a deterrent function, but on the other hand, no one can find fault with him and accuse him, and cannot point a finger at him.
The Africans “denied it, but gave it up.” South Africa is a good example of how nuclear weapons were secretly created. They hid it, they denied it, they seemed to be a member of the nuclear club, and they seemed to be not members of the nuclear club. And everything was revealed only when the black majority came to power. Then the white ex-leadership of South Africa, fearing that nuclear weapons would go to the black majority, admitted that they had them and, under international control, destroyed them. But by 1989, South Africa was the owner of six ammunition with a capacity of 10-18 thousand tons of TNT equivalent. The seventh warhead was in production in 1991, when the South African government decided to abandon nuclear weapons. South Africa became the first country in the world to unilaterally destroy its nuclear capabilities.
India - and again "Pancha Shila". India carried out a nuclear explosion in 1974, but said: this is not a weapon, this is a peaceful nuclear explosion. And thus, India cannot be blamed for taking the path of nuclear proliferation. How to distinguish between peaceful and non-peaceful, especially since no one was there and did not control? Only in 1998 did India join the “nuclear club” when it officially announced the presence of atomic weapons. Currently, there are 9 industrial and 8 research reactors operating in India, and “for some reason” not a single Indian nuclear facility has been inspected by the IAEA.
"Oriental bazaar - sometimes true, sometimes deception." There are other, more recent examples of states adopting nuclear programs “under the roof” of legal developments. This refers to the so-called “dual-use materials”, when it is impossible to verify whether they are used for military or peaceful purposes. In fact, many states seeking to acquire nuclear weapons do not want to develop any peaceful nuclear energy at all. They don't need it. For example, why does Iraq or Iran need peaceful energy? They have a huge amount of their own oil - in order to meet their energy needs, and also bring them huge income from trading this oil. That is, they only need nuclear energy to create nuclear weapons. They can enter into the Non-Proliferation Treaty, use assistance in the development of peaceful nuclear energy, and then themselves, having acquired materials, equipment and intellectual experience, create nuclear weapons on this basis.
What should we “finish” ourselves? Nuclear technology is now a market where the rules are dictated by the buyer, who, however, subsequently “is not always right.” A state that has the money to pay for nuclear materials and nuclear technology can choose from suppliers - everyone is trying to rush to it to offer it their services, and under these conditions put pressure on it within the framework of the Non-Proliferation Treaty “look, nothing like that” Don’t do what’s forbidden, otherwise we won’t give you anything.” But then the buyer begins to download the rights. By the way, the experience with North Korea in this sense is very indicative. The Soviet Union and then Russia were building a light water reactor there, which is relatively safer in terms of using material technology for military purposes, and the United States pushed hard on the Soviet Union to end this cooperation. And when, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the coming to power of a new leadership in Russia, everyone suddenly forgot about North Korea, North Korea faced the prospect that no one would complete the construction of this reactor. And then suddenly the United States came. And they told the same leader and the same regime: “We will build you exactly the same station instead of the Soviet Union, but you, of course, must not create nuclear weapons.” They said: "Okay, let's build it." True, then the United States stopped this cooperation, and in response to this, North Korea was offended and said: “If so, we will produce nuclear weapons - we have plutonium.” There was a reactor, rods, and it was possible to reprocess spent fuel. And now North Korea is probably going down this path.
"Dirty bomb" of Islamic persuasion. The Pakistani nuclear program, according to most experts, was built precisely on the use of “black market” technologies. The fact is that the radioactive filling of a “dirty bomb” can be used nuclear fuel or isotopes released during the purification of nuclear fuel. There are many such materials, and they are much less secure than the highly enriched materials suitable for a real bomb. A dirty bomb could be filled with cobalt-60, which is often found in hospitals for use in radiation therapy and in cooking to kill bacteria in fruits and vegetables. The dirty bomb could also be filled with cesium-137, which is commonly used in medical instruments and radiation therapy machines. The filling can also be the isotope americium, which has properties similar to plutonium and is used in smoke detectors and in oil exploration. Finally, plutonium is found in many US research laboratories.
"How Gaddafi made a deal." Libya began working in this area in the 1970s, when it first tried to acquire nuclear weapons from China. However, for unknown reasons, the deal fell through. In 1977, Libya offered Pakistan financial assistance and a supply of uranium from neighboring Niger (which is heavily influenced by Libya) in exchange for nuclear and missile technology. Pakistan accepted Libyan aid but did not fully fulfill its obligations. As a result, Libya began independently developing atomic weapons. At the end of 2002, Libya announced its intention to cooperate with the international community and allowed international inspectors to visit secret nuclear sites. Then it turned out that Libya has the equipment and technologies necessary to enrich uranium and produce plutonium. In January 2004, 25 tons of documents were delivered from Libya to the United States concerning secret Libyan programs in the field of creating weapons of mass destruction, ballistic missiles. According to preliminary information, it was the “Libyan dossier” that convincingly proved that Pakistan transferred its nuclear secrets to third countries.
Threats of "intimidation" weapons
Real threats of using nuclear weapons today can hypothetically materialize in two scenarios. The least likely, but most destructive, is a true nuclear explosion, which would cause massive destruction and spread toxic smoke and radiation. To do this, you need a nuclear warhead purchased on the black market from an already existing arsenal of some country. The explosive can also be homemade: it can cause significant casualties, but its strength will be less than that of a factory-made nuclear charge.
The second category is a radiological attack, which would involve the dissemination of radioactive materials into a public place using a "dirty bomb" or the release of such materials into the air or water. In addition, sabotage at nuclear power plants may occur. Compared to carrying out a real nuclear explosion that splits atoms, such sabotage may seem simple, but it can lead to panicked evacuations, increased cancer rates, costly cleanup efforts, and possibly the preventive destruction of entire residential areas. Al-Qaeda has claimed to have a "dirty bomb": unconfirmed, but possible.
Based on materials from: Military-Industrial Courier, Institute for Nonproliferation Research, National Institute for Strategic Studies, Center for Army, Conversion and Disarmament Studies, Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies, Internationale Politik, Washington ProFile, Finacial Times, Economist.
Sometimes in Minecraft you need a good explosion - then you will definitely need knowledge about creating explosives. Because it is with its help that you can inflict maximum damage over a large area. The most popular explosive in Minecraft is dynamite, but this only applies to the original game. If you have the popular Industrial Craft add-on installed, then you have a much wider choice. And the most powerful explosive is a nuclear bomb, which must be used very carefully. In this article you will learn how it is done and how it is used in Minecraft. Since this is a very dangerous item, you need to take all possible precautions both when crafting and when using it.
Crafting a nuclear bomb
So, the first thing you need to do is find out exactly how it is created in Minecraft. There is a special recipe for this that you need to remember. First, collect the necessary components that you will use. At the center of everything will be an improved housing mechanism, to which you will need to add two improved chips, as well as six thicker neutron reflectors. From all this you will get a full-fledged nuclear bomb, which can be used immediately after production. It is worth noting that in earlier versions the recipe was different - there you had to combine gunpowder with So if you can’t get a bomb in Minecraft, then you should check which version of the mod you have installed. And in accordance with this information, choose the required recipe.
Bomb use
As with dynamite, a nuclear bomb in Minecraft is very easy to activate. You can turn it on manually, but you will only have fifteen seconds to leave, which is very little, since the zone is extremely large. Therefore, it is recommended to use various devices to activate the bomb - for example, you can turn it on using a redstone wire or detonate dynamite next to it. In general, you have several options for activating this type of explosive, but in any case, you should definitely take care of your safety, since if you find yourself in the affected area without a special suit, you will instantly die. You can also build a wall two blocks high from reinforced stone - then bombs in Minecraft will not cause you so much damage.
Consequences
A nuclear bomb in Minecraft 1.5.2 and other versions is a very powerful weapon that has a huge affected area and destroys absolutely everything in its path. Of course, you can use it to extract resources, but you should understand that three quarters of the exploded blocks will be completely destroyed, without bringing you any loot. Moreover, a nuclear bomb leaves a very impressive crater, and it will be impossible to restore the earth. Therefore, use the nuclear bomb wisely, as it is too powerful and causes enormous destruction.
Peculiarities
In the most recent version of the nuclear bomb mod, it has received a very impressive improvement. Now you can control the power of the explosion by enriching it with different amounts of elements. The minimum number is eight, which is suitable for a small (relative to the power of a nuclear bomb) explosion. As much as possible, you can equip one bomb with 64 elements at once to get an explosion of incredible power. If there are fewer elements than eight, then the bomb simply will not explode. This way, you decide how powerful your bomb will be.